Copy 3 .i 7U

-DErA.TIVIE.rMH E MY FIELD MANUAL

'. HEADQUARTERS AND'WADQUARTERS COMPANY

b:AIRBORNE DIVISION, BATTLE GROUP

HEADQUARTERS, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYJULY 1959

FM 57-21

FIELD MANUAL HEADQUARTERS,DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY

No. 57-21 WASHINGTON 25, D. C., 23 July 1959

HEADQUARTERSAND HEADQUARTERS COMPANY,

AIRBORNE DIVISION BATTLE GROUP

Paragraphs PagePART ONE. OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 1. ORGANIZATION AND DU-TIES OF BATTLE GROUPHEADQUARTERS ANDCOMPANY HEADQUAR-TERS

Section I. Introduction ............................ 1 1II. Battle group headquarters.... 4-10 4

III. Company headquarters .......... 11,12 7IV. Preparation for the

airborne assault .................. 13-15 9

CHAPTER 2. COMMUNICATION

Section I. General .................................... 16-40 11II. Command posts........................ 41-48 47

III. Tactical employment.............. 49-57 57IV. Electronic devices section...... 58-64 74

CHAPTER 3. RECONNAISSANCE

PLATOON

Section I. General .................................. 65-68 88II. Operational techniques......... 69-75 91

III. Missions ........................ ...... 76-82 96IV. Reconnaissance techniques.... 83-88 100V. Security techniques................ 89-93 104

VI. Actions on enemy contact ...... 94-96 107VII. The airborne assault.............. 97-100 111

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Paragraphs PageCHAPTER 4. ASSAULT GUN PLATOON

Section I. General .................................... 101-104 116II. Offense ...................................... 105-115 121

III. Defense and retrograde ......... 116-120 130IV. The airborne assault .............. 121-124 135

PART TWO. LOGISTICS ANDPERSONNEL

CHAPTER 5. SUPPLY AND TRANS-PORTATION PLATOON

Section I. Mission, organization, duties,and installations .................. 125-131 140

II. Combat supply operations ...... 132-138 146III. Repair, salvage, and mis-

cellaneous activities ............ 139-144 171

CHAPTER 6. MEDICAL PLATOON .......... 152-154 1847. PERSONNEL SECTION ...... 145-151 174

APPENDIX REFERENCES ...................... .............. 187INDEX................................................................................... 189

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PART ONE

OPERATIONS

CHAPTER 1

ORGANIZATION AND DUTIES OF BATTLEGROUP HEADQUARTERS AND COM-PANY HEADQUARTERS

Section I. INTRODUCTION

1. Purpose and Scopea. This text is a guide to the tactical employ-

ment of the headquarters and headquarters com-pany of the airborne battle group. It covers theorganization of the company and the organizationand functioning of its elements.

b. The material presented herein is applicableto nuclear warfare. Where applicable, appro-priate modifying guidance for nonnuclear warfareis integrated throughout the manual.

2. MissionThe headquarters and headquarters company

provides command, staff, administration, com-munications, reconnaissance, supply, medical serv-ice, and assault gun functions for the airbornebattle group.

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3. OrganizationThe company consists of a battle group head-

quarters, battle group headquarters section, com-pany headquarters, personnel section, assault gunplatoon, reconnaissance platoon, communicationplatoon, medical platoon, and a supply and trans-portation platoon (fig. 1).

Section II. BATTLE GROUP HEADQUARTERS

4. Organizationa. The battle group headquarters consists of

the battle group commander and his deputy, theexecutive officer, principal and special staffofficers, and the sergeant major. The assistantstaff officers and enlisted assistants are in thebattle group headquarters section. For duties ofthe battle group commander and his staff, see FM7-40 and FM 101-5.

b. The enlisted assistants consist of a sergeantmajor, intelligence sergeant and assistant, opera-tion sergeant and assistants, supply sergeant,clerk-typists, radio operators, chaplain assistants,and a mail delivery clerk. The headquarters isorganized to operate on a 24-hour basis.

5. Sergeant MajorThe sergeant major is the principal enlisted

assistant to the battle group commander. Hesupervises unit first sergeants in matters of ad-ministration and implementation of command

4 TAGO 1690

42

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TAGO 169C 5

policies; and advises the commander on assign-ments, transfers, promotions, granting of passesand leaves, punishments and awards for enlistedpersonnel. He conducts enlisted conferences onsubjects such as unit drill, military courtesy anddiscipline, and customs of the service.

6. Intelligence Sergeant and AssistantThe intelligence sergeant and his assistant aid

the intelligence officer (S2) by helping to super-vise the collection of information, preparing theworksheet, and posting enemy and terrain infor-mation on the situation map. They assist in thepreparation, reproduction, and distribution of-intelligence plans and reports; in the dissemina-tion of intelligence; and in the supervision andconduct of intelligence training.

7. Operations Sergeant and AssistantsThese personnel assist the battle group opera-

tions and training officer (S3). They post friendlyinformation on the situation map and help toprepare, reproduce, and distribute orders, sketch-es, overlays, training schedules, and reports.

8. Supply SergeantThe supply sergeant is the principal enlisted

assistant of the S4. His chief duties are to postthe location of administrative installations on theadministrative map, consolidate written and oralreports pertaining to supplies and status of main-

6 TAGO 169C

tenance, and assist the S4 in planning and ex-pediting logistical support.

9. Clerical AssistantsThe typists provide clerical assistance to the

battle group commander and his staff. The chap-lains' assistants also drive the 1/,-ton trucks as-signed for the chaplains' use. The mail deliveryclerk delivers incoming mail and collects andprocesses outgoing mail.

10. Radio Operators/DriversThe radio operators/drivers in group head-

quarters section operate five of the 1/4-ton utilitytrucks and the radios mounted in these vehicles.

Section III. COMPANY HEADQUARTERS

1 1. GeneralThe company headquarters provides necessary

control and services for all personnel and unitsassigned or attached to the company. It consistsof a company commander, a first sergeant, messpersonnel, a company clerk, and a unit supplyspecialist.

12. Duties of Company HeadquartersPersonnel

a. The company commander is also the battlegroup headquarters commandant. He gives posi-tive leadership to his command and maintains itsdiscipline, welfare, and combat proficiency.

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(1) To accomplish his mission, he usesinterior guards and all means at hiscommand, and requests additional meanswhenever necessary. Without awaitingorders, he coordinates with other unitsand agencies.

(2) In the battle area, he uses observation,patrols, liaison, and personal reconnais-sance to maintain the security of thebattle group command post and to pre-pare for future operations. He assignsdefinite missions to his subordinateleaders after coordinating with staffofficers concerned and keeps informedof subordinate leaders' actions in orderto give assistance when needed and toinsure the success of his plan. He goeswhere he can best control and coordinatethe actions of his company. He alone isresponsible for all that his companydoes or fails to do.

(3) He is responsible for individual training,personnel management functions, andfor mess, supply, evacuation, transporta-tion, and maintenance.

(4) For his duties as battle group head-quarters commandant, see FM 7-40.

(5) Supervision of employment and techni-cal and tactical training of all com-ponents of the company, except company

8 TAGO 169C

headquarters personnel, rest with thebattle group commander and those re-spective members of his staff havingprimary interest.

b. The first sergeant assists the company com-mander. He advises and assists him on such mat-ters as appointments, reductions, assignments,reassignments, and disciplinary matters as theypertain to the enlisted members of the company.

c. When the company mess is operational, themess steward and cooks operate it as prescribed inTM 10-405.

d. The company clerk, under the supervisionof the first sergeant, prepares, maintains, and filescompany records. He prepares, processes, andforwards reports, rosters, correspondence, andrecords received from or required by higherheadquarters.

e. The unit supply specialist receives, stores,maintains, and turns in supplies and equipmentfor the company. He prepares and maintainsoi-ganizational and individual supply records, andis also a light truck driver.

Section IV.

PREPARATION FOR THE AIRBORNE ASSAULT

13. GeneralThe company prepares for an airborne assault

in generally the same manner as a rifle com-

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pany (FM 7-10), conforming to the principlesand procedures prescribed in FM 7-40.

14. Rear Assembly Area OperationsThe reconnaissance and assault gun platoons

or any elements of them may be required to as-semble, move, and land with task forces or riflecompanies in the assault. The remainder of thecompany conducts rear assembly area operationsin the same manner as a rifle company (FM 7-10).

15. Marshalinga. Any element of the company that is attached

to a task force or a rifle company in the rear as-sembly area marshals with that company. It is in-cluded in the air movement plan of the unit andmoves to the loading site and loads with it.

b. The remainder of the headquarters companymarshals, moves, and loads like a rifle company.

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CHAPTER 2

COMMUNICATION

Section I. GENERAL

16. Responsibilitiesa. The battle group commander is responsible

for the installation, operation, and maintenanceof all communication facilities of the battle group.He is responsible for battle group communicationsas part of the division signal system. All sub-ordinate commanders are responsible for, and ex-ercise tactical and technical control over, the com-munication systems within their commands. Tac-tical control of the systems insures that they areestablished and maintained properly to meet theoperational requirements of the tactical situation.Technical control includes the supervision of themethods of installation, operation, maintenance,and supply of the signal equipment employed. Aproperly established system provides the com-mander with parallel means of communicationfor efficient command, control, and administra-tion. It provides him with the capability to con-trol the actions of his units, coordinate his sup-porting fires, receive and transmit orders and in-formation, maintain contact with higher, lower,and adjacent units; and to coordinate adminis-

TAGO 169C 11

trative matters. The communication platoon ofthe battle group is under the operational controlof the battle group signal officer.

b. Establishment and maintenance of commu-nication between units is governed by the fol-lowing rules:

(1) The higher unit is responsible for estab-lishing and maintaining communicationwith the subordinate (including at-tached) units.

(2) A unit supporting another unit is re-sponsible for establishing and maintain-ing communication with the supportedunit. A unit supporting another unitother than by fire contacts the area com-munication center platoon nearest it andrequests communications into the areasystem.

(3) Lateral communications, except radio,between battle groups is established bythe communication center platoon of theforward communication company. Lat-eral radio communication among battlegroups within a division is undertaken,in the absence of other instructions, onthe division command operations net(RTT) and division intelligence oper-ations net. The rule for establishinglateral communication from left to rightis applicable for the subordinate unitsof the battle group.

12 TAGO 169C

(4) Restoration of disrupted communica-tions is the joint responsibility of allunits affected.

17. Communication Support for theBattle Group

a. The establishment of a division area com-munication system by the division signal bat-tallion provides for the installation of area signalcenters with or near the major divisional ele-ments. These signal centers are operated by thearea communication center platoons from theforward communication company of the divisionsignal battalion. The area signal center pro-vides the connecting link between the battle groupheadquarters and the division area communica-tion system.

b. Each area signal center is organized andequipped to provide the following communicationservices to the battle group in its area of respon-sibility:

(1) Message center (without messenger),cryptographic, and teletypewriter serv-ice on a 24-hour basis as a supplementto the organic capabilities of the battlegroup.

(2) Installation and maintenance of the in-coming wire lines from the area signalcenter to the battle group headquartersand to other divisional units in that areaof signal responsibility.

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(3) Radio relay and carrier circuits betweeiisignal Bigtli in the division area.

(4) Estabhlihfiiefit and operation of a for-ward switch during displacement if re-quired.

(5) Radio/wire integration station for con-liecting FM radio users in the battlegroup areas into the division area com-munication system, and for other serv-ices.

c. The division signal battalion furnishes ascheduled and special division messenger servicedown to and connecting battle groups and othermajor subordinate divisional units.

d. Air messenger service is incorporated intothe division communication system to expeditethe handling of documents over long distances.The aircraft for air message service are providedby the aviation company through coordinationbetween the division signal officer and the divi-sion aviation officer.

18. Mission and Organization of theCommunication Platoon

a. Mission. The battle group communicationplatoon installs, operates, and maintains all or-ganic communication facilities within the battlegroup headquarters. In addition, it establishesand maintains communication to, but not within,subordinate companies and attached units.

b. Organization. The platoon is organized into

14 TAGO 1690

a headquartersi and four sections. These sectionscan be further subdivided into teams of varyingpersonnel strength, depending on each team's mis-sion, the priority of its operation, and the typeof terrain concerned.

(1) The platoon headquarters consists of thecommunication chief and one light truckdriver.

(2) The message center section consists ofthe chief message clerk, message clerk,manual teletypewriter operators, andtwo motor messengers.

(3) The wire section is composed of a sectionchief, four wire team chiefs, senior wire-men, switchboard operators, and wire-men.

(4) The radio and visual section is composedof a section chief, radio-teletype teamchiefs, radioteletype operators, andradiotelephone operators.

(5) Electronic devices section. See sec-tion IV.

19. Duties of Platoon Headquarters PersonnelThe communication chief supervises the oper-

ations of the radio mechanics, message center,wire, and radio sections, and assists the battlegroup signal officer. His duties include-

a. Tactical and technical training of these sec-tions.

b. Supervising the installation, operation, and

TAGO 169C 15

maintenance of the signal equipment issued to theplatoon.

c. Supervising the operation of communicationinstallations.

d. Assisting the battle group signal officer andrepresenting him in his absence.

e. Insuring that the battle group signal of-ficer's instructions are carried out by the sectionsof the communication platoon.

f. Coordinating the work between the sectionsof the platoon.

g. Supervising the selection of locations forcommunication installations when necessary.

h. Supervising ground-to-air communication.i. Seeing that records are properly kept.j. Insuring that communication vehicles are

maintained and dispatched correctly.k. Keeping the battle group signal officer in-

formed as to status and maintenance of signalequipment.

20. Duties of Message Center Section Personnela. The chief message clerk is responsible to

the communication chief for the discipline, train-ing, and operation of his section. His duties in-clude-

(1) Selecting the exact location for the mes-sage center and messenger station andestablishing the message center facil-ities.

16 TAGO 169C

(2) Processing, filing, servicing, and select-ing the method of transmission for out-going messages.

(3) Supervising the operation and mainte-nance of message center equipment.

(4) Checking the flow of message traffic toassure delivery.

(5) Supervising cryptography proceduresof message clerks and manual teletype-writer operators.

(6) Maintaining a message center log on theeffectiveness of each means of commu-nication.

(7) Signing for messages delivered by sched-uled or special messengers.

(8) Keeping the official time.(9) Supervising messenger communication.

(10) Posting message center signs or guides.(11) Maintaining a record of the locations of

command posts of units with which thebattle group maintains communication,including the best routes to them.

(12) Maintaining a supply of message cen-ter forms.

(13) Scheduling of message center personnelto provide operations on a 24-hour basis.

b. The message clerk's duties include-(1) Assisting the chief message clerk in his

duties.

TAGO 169C 17

(2) Supervising one of the message centerteams during displacement of the com-mand post.

(3) Encrypting and decrypting messagesas required.

(4) Receiving, recording, and dispatchingincoming and outgoing messages anddocuments.

(5) Maintaining a code file of processedmessages.

(6) Processing encrypted messages, to in-clude insertion of call signs when mes-sages are to be transmitted by electricalmeans.

c. The manual teletypewriter operator's dutiesinclude-

(1) Transmitting and receiving messages onteletypewriter equipment in messagecenter.

(2) Correcting message errors and obtain-ing receipt for completed transmissions.

(3) Receiving and processing incoming tele-typewriter transmissions.

(4) Encrypting and decrypting messages,employing message center cipher ma-chine.

(5) Establishing and posting the station log.(6) Maintaining teletypewriter equipment

by cleaning and making minor adjust-ments and replacing minor parts, asauthorized.

18 TAGO ;69C

(7) Keeping the chief message clerk in-formed of the status of teletypewritercommunication.

(8) Informing the chief message clerk ofthe status of parts supply for teletype-writer equipment.

(9) Performing other communication dutiesas directed.

d. Messengers' duties include-(1) Carrying oral or written messages dur-

ing all conditions of light, terrain,weather, and enemy activity.

(2) Driving and performing required drivermaintenance on the messenger vehicles.

(3) Performing other communication dutiesas directed.

21. Duties of Wire Section Personnela. The section chief is responsible to the com-

munication chief for the discipline, training, andoperation of the wire section. His duties include-

(1) Selecting the exact locations for wireinstallations.

(2) Supervising the wire team chiefs in theinstallation, operation, and maintenanceof the wire .system within the commandpost and to all subordinate or attachedunits.

(3) Selecting general routes for wire lines.(4) Preparing and recording line route

'TAGO 169C 19

maps, circuit diagrams, and traffic dia-grams.

(5) Insuring that wire section personnelperform their duties correctly and effi-ciently.

(6) Keeping the chief message clerk and thecommunication chief informed on thestatus of wire communication.

(7) Maintaining a sufficient supply of wireand other necessary supplies to permitcontinuous wire operations.

(8) Keeping records such as status of wiresupply and maintenance forms on wireequipment.

(9) Supervising the maintenance of the ve-hicles in the section.

(10) Allocating wiremen to the wire teamsbased on the current mission of eachteam.

b. The wire team chiefs' duties include-(1) Assisting the section chief.(2) Selecting specific wire routes and as-

sisting in the preparation of line routemaps and circuit diagrams.

(3) Supervising the wire teams in the cor-rect techniques of laying and maintain-ing lines.

(4) Assuring that lines are policed so as tominimize their damage by traffic andenemy fire.

20 TAGO 169C

(5) Informing the section chief of the statusof wire supply and the serviceability ofwire circuits.

c. Wiremen's duties include-(1) Installing, testing, tagging, and main-

taining wire circuits and telephones.(2) Locating and correcting trouble in lines.(3) Operating switchboards.(4) Keeping the wire team chief informed

of the status of wire communication andwire supply.

(5) Driving and performing proper drivermaintenance on wire section vehicles.

(6) Performing other communication dutiesas directed.

d. The switchboard operators' duties include-(1) Installing, operating, and maintaining

switchboards.(2) Preparing and maintaining traffic dia-

grams.(3) Routing traffic and rerouting calls when

normal circuits fail.(4) Supervising traffic to insure satisfactory

service to the user.(5) Performing such other communication

duties as directed.

22. Duties of the Radio and VisualSection Personnel

a. The section. chief is responsible to the com-

TAGO 169C 21

munication chief for the discipline, training, andoperation of his section. His duties include-

(1) Selecting the exact locations for theradio, radioteletype, and visual installa-tions, and insuring adequate dispersionof radio vehicles.

(2) Supervising the installation, operation,and maintenance of radio and radiotele-type equipment.

(3) Insuring that visual signaling and mes-sage airdrop and pickup equipment isavailable and properly employed, andthat sufficient personnel are fully trainedin its use.

(4) Preparing operating schedules for radioand radioteletype operators.

(5) Supervising the maintenance of commu-nication security, to include the use ofauthorized codes, ciphers, and authen-tication systems.

(6) Insuring that all radio equipment isoperated according to prescribed proce-dure and current communication orders.

(7). Informing the chief message clerk andthe communication chief of the statusof radio and radioteletype communica-tion.

(8) Supervising the maintenance of stationlogs by operators of all radio nets.

(9) Supervising the driver maintenance onthe section's vehicles.

22 TAGO 169C

(10) Informing the communication chief ofthe operating condition of all radio andradioteletype equipment and coordi-nating with the appropriate maintenancepersonnel for repairs when needed.

(11) Maintaining records of the section, suchas station logs, work schedules, equip-ment maintenance schedules, etc.

(12) Supervising the training of radiotele-phone operators within the battle group.

(13) Supervising first echelon maintenanceof radios and other equipment issued tothe section.

b. The radioteletype team chiefs' duties in--clude-

(1) Supervising the installation, operation,and maintenance of radio and teletype-writer equipment.

(2) Assisting the section chief in establish-ing operators' work schedules to pro-vide operations on a 24-hour basis.

(3) Performing duties of radioteletype op-erator as required.

(4) Supervising the operator maintenanceof authorized teletypewriter equipment.

(5) Informing the section chief of the cur-rent status of radioteletype communi-cation.

(6) Knowing joint radio and teletypewriterprocedures.

TAGO 169C 23

(7) Informing the section chief of the statusof parts supply.

c. The radioteletype operators' duties include-(1) Setting up and operating manual and

radioteletype equipment.(2) Transmitting messages, correcting mes-

sage errors, and obtaining receipt forcompleted transmissions.

(3) Receiving and processing incoming tele-typewriter messages and preparing suchmessages in proper format for delivery.

(4) Cleaning, making minor adjustments,and replacing minor parts of teletype-writer equipment as authorized.

(5) Establishing and posting station logs.(6) Driving and performing driver mainte-

nance on assigned vehicles.(7) Performing other communication duties

as directed, particularly when radio sta-tions are under radio silence or onstandby status.

d. Radiotelephone operators operate the FMvoice radio sets in the radio and visual section.They are also trained in visual signaling andmessage drop and pickup techniques. In addi-tion, two operators are light truck drivers forvehicles of the section.

23. Duties of Electronic Devices Section Per-sonnel. See section IV.

24. The Battle Group Signal Officer. See FM7-24 and FM 7-40.

24 TAGO 169C

25. Staff Responsibilities Affecting Communi-cation. See FM 7-24 and FM 7-40.

26. Signal Supplya. Authorized items of signal equipment are

prescribed in tables of organization and equip-ment. Additional equipment may be authorized byhigher commanders. Initial supply and resupply ismade through normal supply channels. Requestsfor replacement are submitted through normalsupply channels. The battle group S4 consolidatesthese requests and requisitions the equipment andsupplies. The battle group signal officer assistsin preparing these requests and requisitions. Sig-nal supplies are delivered to the battle group sup-ply area. The supply and transportation platoonleader then makes the distribution to the units.Unserviceable signal equipment that cannot berepaired or replaced by the forward repair sec-tions of the division maintenance battalion is re-placed by direct exchange for serviceable itemsfrom the reserve stock at the division supply andmaintenance point. In an emergency, the battlegroup signal officer may obtain signal suppliesdirectly from a supply point.

b. Repair parts consist of any parts, assem-blies, or components required for maintenance ofan end item. Allowances for repair parts areestablished by Sig 7 and 8 supply manuals orRapair Parts and Special Tools Lists of technicalmanuals. Authorized allowances of repair partsare carried by all echelons as a basic load. Mo-

TAGO 169C 25

bile signal repair teams normally issue and de-liver repair parts for organizational maintenance..The requisition flows through maintenance chan-nels as does the distribution of required repairparts.

27. Maintenance of Signal EquipmentEach unit maintains and repairs its signal

equipment within the limits of its maintenancefacilities, available parts, skills, and authorizedlevel to perform maintenance. First echelonmaintenance is performed by the using unit. Sec-ond and limited third echelon maintenance is per--formed by the airborne maintenance battalion.

28. Means of Communicationa. Signal communication includes all means of

conveying information of any kind from one per-son or place to another except by personal con-versation and mail. In this manual, the termsignal communication is abbreviated to commu-nication except where misunderstanding mightresult.

b. The means of communication available tothe battle group are wire, radio, messenger, vis-ual, and sound. The composition of the means ineach unit is limited by the men, equipment, andtransportation provided by the TOE and the unitor higher commander. The various means havedifferent capabilities and limitations. They areused so that they supplement each other; entiredependence is not placed on any one means. The

26 TAGO 169C

reliability of communication systems is greatlyiinreased by the use of all practical means. Themeant Ased most in a given situation is the onethat pr-vioes the maximum reliability, flexibility,aqiQity, and speed with the minimum of effortand material.

29. Wire Communication

a. Wire communication includes the use offield wi~r, wire installation and recovery equip-ment, battery-operated and sound-powered tele-phones, switchboards, teletypewriters, and asso-ciated equipment. Except for the transmission ofmessages such as maps and documents, wire is ahighly effective means of communication. It af-fords person-to-person conversation with break-in operation (capability of interrupting the con-versation). Wire is more secure than radio com-munication, but security is never assured whentransmitting in the clear.. The decision to estab-lish wire communication depends upon the need_gfr it and the available time to install and use it.SfWh supply of wire on hand, expected resupply,

Land the future needs also are considered. WirecQnmmunication can be used in most terrain andsituatiqns. Tables of organization and equipmentprqtvi the units with the equipment to installand mltain their wire systems. Figure 2 showsM tylpipal §ystem installed by the battle grouppommunicatito platoon.

b. Using ba4ttry-operated telephones, the max-

;fAGO 169C 27

imum operating range of field wire circuits is ap-proximately 22 miles. Using the sound poweredtelephone TA-1/PT, the dependable range is from4 to 10 miles. Wet weather, poor splices, anddamaged insulation reduce the range appreciably.The wire operating range can be increased byusing electrical repeaters or amplifying tele-phones. Cable is used to increase the telephonerange and the available number of circuits, butit is only issued to the division signal battalionand higher echelons.

c. The installation of wire is primarily depend-ent upon the time available and the requirementsof the tactical situation. It takes longer to installwire communication than any other means. Thetime for installation depends mainly upon thelength of the line and the method of laying it(vehicle, aircraft, or man pack). Wire lines canbe installed by men on foot at about l1/2 miles perhour and by vehicle at 3 to 5 miles per hour. Inestimating the required time, it is also necessaryto consider the number of men available, theirtraining, the terrain, routes, weather, and visibil-ity. The use of the dispenser for the installationof wire permits elements to move without dis-rupting communication. Wire lines usually arelaid by wire teams of 3 to 5 men. One man canlay a line by using a wire dispenser or light reel.Besides the normal methods of installation, wirecan be laid from dispensers attached to Armyaircraft. Wire can be cast a short distance over

28 TAGO 169C

an obstacle (such as a stream) by attaching itto a rifle grenade or to a rocket fired from alauncher.

d. Lines are installed off roads with 15 to 20percent slack. They are placed overhead in com-mand posts or other areas where it is impracti-cable to bury them or to leave them lying on theground. Wire crossing roads is buried, placedoverhead, or run under {bridges and culverts.Areas are avoided where wire is likely to be dam-aged by traffic or enemy fire. Part of a team laysthe wire and the remainder of the team polices it(throws it off the road, makes road crossings,

splices, etc.). The laying of a line is not delayedfor policing it except at critical points.

e. Switchboards are used to increase the flex-ibility of wire systems and to reduce the numberof lines needed. Party lines may be used to ex-pand the subscriber capacity of the variousswitchboards in the battle group.

f. The number of telephone messages that canbe transmitted simultaneously over a system islimited. Calls are kept brief. The telephone isreserved for occasions when there is a need fordiscussion, speed, and relative security. Duringcritical periods, telephones may be restricted todesignated personnel, except for emergency calls.They are not used for long reports or orderswhen some other means can be effectively used.To reduce the time the telephone is in use and tofacilitate entry in the unit journal, messages are

TAGO 169C 29

ism4 ~~~~~~~ Or55-22 w az- ~ I I I 'SB-z

COMDR 0 LEFT BGDPY CO - --- RIGHT BG

S-3 O- b SUPPORTING UNITSS:! -.-- ]ATCHD ELEMENTS5-4 O- 58 22 -O SUPPLY & TRANS PLAT

MSG CEN O- MED PLATR&V SEC -- _ - ASLT GUN PLAT5-3 AIR 0- - RECON PLAT

HO CO

FROM DIVISIONO TELEPHONE TA-312/PT (1-UTILITY)

* TELEPHONE TA-I/PT (I-R&V SEC. 6-WIRE TEAM. 1-UTILITY)

Figure 2. Type wire system, airborne battle group.

30 TAGO 169C

written or notes are prepared before a conversa-tion begins.

g. Teletypewriter service is established as re-quired. Teletypewriters provide both battlegroup and division headquarters with a writtenrecord of messages exchanged. Teletypewriterequipment in the battle group communication pla-toon substantially increases the volume of mes-sages which can be handled by the battle group.

30. Radio Communicationa. Radio is a principal means of communica-

tion within the battle group. Radios are providedfor all commanders, down to and including squadleaders. Additional radios are provided for com-mand posts, fire control, and other uses. All radiosets issued within the battle group are capableof voice operation. This affords person-to-personcommunication between ground stations and be-tween ground stations and aircraft. Radio com-munication, however, is subject to interferencefrom static, jamming, and other radio stations.Its reliability is limited to the skill of the oper-ators. Security requirements may restrict its usein certain operations since it reveals the locationof the unit. Figure 3 shows a typical battle groupcommand radio net in which the communicationplatoon operates.

b. Radio equipment issued to the battle groupincludes man packed and vehicular radio sets.One man can carry and operate a man packed set.

TAGO 169C 31

Since vehicular sets are normally operated fromvehicular power sources, their use is limited tosituations and terrain where vehicles can be uti-lized. Remote control equipment is used to per-mit siting of vehicular sets. Modification kits areavailable as auxiliary equipment to permit the useof certain vehicular set components in a groundrole.

c. The tactical use of a radio set depends uponits characteristics. To be capable of operatingtogether, radio sets must have a common or over-lapping frequency range, transmit and receive thesame type of signal, and be located within theiroperating ranges. The operating range given intechnical manuals pertaining to an individualradio set is for average conditions; the rangeobtained may be more or less, depending upon theoperator's skill, weather, terrain, interference,use of proper antenna, and the location fromwhich the set is operated. Powerlines and steelstructures near operating sites reduce operatingranges. The greatest ranges are obtained be-tween sites affording line-of-sight operation.

Id. Communication security is a constant con-sideration when using radios. It must be assumedthat interception takes place every time a trans-mitter is placed in operation. The enemy obtainsvaluable intelligence information merely by know-ing that friendly radios are operating, by analyz-ing the number of radios in operation, the volumeof traffic, and by determining the locations of the

32 TAGO 169C

sets. For this reason, the use of radio may berestricted or prohibited. Important measuresfor defense against enemy radio intelligence arelistening, silence and cryptography. Normally,messages are encrypted before being sent byradio. The decision to silence radios or to sendmessages in the clear is made after all factorshave been carefully considered. For example,radios are not- silenced when the need for radiocommunication outweighs the value of the infor-mation that the enemy might gain. Radiosusually are not silenced within units in contactwith the enemy. A message is sent in the clearwhen prompt action is called for and the urgencyof sending the message in the clear outweighsthe value of the information to the enemy.

e. Since only one station can transmit at atime, the message-handling capacity of a radionet is limited. The time required for a messagetransmission to its addressee is primarily de-pendent on whether it is encrypted or sent inclear text and on the volume of traffic of similaror higher precedence awaiting transmission. Thespeed and message-handling capacity of a radionet is increased by training all operating person-nel in radio procedure, net discipline, and mes-sage writing. Messages usually are written be-fore transmission.

f. The power supply is an important factor inradio communication. Dry batteries, when ap-proaching the end of their service life, reduce the

TAGO 169C 33

range of the sets and may render them inoperativeat a crucial moment. An adequate supply of serv-iceable batteries should be maintained for drybattery-operated sets. Every possible effortshould be made to obtain maximum service fromthe batteries through operator training and super-vision, and by maintaining a log of hours and con-ditions of use for each battery pack.

g. By the use of certain types of remote controlequipment, a radio operator may be located at adistance from the set he operates. Other remotecontrol units connect a radio set to a switchboard,which makes the radio available to commandersand staff officers through their telephones. Re-mote control facilities are normally established atthe battle group CP. For further details on re-mote control equipment and the interconnectionof radio and wire systems, see TM 11-488.

31. Messenger CommunicationMessenger, the most secure means of commu-

nication, is flexible and reliable. But it is also:slow, vulnerable to enemy action in forward areas,and does not permit conversation between theoriginator and the addressee. It is the only meansavailable within the battle group for transmittingmessages such as maps and documents. Messen-gers are used when security is required and whenthe time of delivery is less than that required formessage preparation and transmission by othermeans. Messengers are the best means for trans-mitting long messages over short distances. They

34 TAGO 169C

Eil

I-- - - ------- -- - - -- - I- -

NOTr I XAS ......

TAGO 169c 35

m ®

BATTLE CROUP COMDR BATTLE CROUP DPY COMDR

-_ _ . _ ___ _-

NO~h 1[ THSEl VCHICLES A; O MOUNT TIH RAD10 SCT AN/NC.I

Figure 3. Type airborne battle group radio net.

TAGO 169C 35

may travel by foot, motor vehicle, or aircraft. Inthe combat zone, a vehicle driver is usually pro-vided for a vehicle used for messenger service.The efficiency of messenger service is improvedby the proper selection and training of the mes-sengers. Routine periodic reports should be pre-pared in sufficient time to permit their transmittalby messenger. See FM 7-24 for further infor-mation on use of messengers.

32. Visual Communicationa. Visual signals supplement other means of

communication. They are transmitted by flags,lights, pyrotechnics, panels, arm and hand sig-nals, and other prearranged visual means. Theyare suitable for transmitting prearranged mes-sages rapidly over short distances when their useis not prohibited for security reasons. The en-emy may use similar signals for deception andconfusion. Visual signals are easily misunder-stood. They cannot be used during poor visibil-ity or when line of sight locations are not avail-able.

b. No special lights are issued to the battlegroup solely for communication purposes. Im-provised signaling lights such as flashlights maybe used to send prearranged messages. The mean-ings are given in the SOI. Messages may betransmitted by lights using the internationalMorse code.

c. Pyrotechnics, including smoke, are issued in

36 TAGO 169C

various colors and types. The meanings of cer-tain signals are given in the SOI. Transmissionand reception of pyrotechnic signals are pre-planned. Signals are included for identifyingunits as friendly, for lifting or calling for fire,marking targets, and reporting an objectivereached. Pyrotechnics can be used within andbetween ground units, between ground units andaircraft, and between ground units on shore andships.

d. Two general types of panels are issued forcommunicating with aircraft-marking panelsand signaling panels. Marking (identifying)panels are made in bright fluorescent colors. Theycan be used to mark positions and identify unitsas friendly. Black and white signaling panel setsare issued for use on light and dark backgrounds,respectively. They are used to transmit briefmessages or to identify a particular unit. Thisis done by using the combined panel system andpanel recognition code which is included in theSOI.

e. Infrared devices are used for signaling andas landing and assembly aids.

33. Sound CommunicationSound is a supplementary means of communi-

cation available to all units. Sound signals aretransmitted by whistles, bugles, horns, gongs,sirens on tanks, weapons, and other noisemakingdevices. They are used chiefly to attract atten-tion, transmit prearranged messages, and spread

TAGO 169C 37

alarms when their use is not prohibited for secu-rity reasons. Sound codes are kept simple to pre-vent misunderstanding. The range and reliabilityare greatly reduced by battle noise. Sound sig-nals and their meanings are prescribed in theSOI or are assigned by commanders. Three longblasts of a whistle, horn, or siren repeated sev-eral times or three equally spaced shots or shortbursts of fire normally are used to warn of an airor mechanized attack. Rapid and continuous per-cussion sounds made with the standard gas alarmor improvised devices (iron rails and empty shellcases) normally are used to warn of gas attack.

34. Radio/Wire Integration Systema. An FM-voice radio/wire integration station

is operated at each division forward signal centerto connect mobile FM radio stations into the divi-sion area communication system on a push-to-talkbasis. This system of stations is one of the moreimportant features of the area system.

b. This system is used to establish communica-tion between mobile FM radio stations and ele-ments connected to the area communication sys-tem by telephone. It is also used in lieu of FMradio relay stations to establish communicationbetween FM radio stations operating beyond theirrated range. Typical uses of this system are asfollows:

(1) The division commander and his staffmay use it when traveling, to contact

38 TAGO 169C

division elements connected to the areacommunication system by telephone; itmay serve as a relay station in the divi-sion CG/Comd net (FM-voice).

(2) It may be used to establish telephoneservice from the division area communi-cation system to the using units, includ-ing battle group headquarters, until wirelinks are established.

(3) It may provide voice communication be-tween mobile combat elements in thedivision forward area and those sup-porting division logistics elements in therear area who may be connected to thearea communication system by wire orradio/wire integration links.

(4) It may enable communication betweenlow-flying Army aircraft operating inremote portions of the division area andthe airstrips, or flight control elementsconnected to the area communicationsystem, in the event direct FM radiocontact is impossible.

35. Signal Operation Instructions (SOI) andStanding Signal Instructions (SSI)

a. The signal operation instructions are a typeof combat order issued for the technical controland coordination of communication within a com-mand. They include items covering codes andciphers, radio call signs and frequencies, tele-

TAGO 169C 39

phone directory, and visual and sound signals.Current items are listed in the index to the SOI.The division SOI is prepared by the division sig-nal officer and distributed to lower units. Thebattle group receives sufficient copies of the ap-propriate items of the division SOI for distribu-*tion of extracts to subordinate and attached units.

b. Standing signal instructions may be in-cluded in the SOI or issued in a separate publi-cation. The SSI includes items of operationaldata not subject to frequent change and instruc-tions for the use of the SOI. The SSI is preparedby the division signal officer and distributed tolower units. The battle group receives at leastone copy of each item of the SSI.

36. Standing Operating Procedure (SOP)An SOP is a set of instructions prescribing the

manner in which routine tasks are done within aparticular unit in the absence of other instruc-tions. In the battle group the communication SOPis based on, and conforms to, the division SOP.The battle group signal officer prepares the signalSOP for the commander's approval. Periodic re-vision of the SOP is necessary for its effectivenessand conformance with the next higher unit's SOP.An SOP is particularly applicable to the com-munication platoon because many of its operationsare the same regardless of the type of tacticaloperation. The platoon is not bound by its SOPto the extent that flexibility and individual initia-tive are destroyed.

40 TAGO 169C

37. Paragraph 5 of an Operation Ordera. Paragraph 5 of an operation order contains

orders and instructions relative to communica-tions and command posts. The battle group signalofficer prepares recommendations for paragraph5a. As a minimum, paragraph 5a contains theindex of the SOI in effect for the operation. Com-mand post locations appear in paragraph 5b.

b. Paragraph 5 can be oral or written. Appli-cable portions of the following instructions arecovered in this sequence:

(1) A reference to the signal annex or indexto the SOI in effect; restrictions, if any,on the use of any means of communica-tion; visual and sound signals; and otherinformation not contained elsewhere inparagraph 5, such as lateral lines to belaid.

(2) The command post location of the unitissuing the order, the reported locationsof the command posts of the lower units,and the axes of signal communication.The time of opening the command postsalso may be given. The information rela-tive to command posts and axes may beshown on an operation map or overlay.

38. Oral Communication OrdersAfter his communication plan is approved, the

battle group signal officer issues oral orders to thecommunication chief. The installation of thecommunication system may be expedited when

TAGO 169C 41

section chiefs also are present. The urgency of thesituation may require that the signal officer issueorders directly to the section chiefs. In this case,the communication chief is informed of the situa-tion as early as possible. The communicationchief's oral orders to the section chiefs may besupplemented by -an operation map. Detailedorders for routine operations governed by theSOP are not included. The communication chief'soral orders include-

a. Information of Ithe enemy and friendlyforces as required for the efficient operation andsecurity of the communication system.

b. The platoon mission.c. Instructions to each section chief, which may

include any or all of the following:(1) Instructions to the chief message clerk

concerning the location of the messagecenter and messenger station; schedulesand routes; uses of codes and ciphers;and command post location of lower, at-tached, supporting, adjacent, and nexthigher headquarters (and routes tothem).

(2) Instructions to the radio and visual sec-tion chief concerning the location ofradio installations; operation instruc-tions and schedules; use of voice radios;location of panel display, message dropand message pickup grounds; and re-strictions, if any, on using radio andvisual means.

42 TAGO 169C

(3) Instructions to the wire section chiefand team chiefs concerning the switch-board location; number and location oflocal telephones (including'long localssuch as the line to the observation post);number and routes of trunk lines; andother applicable special instructions.

d. Administrative details including locations ofthe motor park, bivouac area, and division signalsupply point.

39. Communication SecurityCommunication security is the protection result-

ing from all measures designed to prevent ordelay unauthorized persons from gaining informa-tion of military value from communicationsources. It includes physical, cryptographic, andtransmission security. Commanders insure thatcommunication security orders and regulationsare understood and constantly observed. Officersand enlisted men who personally transmit radiomessages are concerned particularly with securitymeasures. The commander establishes communi-cation security measures by stating general prin-ciples in the unit SOP, by announcing before anoperation the extent to which security is to bepracticed in that operation, and by makingsecurity decisions during an operation. Whenprompt action is called for, he considers the timein which the enemy can act on the informationcontained in a clear-text message. He then decideswhether the urgency of sending a message in the

TAGO 169C 43

clear outweighs its value to the enemy. Messagesthat compromise plans, operations, or crypto sys-tems of other units are not transmitted in theclear. Messages to be transmitted in the clear byradio operators (including those sent throughmessage center) are marked send in clear over thesignature of the commander or his authorizedrepresentative.

a. Physical security protects the signal equip-ment and classified documents (including plain-language copies of messages and carbons) fromcapture, damage, or loss. Complete items such asSOI codes and ciphers are limited in distribution.Complete items of the SOI are not taken forward,of the battle group command posts. Before a com-mnand post is vacated, it is inspected for messages,carbons, cipher machine tapes, and copies of mapsor orders. Wire lines are patrolled to prevent the·enemy from tapping them. When SOI, codes, or-cryptographic equipment are lost or captured, the-facts are reported promptly through signal andcommand channels to the next higher headquar-ters. Instructions are issued on how to destroyequipment and classified documents to preventtheir capture or use by the enemy.

b. Cryptographic security means technicallysound crypto systems and strict observance of in-structions. These measures prevent or delay theenemy from reading messages. Time spent in en-crypting gives a high return in security. The useof crypto systems other than those authorized bythe unit SOI compromises security. Most un-

44 TAGO 169C

authorized systems are susceptible to easy solutionand give the user a false sense of security. Se-curity hazards may be minimized by being briefand avoiding stereotyped phraseology in prepar-ing messages (particularly at the beginning andend of a message). Identical messages are notsent in both clear and encrypted text. When usingclear text, landmarks that can be associated withencrypted map locations are avoided as references.When messages cannot be sent in the clear, indi-viduals and small units that do not have cipherdevices use codes found in the SOI. When usingcodes, clear and encrypted text (except coded maplocations) are not mixed in the same message.

c. Transmission security limits the enemy'sability to intercept transmissions and preventshim from using our communication systems fordeception. A message is transmitted by the mostsecure means available consistent with its pre-cedence. Radio is particularly susceptible to inter-ception, position-finding, traffic analysis, and de-ception. The radio operators are told about thedangers of giving information to the enemythrough faulty operating procedures or tech-niques. Operators and men preparing radio mes-sages must be aware of the enemy's ability togain information from radio traffic. Those trans-mitting clear-text messages by voice radio useprescribed radio-telephone procedure and preplanthe content and wording of each transmission.They use prescribed authentication systems andeliminate unnecessary transmissions. A high

TAGO 169C 45

standard of net discipline among operators is es-sential to communication security. Training inthe correct procedure is continuous. For addi-tional information on communication security, seeAR 380-5 and ACP 122.

40. Communication Traininga. Communication training is conducted in

three phases: individual, unit, and combined.During basic combat training and advanced indi-vidual training, personnel are trained in basicmilitary subjects and in addition receive specialist(MOS) training in their primary duties. Unitspecialist training is conducted best in divisionand lower unit schools (particularly applicableto radiotelephone). Certain specialists such asbattle group signal officers and communicationchiefs should receive their training at serviceschools.

b. During basic and advanced unit training,team and specialist training is completed, andcommunication personnel are trained in the com-munication technique for all types of tacticaloperations. Before participating in exercises in-volving entire units, command post exercisesare conducted with commanders and staffs pres-ent. These develop skill in procedure for the in-stallation, operation, and movement of commandposts. Personnel are trained to install, operate,and maintain communication systems in fast-moving situations, in all kinds of weather, visi-bility, and terrain.

46 TAGO 169C

c. In the field exercise and maneuver phase(combined arms training), tactics and techniquesof communication units working with higher,supporting, supported, attached, and adjacentunits are perfected. As specialists become pro-ficient in their primary duties, they are rotated to.learn the duties of other selected key members oftheir unit.

Section II. COMMAND POSTS

41. GeneralThe battle group command post is the battle

group field headquarters. When the headquartersis divided into a forward and a rear echelon, theforward echelon is the command post. The com-mand post group consists of the personnel andequipment needed to provide immediate assistanceto the battle group commander. Although thecommander frequently goes forward to observeand direct the action, he remains in communica-tion with the CP. Contact with the commandercan be secured at or through the command post.All communication facilities center there. Ad-ministrative activities not required at the CP areconducted at the rear echelon.

42. Location of CPWhen the division commander does not desig-

nate the map location of the battle group commandpost, the battle group signal officer and the S1consult with the S2 with respect to the vulner-ability to nuclear weapons attack and make the

TAGO 169C 47

recommendations to the S3. The S3 makes thefinal recommendation to the battle group com-mander. Higher, lower, and adjacent units arekept informed of the location of the commandpost. When selecting the exact location, the S1and the signal officer consider the followingfactors:

a. Type of Tactical Operation. During move-ment to contact, the command post moves bybounds along a designated route or is located at adesignated place in the formation. In offensiveoperations, it is located well forward to avoidearly displacement. In defensive operations, it islocated so that local enemy penetrations will notcause displacement. In other types of tacticaloperations, it is located at the place from whichthe commander can control his battle group mosteffectively. The S1 and signal officer must considerits location with respect to other installations orunits in order to avoid creating a remunerativenuclear target.

b. Signal Communication Requirements. Com-mand posts are located to facilitate signal com-munication. An improperly located command postmay delay the establishment of communication ata critical time or make effective maintenance of itimpossible. The principal considerations for thecommand post location are-

(1) Effect of distance and terrain on wireand messenger communications.

(2) Necessity for wire routes to the front

48 TAGO 169C

and rear, permitting the prompt estab-lishment of wire communication.

(3) Effect of powerlines, electrical stations,hill masses, dense woods, and distanceon radio communication.

(4) Proximity to open terrain for use of air-drop and pickup of messages, andground-to-air panel displays.

(5) Necessity for line-of-sight locations, vis-ible only to friendly troops, for use invisual communication.

(6) Necessity for line-of-sight locations forarea communication center platoon radiorelay that extends the division communi-cation system to the new battle groupCP.

c. Routes of Communication and Traffic Con-ditions. Since all communication facilities centerat the CP, roads into and out of the CP and thetraffic to be expected on them influence the loca-tion. Messengers, wire teams, command vehicles,and other vehicles constantly use the communica-tion routes from the command post forward tolower units and rearward to higher units. Theabsence of suitable communication routes causesdelays and makes tactical control difficult. Whenpracticable, messengers and wire teams use roads.

d. Space for Command Post Installations. Thevarious installations within the command post aregiven enough space to operate efficiently and toavoid unnecessary casualties from enemy action.

TAGO 169C 49

Space' is provided for other command posts thatmay be located in the vicinity and for liaison andagent personnel from other units.

e. Cover, Concealment, and Security. In select-ing the command post location, the S1 and signalofficer must consider the availability of naturalconcealment, cover, and defensive positions. Theydo not locate the CP near a landmark or terrainfeature that is likely to attract hostile fire or airattack. A location that cannot be seen from mainroads is preferable. For security reasons the com-mand post may be located within an area occupiedby a lower unit. The CP is dug in or located belowthe surface of the ground to reduce the effects ofnuclear weapons.

43. Designation, Marking, and Time of OpeningThe CP location is designated near a landmark

that is easily identified on the map and on theground, but which is not likely to be an enemytarget. The exact site is located in the generalarea of the designated point. When shown on amap, the flag-staff base is placed at the designatedlocation. The route leading from the designatedlocation to the exact command post location ismarked by signs or guides. For security reasons,only guides may be used. When signs are used,they are large enough to be seen and read from arapidly moving vehicle. When the command postis in a town, the main roads leading into the townare marked, beginning at the entrance to thetown. The headquarters commandant is respon-

50 TAGO 169C

sible for placing signs and guides leading\to thecommand post. The message center places thesigns or guides to direct incoming messengersto the message center. The CP is opened at thedesignated time. When no time is given, it isopened as soon as practicable after the order isissued.

44. Interior Arrangementa. The (S1) is responsible for the command

post's interior arrangement. He selects the loca-tions for all activities except the communicationinstallations. The battle group signal officer selectsthe locations for these. During training, an SOPfor the command post arrangement is representedin schematic form to show the locations of com-mand post installations and activities in theirrelationship to each other. This SOP is used as aguide; modifications are made as required by theterrain and the tactical situation.

b. The commander and his staff are situatedfor efficiency and convenience. The characteristicsof the means of communication are considered inlocating communication installations to serve thecommander and staff in the best possible manner.

c. The message center is located at the naturalentrance to the command post so that incomingmessengers may find it easily and outgoing motormessengers can be dispatched quickly. A messen-ger station is selected nearby. Motor vehicles usedby messengers are located conveniently with re-spect to the message center and messenger station.

TAGO 169C 51

d. The radio station is located to provide themaximum efficiency in transmission and reception.Considerations include convenience to the user(especially the message center); location of thepanel display, message-drop and message pickupgrounds; mutual interferences between radio sets;and the possibility of radios being located byenemy direction-finding equipment. Sets usedwith remote control equipment are located withoutregard to the user. Motor vehicles with radio setsinstalled usually are parked in the vicinity of theradio station.

e. The panel display, message-drop, and mes-sage pickup grounds should coincide, when pos-sible, and be near the radio station whose person-nel are used for their operation. Level, openground that is free from high weeds and brushand removed from bodies of water is preferable.The panel display ground should be situated sothat observers can read displays at side anglesfrom the vertical. Shadows are avoided wherepossible. Unobstructed approaches to the messagepickup ground are required. This field may alsoserve as an emergency landing strip for lightaircraft.

f. The switchboard is installed convenient toincoming wire circuits. It should be as free fromnoise and interference as possible.

g. Telephones are installed as required, accord-ing to the priority established in the battle groupSOP.

h. The motor park is established in a covered

52 TAGO 169C

location accessible to vehicles and at a distancefrom the command post. It is located so that itsdetection from the air will not disclose the locationof the command post.

45. Operation and Conduct of Personnela. The command post is organized for 24-hour

operation. During less active periods, the mentake every opportunity to rest. The men on dutyare rotated so they may have such an opportunity.Communication personnel are continuously pre-pared to establish new channels of communica-tion and maintain existing channels. Theypromptly repair damaged wire lines. Sufficientmeans of communication must be available at alltimes to transmit and receive messages rapidlyand efficiently.

b. All incoming messengers deliver their mes-sages to the message center; the messages aresigned for and delivered to the sergeant major bymessage center personnel. The sergeant majorsupervises the circulation of all incoming mes-sages.

c. Outgoing written messages are usually sentthrough message center. The message centerrecords include a message log (a recording of alloutgoing messages, and messages incoming bymessenger); a means chart (a record of theelectrical means of communication available); alive file (duplicate of skeleton copies of outgoingmessages for which receipt has not yet been ob-tained); a dead file (duplicate or skeleton copiesof receipted outgoing messages); and a crypto

TAGO 169C 53

file (a clear text copy of all outgoing encryptedmessages and the encrypted copy of all incomingmessages). The dead file is turned over daily tothe adjutant for disposition. Officers who send orreceive messages that do not pass through messagecenter see that a synopsis of each message is madeavailable without delay for entry in the unitjournal.

d. Vehicular traffic in and out of the commandpost is controlled. Visitors are stopped at a dis-mount point and directed to walk to their destina-tion. Their vehicles are sent to the parking area.The communication vehicles required in the com-mand post travel at reduced speed and use exist-ing roads and trails. The troops wear the pre-scribed uniform and carry the required individualequipment. They work as quietly as possible andavoid unnecessary grouping. Individual and or-ganizational equipment not in use is stored neatlyor left packed so that the command post can movequickly. Sanitation and police are rigidly en-forced. Latrines are set up near the command postwith sufficient capacity to accommodate all per-sonnel. All trash is buried since a fire might dis-close the location of the command post to. theenemy.

46. Local Security and Defensea. The headquarters commandant is responsible

for the command post security. Under the super-vision of the S3, he prepares plans for the defenseof the command post, using available elements of

.54 TAGO 169C

headquarters and headquarters company or fromthe battle group reserve.

b. All command post personnel are preparedand trained to assist in defending the commandpost. They dig hasty entrenchments to provideindividual protection and protection for the CP.Communication installations are dug in to protectthe equipment and permit continuous operation.The maintenance of secrecy as to the commandpost location is important. The use of unshieldedlights is prohibited. Camouflage is used wherenecessary.

47. Axis of Signal CommunicationThe axis of signal communication is the route

along which future command posts are estab-lished. When displacement of the command postis anticipated, the division or battle group com-mander designates the axis of signal communica-tion. The axis is designated by successive prob-able command post locations in the direction ofmovement or on a specific route such as a road orstream along which the command post will move.The axis extends to the final objective or at leastfar enough to provide a guide for displacing theCP until further orders can be issued. The battlegroup takes advantage of any situation that per-mits it to use the same axis that a company hasused. This practice saves wire and labor andsimplifies the communication system.

48. Displacementa. Displacement of the CP is coordinated to

TAGO 169C 55

avoid disrupting communication and losing con-trol. Before a location is changed, the minimumcommunication facilities required at the new com-mand post are established. This requires that thesignal officer be notified well in advance of theestimated time of displacement. Other units con-cerned are notified of the contemplated change.When the new CP location is not already pre-scribed, the S3 confers with the battle groupsignal officer and S2 and submits recommenda-tions for the new location to the commander. Aquartering party, including the S1, the battlegroup signal officer, communication center platoonleader, guides, and security and communicationpersonnel, goes to the new location. The com-munication and the area communication centerplatoon's advance echelon may follow the quarter-ing party. The exact site is selected and the loca-tions for the different installations are designated.Communication is established and guides andsecurity personnel are posted.

b. When the command post site is ready foroccupancy, the commander is notified. The com-mand group moves to the new location accordingto his instructions. Enough personnel, includingcommunication personnel, remain at the old CPto operate and close it. On the commander's orders,the old CP is closed. The new CP is opened at thesame time. Except for a guide who stays behind todirect messengers to the new location, all com-munication personnel go to the new command post.

c. Close coordination between the battle group

56 TAGO 169C

and the area signal center supporting the battlegroup must Ibe maintained so that maximum com-munications are available during the displace-ment.

Section III. TACTICAL EMPLOYMENT49. Movement to Contact

a. Communication in route column is limitedto that necessary for transmitting orders. Com-munication within the column is regulated by thebattle group SOP, SOI, and SSI, supplementedas necessary by special instructions. Motor mes-sengers and messages delivered by organic Armyaviation may also be used.

b. During movement in tactical column, com-munication is provided between the battle groupmarch command post and the division com-mander, adjacent columns, reconnaissance andsecurity elements, lower unit command postswithin the column, and supply trains. Commu-nication also is maintained within units in thecolumn. The principal means are radio, motorand foot messengers, and aircraft. They aresupplemented by visual and sound signals. Whensecrecy is necessary, the radios are restricted orsilenced. Orders for the march cover the axisof signal communication, use of the means ofcommunication, and command post locations.

(1) Radio is an effective means for con-trolling units during a march. Com-mand nets may be organized to includeplatoons. Some secrecy of movement is

TAGO 169C 57

achieved by using codes and by report-ing positions in reference to phase linesand march objectives. Radio nets areorganized so that the operating rangesare not exceeded. All commanders andoperators familiarize themselves withthe details of the net organization andcodes. The radio ranges are reducedduring movement and when line ofsight locations cannot be selected. Armyaircraft radios and radios with liaisonofficers are helpful in establishing radiocommunication with adjacent columnsand between units in extended columns.

(2) Messengers are used by all units dur-ing a march. Foot messengers are usedfrom front to rear. Motor messengersare sent to the front or rear and areused between adjacent columns. Mes-sages can be exchanged between movingvehicles. Army aircraft messengers fa-cilitate communication between adja-cent columns, to the distant commandpost of higher commanders, and withinextended columns. Before the marchbegins, messengers are told the route,the information to be delivered, thelocations of command posts, and specialvehicular markings.

(3) Pyrotechnics are used for prearrangedmessages. A common use is for report-ing when units reach march objectives

58 TAGO 169C

or cross phase lines. They may also beused as messages between ground unitsand aircraft and as antiaircraft or anti-tank warnings. When prearrangedpyrotechnic messages are to be used,lookouts are assigned areas of respon-sibility in which to watch for them.

(4) Panels are kept ready for use to identifyfriendly columns, vehicles in a column,command posts, and message-drop andpickup fields to friendly aircraft. Panelteams may leave the column temporarilyto communicate with aircraft.

(5) Wire normally is not laid during amarch. However, commercial wire sys-tems and existing field wire circuits maybe used after coordination with, and ap-proval of, higher headquarters.

(6) Command posts are located to facilitatecolumn control. Their locations in thecolumn are prescribed and announcedin orders. During motor marches, thebattle group command post normallytravels near the head of the main body.Command posts of other units in themain body are located at the heads oftheir respective units. During footmarches, command posts may be motor-ized and move by bounds between units.A motorized command post consists onlyof essential command and communica-

TAGO 169C '59

tion vehicles. Communication vehiclesinclude those for messengers, panelteams, radios used during the march,and additional radios for emergency use.A few wire vehicles required during orimmediately after the march are alsoincluded. Communication personnel notrequired during the march travel in theheadquarters company serial near thecommand group. Communication ve-hicles and transported personnel notrequired to maintain communicationduring the march move near the head ofthe battle group trains. Communicationpersonnel who cannot be transportedmarch with the headquarters company,which is usually at the head of the mainbody.

c. In the approach march, the means of com-munication used in tactical column are continued.Radio and messenger are the principal means.Light aircraft and visual and sound communica-tion supplement these. Security measures arecontinued. Prearranged message and operationscodes are used extensively except when clear-textmessages can be transmitted without violatingsecurity restrictions. As units assume extendedformations or move across country, messengercommunication becomes more difficult. Cross-country marches reduce the speed of the messen-gers and make march command posts more diffi-cult to locate. Instructions to messengers are more

60 TAGO 169C

explicit. The use of wire in the approach marchdepends upon the rate of advance, the distance tobe covered, future plans, the speed at which wirecan be laid, and the supply of wire. Prematureestablishment of the wire system results in theloss of wire and overextension of circuits. It delaysthe installation of communication for the nextoperation. March command posts are kept wellforward and convenient to all command elements.They follow the best available communicationroutes. Communication personnel keep abreast ofthe situation, supervise the operation of the com-munication system, and plan continuously forfuture operations.

d. During halts a limited communication systemis established. If it is a temporary halt, com-munication is the same as during the march. Dur-ing prolonged halts, messengers are used exten-sively. The use of radio may be limited by securityrestrictions. Wire is installed, but is limited by theavailable wire supply and the duration of the halt.The battle group should have wire communicationto lower units during overnight halts. When aquartering party precedes the march, communi-cation personnel are included to establish com-munication in the bivouac or assembly area.

e. In the assembly area and temporary com-mand posts, a limited communication system isestablished. The same means of communicationare used as in prolonged halts during the march.The signal officer is given timely information ofthe commander's plan for the next operation. He

IAGO 169C 61

must have time to make his reconnaissance andsubmit recommendations for a communicationsystem and CP locations for the next operation.Installing the system is easier when the first loca-tion for the battle group CP is in the assemblyarea. When the first CP is to be forward of theassembly area, the communication platoon's ad-vance echelon moves to it early and installs thecommunication system before the next operation.

50. The Offensea. The extent of communication required by the

battle group during the offense depends on itsassigned mission. The signal officer, in close co-ordination with the battle group commander andstaff, insures that provisions for communicationare complete, including that between maneuverand fire support units and between all combat andservice elements involved. He considers adverse-weather in the objective area that may affectcommunication.

b. As soon as the battle group signal officer isinformed of the attack plan, he makes a mapreconnaissance and a tentative plan. When pos-sible, he discusses this plan with the S3. Then hemakes a ground reconnaissance, accompanied bywire personnel and other platoon members. Hesubmits his recommendations to the S3 for para-graph 5a of the operation order.

c. Following the issuance of the attack order,the signal officer completes the coordination of

62 TAGO 169C

his plans with the S1, S2, and S3, the mortar bat-tery, and supporting artillery. He then proceedsto the designated CP area with the S1 to deter-mine its exact location and interior arrangement.As soon as possible after the first location is ap-proved, the signal officer contacts the communica-tion chief and has the bulk of the communicationplatoon sent forward. He immediately contactsthe platoon leader of the supporting area com-munication center platoon and notifies him of theexact location of the CP. The signal officer andhis section chiefs may precede the platoon to thedesignated command post location to receiveorders and to reconnoiter before the platoon ar-rives. The remainder of the platoon continues toprovide communication in the assembly area untilthe CP for the attack is occupied.

d. Radio and messenger are the principal meansof communication in the attack. An installationsection from the division area communicationcenter platoon installs trunklines from the areasignal center into the battle group command posts.The communication platoon maintains only theobservation post lines. Certain radio remote con-trol units are connected to the operations tent.Lateral communication is made through thedivision forward signal centers.

e. Although radio is used to the maximum ex-tent, its use may be restricted until a prescribedtime in order to preserve secrecy and make sur-prise possible. Maneuvering and reserve unitsmay be further restricted before committed to

TAGO 169C 63

action. Listening silence is not carried to thepoint of making it a handicap rather than a pro-tection. When it is probable that the enemyknows the location or anticipates the movementsof friendly units, or after contact is made, thereis little to gain by imposing listening silence.

(1) Radio nets operated within the battlegroup are flexible and may be alteredas required by the situation, but shouldremain as fixed in organization as is con-sistent with the mission of the organiza-tion and the units employed. The nuim-ber of available frequencies varies. Thebattle group communicates with divisionin six different radio nets:

(a) One amplitude modulated radio set(AM-voice-CW) in the division intel-ligence net.

(b) One amplitude modulated radiotele-typewriter (AM-RTT) in the divisioncommand net No. 1.

(c) One frequency modulated (FM) radioin the division air request net.

(d) One frequency modulated voice (FM-voice) radio in the division commandnet.

(e) One frequency modulated (FM-voice)radio in the division assault net.

(f) One amplitude modulated (AM-RTT)radio in the division administrativenet.

64 TAGO J69C

(2) The battle group command net includesthe rifle companies, mortar battery, re-connaissance platoon, assault gun pla-toon, medical platoon, signal officer, S2,S3, S3 Air, battle group deputy com-mander, the net control station, and thebattle group commander.

(3) Radio sets are available for communica-tion with the battle group observationpost and for direct communication withArmy aircraft, engineers, and- recon-naissance units.

(4) When the battle group commander leavesthe command post, he maintains com-munications in the battle group com-mand net and division command netswith organic radios.

51. Night Attacka. Wire is the best means of communication

during a night attack. It is laid to the attackechelon, to fire support units, and to the reserve.When possible, it is maintained throughout theattack and during the reorganization and con-solidation.

b. When the attack is conducted with the aid ofcontinuous fire support, radios may be used afterthe attack is discovered. When an attack is con-ducted by stealth, radio operators listen on as-signed radio frequencies but do not transmit untiltold to do so by the net control station.

TAGO 169C 65

52. DefenseThe communication system for a defense is

more elaborate than for an attack. Two or morelines are laid over different routes between thebattle group command post and subordinate units.Lateral communication between battle group unitsis obtained through the area signal centers. Later-al communication between battle group units is es-tablished. Lateral wire lines are also establishedbetween forward rifle companies. Wire com-munication is established to the battle group com-mand post by the area signal center. Simplex andphantom circuits are used to provide additionalchannels of communication. Scheduled messengerservice is established to relieve the traffic fromthe wire system. For security reasons, radio com-munication usually is restricted until the enemymakes contact. When wire communication isavailable, radio transmitters are not used; whenwire communication is interrupted, radio nets areavailable for use. During the defense, the com-munication system is constantly improved to in-sure uninterrupted operation.

53. Retrogradea. Communication during withdrawals from

action is characterized by detailed planning inadvance and close coordination during the with-drawal. Existing communication channels aremaintained as long as available equipment andrestrictions imposed by higher commanders per-mit.

66 TAGO 169C

b. When the battle group executes a daylightwithdrawal, the communication platoon, whenpossible, establishes, operates, and maintains fa-cilities similar to those required in a night with-drawal. However, a daylight withdrawal seldompermits as much detailed planning and prepara-tion as a night withdrawal. All means of com-munications are used to the maximum extent.

c. A night withdrawal is characterized by de-tailed centralized planning, detailed reconnais-sance, and decentralized execution. The communi-cation plan is carefully prepared to support thetactical plan. During the movement to the rear,communication is necessary in the old position andwithin the new position or area to which the battlegroup is moving.

(1) Reconnaissance of the withdrawalroutes determines what existing wirecircuits can be used. Communication isprovided to assembly areas and march-control points and between forward andrear positions. An early reconnaissanceof the rear position is necessary fortimely completion of the communicationsystem there. Limits on the size of re-connaissance parties usually permit onlythe communication platoon wire sectionpersonnel to reconnoiter the new posi-tion. Normally a radio relay team chiefof the area communication center platoonwill accompany the reconnaissance party.

TACGO 169C 67

(2) Existing communication facilities aremaintained in the old position by thedetachments left in contact. Commandposts close on order or when taken overby the detachments left in contact. Thecommunication chief or his representa-tive remains with the detachments leftin contact. The minimum additional com-munication personnel remain in the oldposition to operate the communicationsystem for the detachments left in con-tact. When time permits, unused wirelines are recovered or sections are movedto prevent their use by the enemy. De-ceptive measures include using dummyradio stations and simulating normalradio activity in the old position.

(3) Messengers and available wire circuitsare the principal means of communica-tion during a night withdrawal. Thestaff and liaison officers help the com-mander control the movement. Com-munication can be provided at march-control points by splicing telephones intoexisting wire circuits. Listening silenceis ordered for the main body and radiooperators continue to listen on assignedfrequencies. If the enemy discovers thewithdrawal and more control is needed,the higher commander may direct thatradios be used.

(4) The majority of the communication

68 TAGO 169C

platoon moves to the rear position asearly as practicable to establish facilitiesat the new position before the main bodyarrives. When the defense is to be re-sumed on the new position, a completedefense wire system is installed. Theforward signal center will initially dis-place sufficient wire and relay equipmentto integrate the new battle group com-mand post into the communication sys-tem, and will displace the entire platoonwith the main body. The radios continueto listen on assigned frequencies, butremain silent until the battle group com-mander deems operation necessary.When the withdrawal is to be followedby some other type of operation, mini-mum essential communication is estab-lished within the battle group assemblyarea and to the outpost, until plans aremade for the next operation. Reconnais-sance and plans for communication forthe next operation are completed as soonas possible.

54. Delaying ActionIn a delaying action, emphasis is placed on

speed and mobility in establishing communication.Existing wire lines along the axis of operationsare used during movement to the rear. A mini-mum lateral wire system is installed on eachdelaying position to include one line to each rifle

TAGO 169C 69

company and the mortar battery. Visual signalsand motor messengers are used. Communicationto distant, detached, and motorized or mechanizedunits usually is limited to radio and messenger.Timely reconnaissance and planning are necessaryfor communication on successive delaying posi-tions. New wire lines usually are not laid forcommunication between successive positions.

55. RetirementCommunication during a retirement is similar

to communication during movement to contact.When the enemy attempts to pursue vigorously, aseries of delaying actions may be necessary toassist the retiring force to disengage. In this case,communication is maintained in the same way asdescribed for a delaying action.

56. Relief of a Battle Group in ContactBefore the relief occurs, the battle group signal

officer and key men from the communicationplatoon accompany the battle group commanderand his reconnaissance party. They familiarizethemselves with the communication system al-ready in operation. They make arrangementswith the unit being relieved to exchange certainequipment and to take over the existing wiresystem in place. They exchange equipment re-quiring extensive installation.' During the recon-naissance, the key wiremen familiarize themselveswith all wire routes. The signal officer obtains aline-route map, circuit diagram, traffic diagram,

70 TAGO 169C

and radio net diagram. He gets as much informa-tion as possible about road conditions and routesfor messengers. He evaluates the conditions thataffect radio communication and the probable in-terruptions of wire communication. Strict secrecymeasures are taken to prevent the enemy fromdiscovering the relief. Such measures may includecontinuing the use of existing call signs, frequencycodes, and ciphers of the unit being relieved. Somecommunication equipment may be exchanged topreclude any breakdown of the system.

57. Airborne Operationsa. Special communication problems arise dur-

ing airborne operations. Because of the dispersionof the units on landing, security requirements,speed of action, and distances involved, communi-cation is relatively difficult to establish. Detailedplans are prepared at battle group and higherlevels so that facilities of each component of anairborne force may be integrated and coordi-nated. These provide for communication betweenthe battle group and-

(1) Transport aviation units, to include themarshaling phase, loading areas, as wellas the objective area.

(2) Artillery, naval, and tactical air firesupport.

(3) Reconnaissance, supply, and evacuationaviation.

(4) Linkup forces with a coordinated mis-sion.

TAGO 169C 71

(5) Subordinate units during movement byair, at the landing area, and duringbreakout operations.

b. During the assembly and reorganization ofa battle group after landing, radio is the principalmeans of communication. It is supplemented bymessengers and other means. The installation ofthe wire system is started as soon as practicable.To facilitate and expedite the establishment of thewire system within the battle group, wire layingteams and their equipment from the communica-tion platoon may be landed with the rifle com-panies. Command radio nets usually are openedimmediately after landing to help control andspeed the assembly. Man packed radios are habit-ually carried into the landing area to facilitateprompt opening of radio nets on landing. Radiocommunication to the next higher commander isestablished immediately after landing. Communi-cation with cooperating aircraft and naval forcesis provided through the air control teams andnaval liaison personnel. When an airborne opera-tion is near the seacoast, naval gunfire teams alsomay accompany the landing and provide com-munication with naval support craft.

c. The size, weight, and amount of equipmentlanded with the battle group during the assaultare limited. Only equipment that is carried withthe men in their transporting aircraft is availableat first. This equipment includes man packedvoice radios and batteries, field telephones, lightwire, panels, and small switchboards. Larger

72 TAGO 169C

reserves of communication supplies and equip-ment are necessary to compensate for lossesduring the landing. Resupply plans include equip-ment and supplies to meet communication require-ments.

d. Communication personnel are assignedthroughout air serials. A radio operator assignedto a unit commander or staff officer accompaniesthe officer in the same aircraft. Communicationvehicle drivers land with their vehicles.

e. To acquaint himself with the tactical situa-tion and to receive additional information andorders, the signal officer assembles with the com-mander and staff. He makes his plans flexible tomeet any requirement of a rapidly changing situa-tion.

f. The communication chief assembles the com-munication platoon. The platoon, less radiooperators, wire teams, and messengers on specialassignments, normally assembles with the head-quarters company. The communication chiefreports the status of his men and equipment tothe signal officer as early as possible. He directsthe implementation of the communication plan.He maintains contact with the signal officer toexecute orders. The battle group command postis established immediately after the landing. Whenpossible, the CP is opened in its predeterminedlocation. After units have assembled and estab-lished their command posts, they exchange mes-sengers.

g. Reorganization is not complete until the

TAGO.169C 73

battle group assembles according to plan andestablishes command and fire-control communi-cation channels. After the initial units have beenair-landed in the airborne assault, and subsequentbuildup of troops and equipment is underway,communication in the battle group proceeds as innormal ground operations.

!Section IV. ELECTRONIC DEVICES SECTION

58. GeneralThis section deals with the organization, capa-

bilities, duties of personnel, and tactical employ-ment of the electronic devices section (fig. 4).

a. The primary mission of the section is toprovide ground radar surveillance to the battlegroup. This section increases the battle groupcapability to perform combat surveillance. (Com-bat surveillance is defined as the 24-hour con-tinuous watch over the battlefield. It is achievedby a combination of listening posts, observationposts, aerial surveillance, electronic devices, andother reconnaissance and surveillance means.)

b. A surveillance plan similar to that shown infigure 5 is prepared and coordinated by the battlegroup S2. This plan augments the battle groupcollection plan. Variations in its content anddetail may be dictated by higher headquarters orby the weather, terrain, or tactical situation.

c. Medium range radars are normally employedunder battle group control with the battle groupS2 exercising primary staff supervision. Short

74 TAGO 169C

DEVICESSECTION

MEDIUM LIGHTHO RADAR RADAR

m1~ AN/PPS-4TPS/21-A

Figure 4. Electronic devices section.

range radars are normally attached to the riflecompanies or other subordinate units for employ-ment. Such employment insures effective utiliza-tion of these devices. Information collected fromradars is correlated with that obtained from otherintelligence sources.

59. Organization and Equipmenta. The electronic devices section consists of a

headquarters, 2 medium range radar teams, and5 short range radar teams. A lieutenant sectionleader and a sergeant section chief comprise thesection headquarters. The medium range radarteam consists of a senior radar operator and 2radar operators. Eachof the 5 short range radar

TAGO 169C 75

--ARE A F A A RE

:SHORT RANE }RADAR

PEB Q: FESA /

NOT TO SCALE

Figure 5. Surveillance plan.

teams have a senior radar operator and 1 radaroperator.

b. Vehicular transportation within the sectionis as follows:

(1) Section headquarters-one 1/-ton truckwith trailer.

(2) Medium range radar team--one 1/4-tontruck with trailer.

(3) Short range radar team-none.c. Communication equipment in the section con-

sists of one AN/VRC-10 radio set mounted in the%-ton truck of each medium range radar team.When radio silence is in effect, the teams must tiein to the wire net of the nearest unit. The short

76 TAGO 1690

range teams must habitually utilize the existingwire net of the unit to which they are attached.Each of the short range and medium range teamshas a telephone.

60. Capabilitiesa. Radar surveillance is a method of detecting

objects on or above the surface of the earth.Operators can determine the range azimuth,speed, and elevation of the detected object froman analysis of the audio return.

b. The section is capable of providing groundradar surveillance over assigned areas up to themaximum limits of terrain or equipment. Weatherdoes not appreciably affect this capability. Denseundergrowth, trees, foliage and hill masks, how-ever, clutter or block the radar signal to such anextent that no useful intelligence information ortarget data can be obtained. Limited communica-tions equipment in the section, line of sightcharacteristics and other limitations of the radarequipment, and the inability of the section to pro-vide its own local security, influence its employ-ment and capabilities.

c. Ranges for planning purposes are-Short range radar:

Detection of individuals ........................ 3,500 metersVehicles .................................................. 6,000

Medium range radar:Individuals ........................................ 5,000Vehicles ........................................ 20,000

TAGO 169C 77

61. General Description of Radar Setsa. Short Range Radar. This is a lightweight,

portable set designed to detect moving targetssuch as vehicles and personnel. Targets are indi-cated by distinctive audio tones in the operator'sheadset. The operator is aided in the recognitionof types of moving targets by superimposed audiotones resulting from the independent radial, veloc-ity of the target's moving parts; e.g., tracks ontanks. Maximum tone signal indicates "on tar-get." Manual operation allows a specific target tobe tracked or "pin pointed" in range and azimuth.There are no provisions for remote control. Peep-sights mounted on the radar provide an opticalaxis for orientation and target identification. Oneman can place the radar in operation within 10minutes. To attain desired efficiency of operation,operators should alternate every 30 minutes. Thisradar can be carried on two standard pack boards.

b. Medium Range Radar. This set functionsvery much like the short range radar, except itcan be operated by remote control or set for auto-matic operation. For remote control operation, aninterconnected cable up to 45 meters long is used.Automatic operation permits scanning of a pre-determined area. The set has a telescope mountedon it to aid the operator in orientation. This radarcan be carried on five standard pack boards.

62. Duties of Personnela. Section Headquarters.

(1) Section leader. The section leader is

78 TAGO 169C

responsible for the section's training,control, operational employment, andsupply. He recommends methods of em-ployment of his section to the battlegroup commander and staff. Within theguidance of the S2 surveillance plan, heselects the primary positions and surveil-lance areas for the medium range radarteams. He insures that adequate orienta-tion of the medium range radars is ac-complished to provide electronic surveil-lance data to the degree of accuracydesired by the S2 and the fire supportcoordinator. He coordinates with thesignal officer on such matters as callsigns and other extracts of the SOI. Hecoordinates with the fire support co-ordinator to insure that fire supportmeans are available to cover surveillanceareas. He insures that radar surveillancecards for all devices retained underbattle group control are prepared,utilized, and distributed to the battlegroup S2 and fire support agency. Hecoordinates with unit commanders inwhose area his radar teams will operateon matters of communication, security,administration, and logistical support.He performs such other duties as thebattle group commander may direct.

(2) Section chief. The section chief is secondin command of the section and assumes

TAGO 169C 79

command in the absence of the sectionleader. He is normally charged with theadministrative and logistical functionsof the section.

b. Medium Range Radar Team.(1) Senior radar operator. The senior radar

operator's duties generally parallel thoseof a crew-served weapons squad leader.He is responsible for establishing andoperating the radar site, and for prepar-ing an appropriate radar surveillancecard. He insures that specific areas arekept under surveillance as prescribed inthe surveillance plan.

(2) Radar operators. The radar operators ofthe team, assisted by the senior radaroperator, operate the radar equipmenton site. They also operate the communi-cation equipment and vehicle.

c. Short Range Radar Team.(1) Senior radar operator. The senior radar

operator's duties are similar to those ofthe senior operator of the medium rangeradar team. He is responsible for estab-lishing and operating the radar site ac-cording to instructions from his sectionleader or the commander of the sub-ordinate unit to which his team is at-tached. He insures that all informationobtained is reported to the commanderof the unit to which he is attached.This is accomplished by establishing wire

80 TAGO 169C

NOB HILL%

AT R R m

PRIORITY AREAS OF SEARCH

FREQUENCYTIME AREA PRIORITY RANGE OF SEARCH

o TO +IS A I 6000 M AS ANNOUNCE.1 TOt25 C 2 4000M25 TO *45 B a SOO M

*45 TO +60 A I COO MNOTE. STAKE NUMBERS AID IN NIGHT ORIENTATION OF SET.

NOT TO SCALE

Figure 6. Radar surveillance card.

communication with unit to which theteam is attached.

(2) Radar operators. The radar operators,assisted by the senior radar operator,operate the radar and communicationequipment on site.

63. Tactical Employmenta. General.

(1) The medium range radars must beoriented. By proper orientation of theset and coordination with fire supportelements, targets detected by the radars

TAGO 169O 81

can be taken under fire by fire supportelements using preplanned concentra-tions. When feasible, orientation and co-ordination of surveillance areas for theshort and medium range radars shouldbe accomplished during daylight hours.Radar surveillance cards (fig. 6) areprepared and distributed to the fire sup-port agency. Since these radars operateon a line of sight principle and requirea background to detect movement, theyare normally employed on dominatingterrain similar to that required for abattle group or company observationpost. The radar site may be located atthe ground observation post: However,sound judgment must be exercised in es-tablishing a joint radar/observation postso that troop density is reduced. Radarpersonnel should not act as ground ob-servers except in emergencies.

(2) Surveillance equipment having rangecapabilities greater than that normallyrequired by the battle group is availableat higher headquarters. When longerrange equipment is required to supportthe battle group, such support is madeavailable on a mission basis as required.When division ground surveillance de-vices are located in the battle group area,close coordination must be effected toinsure maximum effectiveness of the

82 TAGO 169C

overall surveillance effort. Employmentof this additional supporting equipmentis similar to that of organic mediumrange radars.

(3) The battle group S2 has primary staffsupervision over the employment of theradar section. He recommends the meth-od of employment (general support orattachment) to the commander. He des-ignates general site locations and speci-fic areas of surveillance. He specifies thefrequency of coverage desired for themedium range radar teams, which arenormally employed to add depth to thebattle group's surveillance coverage.

(4) The short range radar teams are nor-mally attached to a rifle company orother subordinate unit of the battlegroup. The commander of the unit towhich the team is attached selects thesite for the radar, prescribes the areaand method of surveillance, and arrangesfor security and logistical support of theteam.

(5) Each radar team is assigned a specificarea of surveillance. In assigning sectors,consideration is given to terrain, enemycapabilities, equipment capabilities, anddesired degree of sector overlap. Sectorsurveillance assignments and frequencyof coverage must be included in the in-

TAGO 169C 83

structions to the radar team. The tech-nique of scanning. an area by radar iscomparable to the scanning technique ofa' ground observer.

(6) When short range radars are utilized,medium range radars are assigned sur-veillance ranges greater than those cov-ered by the short range radars. Therange of these radars increases the com-mander's knowledge of his area of in-terest during hours of poor visibility ordarkness, thus permitting him greaterreaction time within his area of in-fluence.

(7) Terrain, visibility, or the enemy situa-tion may dictate the employment of theradars during daylight hours.

b. Offense. The tactical employment of theradar section is affected by the dispersion andrapidity of movement that characterizes theoperations of the battle group under conditionsof nuclear warfare. Radar teams may be used toprovide surveillance forward of the line of contactas well as of an open or exposed flank. They maybe used as a means of vectoring friendly attack-ing elements or patrols at night or when visibilityis poor. They may be used to provide surveillanceof critical areas or avenues of approach into thezone of attack of the battle group. At all timesthey are kept as far forward as the tactical situa-tion and terrain will permit. The various tasksmay be accomplished by the section in a general

84 TAGO 169C

support role or by elements of the section or indi-vidual radar teams attached to attacking com-panies..

c. Defense. Radars are employed to maintainsurveillance over likely avenues of approach, gapsbetween units, and critical areas during periodsof poor visibility or darkness. Subordinate unitcommanders usually employ the short range ra-dars to cover gaps between platoons and com-panies, and for surveillance of specific areas to thefronts. The medium range radars are normallyemployed in general support to add depth to thebattle group surveillance coverage. In both de-fense and offense, the S2, in coordination with theradar section leader, prepares a battle group sur-veillance plan to insure adequate coverage and co-ordination with fire support units. A radar sur-veillance card is prepared for each radar site. It isdesirable that the radar be oriented at the selectedsite and radar surveillance cards prepared duringdaylight. The radar is then moved to a defilade po-sition. During periods of poor visibility or dark-ness, the radar is moved into the previously pre-pared site. When the medium range radar mustbe located in an exposed position, remote controloperation is desirable. If enemy activity is de-tected in an area not included in the surveillanceplan, a new mission may be prescribed redirectingthe efforts of the radar. When such a mission iscompleted, the operator returns to the prescribedarea of surveillance.

TAGO 169C 85

d. Retrograde.(1) Medium range' radar team. Radar sites

or positions are selected to which themedium range radar team will displace.The section leader and/or section chiefand senior radar operator reconnoiterthe area during daylight and insure thatthese positions are prepared. Tentativeradar surveillance cards are made out.

(2) Short range radar team. These teamsoperate under the control of the companyor the subordinate unit to which they areattached. The team may operate withdetachments left in contact or displaceto new sites in a manner similar to thedisplacement of the medium range radarteam.

64. Airborne Operationsa. The radar section can be delivered by para-

chute, assault aircraft, or transport helicopter. Itshould be delivered into the objective areas asearly as practicable to provide maximum time forreconnaissance and preparation of radar sites.Usually it lands with the rest of the main body,but it may land in a separate area with securityelements.

b. The section is employed in the airborneassault and subsequent operations in generallythe same manner as discussed in paragraph 63.During the planning the section leader may becalled on to make appropriate recommendationsfor the employment of his section. His recom-

86 TAGO 169C

mendations may include initial and subsequentmissions for the section, control (battle groupcontrol or attachment), a tentative time for teamsto revert to section control if attached, and selec-tion of probable initial sites and primary areas tobe covered.

TAGO 169C 87

CHAPTER 3RECONNAISSANCE PLATOON

Section I. GENERAL65. Mission

The primary mission of the reconnaissanceplatoon is to perform reconnaissance and securitymissions for the battle group. It may operateunder battle group control or, under certainconditions, it may be attached wholly or in partto task forces or rifle companies.

66. OrganizationThe platoon consists of a headquarters and

four scout squads.a. The platoon headquarters consists of a pla-

toon leader, a platoon sergeant, and two scoutdrivers. Two AN/VRQ-3s and two AN/PRC-10s provide radio communication.

b. Each scout squad consists of a squad leader,an assistant squad leader, two scout drivers, asenior scout observer, and a scout observer. Thescout squad normally functions as two teams:

Team 1 Team 2

Squad Leader Assistant Squad LeaderScout Observer Senior Scout ObserverScout Driver Scout DriverMA -ton Truck-1i -ton Truck-1Machinegun-1. Machinegun-1Radio VRC-1-10-1 Radio PRC-10-1Radio PRC-10-1

88 TAGo 1689

67. Communications(fig. 7)

a. Battle Group Comnmand Net. During mount-ed operation, the platoon leader enters the battlegroup command net with one-half of his AN/VRQ-3 radio.

Note. When the platoon leader is dismounted, he willhave his PRC-10 on the platoon frequency.

b. Platoon Net. When mounted, the platoonleader communicates with squads and teams overone-half of his AN/VRQ-3. Dismounted, heutilizes the AN/PRC-10 in platoon headquarters.

c. Squad Nets. Squad AN/VRC-10s are allnetted on the platoon frequency.

68. Training of the Reconnaissance Platoona. To perform their normally assigned mis-

sions, the scout squads should be trained to

M,(! .... !... ,.,,,

(i) i 5 (.) S S WIN

Figure 7. Type radio net, reconnaissance platoon.

TAGO 169C 89

operate independently as well as part of theplatoon. The mission, enemy, and terrain mayrequire dismounted action by the platoon or ele-ments of it; thus, platoon members are trained incombat actions of the individual soldier and indismounted patrolling techniques. See FM 21-75for further information on combat training andpatrolling.

b. All members of the platoon should be pro-ficient in operating the radios, machineguns, 1/4_ton trucks, grenade launchers, individual weap-ons, compasses, radiacmeters, metascopes, andchemical agent detector kits organic to the pla-toon. They should know how to request andadjust supporting fires. They should also befamiliar with surveillance and warning devicesthat may be available to them. All membersshould be trained to operate radiac instrumentsfor radiation monitoring and survey.

c. Platoon members should be trained to re-member and report the applicable elements ofwho, what, when, where, and how many regardingenemy and friendly activities and terrain.

d. The platoon should be trained in mountedand dismounted attack, defense and retrogradeoperations, as well as to perform the missionsgiven in section III of this chapter.

e. The efficient functioning of the scout teamsis facilitated by careful loading of the 1/4-tontruck. Weapons, radios, ammunition, personal,equipment, rations, and other supplies should beplaced so that they are secure, readily accessible

90 TAGO 169C

when needed, and allow maximum comfort andfreedom of action for personnel.

f. The platoon must be trained to detect CWcontamination and to recognize signs indicatingBW agents have been used.

Section II. OPERATIONAL TECHNIQUES

69. FormationsThe formation selected for movement of the

mounted reconnaissance platoon is based on a con-sideration of mission, enemy, and terrain. Theavailability of suitable routes for movement ofthe vehicles is of particular importance in select-ing formations.

70. Methods of Movementa. Continuous Movement. When enemy contact

is not likely or when speed is essential even atsome risk, continuous movement is normal. Theplatoon (or separate squads) proceeds along itsroute, stopping only for investigation (often dis-mounted) of potentially dangerous areas. Platoonmembers maintain continuous all-round observa-tion from the vehicles.

b. Movement by Bounds. When enemy contactis likely, one scout element (squad, if the platoonis together; team, if the squad is operating inde-pendently) remains stationary and covers themovement of another element by observation and,if necessary, by fire. The techniques for thismethod of movement are as follows:

TAGO 169C 91

(1) Before moving, the scout element deter-mines its next position and the mostfavorable route to it. During movement,the scout elements move as rapidly asthe situation permits; they remain onthe alert for cover, routes of withdrawalto cover and concealment, and enemytraps.

(2) When approaching a position that willafford new areas of observation, thecommander of the leading vehicle stopshis vehicle and dismounts to assist inpreventing detection. When observationhas been established to front and flanks,the overwatching scout element movesforward.

(3) Members must be trained not to bevehicle-bound. They must dismount fre-quently to provide security when thevehicle is stationary and to preventenemy detection.

(4) The distance of each bound is deter-mined by the nature of the terrain andthe range to which the covering elementcan effectively support the moving ele-ment. This distance usually should notexceed effective machinegun supportingrange.

(5) When covering elements have been sig-naled forward, they should take theshortest and fastest route to avoid delay-ing the movement.

92 TAGO 169C

c. Successive and Alternate Bounds. Techniquesfor executing these movements are explained inFM 21-75.

71. Utilization of Firepowera. General. The reconnaissance platoon fre-

quently must call for and adjust fires and fightwith its organic weapons to accomplish its mis-sion or protect itself. Scout squads should beskilled in rifle squad technique of fire for use indismounted action.

b. Employment of Machineguns. Scout squadsmust be adept in placing their machineguns intoaction from either a vehicular or ground mount.Leaders must be able to decide quickly whichmount is more suited to a particular situation.Machinegun fire is normally delivered from thetruck pedestal mount during movement wheneffective fire must be delivered immediately. Or,fire can be delivered from the pedestal mountwith the vehicle in chassis defilade or adequatelyconcealed. Normally, reconnaissance by fire ismade from the pedestal mount; movement bybounds is covered by pedestal-mounted machine-guns. Machinegunners must keep their gunstrained on the most likely enemy positions tofacilitate immediate fire when contact with theenemy is imminent. When firing to the rear fromthe pedestal mount, the vehicle commander actsas gunner.

72. ObservationCareful, systematic observation is essential to

TAGO 169C 93

the proper performance of reconnaissance andsecurity missions. Observation is a continuousprocess during reconnaissance operations. Tech-niques of effective observation include-

a. Selecting a concealed position affording goodobservation of the area of concern.

b. When possible, using two observers to watchthe same sector. One observes the terrain ingeneral for unnatural movement; the other sys-tematically searches the terrain in strips.

c. Providing for all-round observation, wheneither mounted or stationary.

d. Changing observers frequently to insurealertness.

e. Making maximum use of binoculars, tele-scopes, and other surveillance devices.

73. Establishing Observation Postsa. General. A reconnaissance platoon may es-

tablish up to eight observation posts. However,for extended periods of observation it is advisableto have at least two teams (six men) man an OPto provide for rotation of observers and security.The platoon leader usually selects the generallocation of the OPs and squad leaders select thespecific location (s).

b. Mission. The OP maintains surveillance overan area to report enemy activities. OP personnelmay also direct fires.

94 TAGO 1690

c. Selection of Position. An OP should providea wide and deep field of observation, overlappingobservation with other OPs, and concealment. Thelocation should provide for good radio communi-cation. Frequently, observers will be on or justforward of the topographical crest of high ground,while the radio(s), vehicle(s), and other person-nel will remain on the reverse slope. Terrain con-ditions or a shortage of personnel may requirethat one of the observers operate the radio. Gen-erally, two men observe, one man operates theradio, and the remainder, if any, rest and providelocal security. Wire communication is used ifpracticable. Concealed routes of withdrawal areselected.

74. Establishing Listening Postsa. During periods of low visibility, listening

posts may be established along likely avenues ofenemy approach. They may be in the vicinity ofdaylight OPs or considerably nearer the pro-tected unit. Usually, ground mounted radios areused. Vehicles remain within a defensive position.The quiet operation provided by wire makes itsuse' advisable if time and the situation permit.

b. Listening post personnel observe as well aslisten. They use binoculars for night vision assist-ance. They may use such warning devices as tripflares.

75. PatrollingTechniques for mounted and dismounted patrol-

ling are given in FM 21-75.

TAGO 169C 95

Section III. MISSIONS

76. GeneralRoute, zone, or area reconnaissance missions

may be assigned the platoon during any phase ofbattle group operations. When nuclear weaponsare employed, the platoon performs radiologicalmonitoring and survey work.

a. Radiological monitoring consists of detectingthe presence and measuring the intensity of radia-tion by the use of radiation measuring (radiac)instruments. This simply means checking forradiation before it is encountered, measuring theintensity when it is encountered, and continuingto measure it after it is encountered.

b. Radiological surveying includes the organ-ized process of measuring with radiac instrumentsthe location, extent, and intensity of a radiationpattern on the ground. Radiological survey is theonly means of determining the true pattern offallout or induced radiation and the intensitieswithin the pattern.

77. Movement to Contacta. When the enemy situation is vague, the re-

connaissance platoon may conduct security patrol-ling to the front. When the battle group advancesin two or more adjacent columns, portions of theplatoon usually operate forward of each column.Whenever possible, it is advisable to employ thescout squad as a unit, but teams may operateindependently for short periods.

96 TAGO 1690

b. When one or both flanks are exposed, theplatoon may provide flank security. At times,three squads may operate on the more dangerousflanks while one squad patrols the other flank. Thesquads may provide security by patrolling roadsparalleling or approaching the axis of the mainbody, by establishing observation posts, or by acombination of these methods.

c. The platoon or any elements of it may begiven the mission of maintaining contact betweenelements of the battle group (such as during anadvance on two axes) or between the battle groupand friendly units to front or flank.

d. When the battle group is not followed byother units, the platoon may patrol or observelikely enemy approaches into the rear of the battlegroup to provide warning.

78. AttackDuring the attack, the platoon may provide

flank security, maintain contact between elementsof the battle group or between the battle groupand other units, or establish and operate battlegroup OPs. Information included in paragraph77 is also applicable to the attack.

79. ConsolidationAfter seizure of the battle group objective, the

platoon may reconnoiter beyond the objective tomaintain contact with the enemy, provide securityto front, flank or rear, or contact adjacent units.If elements of the platoon are operating a battle

TAGO 169C 97

group OP(s), the OP(s) is displaced to the ob-jective area and continues operation.

80. PursuitWhen the enemy situation is vague during a

pursuit, the platoon operates as described for amovement to contact. When contact is made, theplatoon operates as described for an attack. Also,the platoon may be employed to maintain contactwith the withdrawing enemy.

81. Defensea. The battle group normally defends as part

of the division. It may, however, defend an iso-lated position beyond the division's supportingrange. The battle group may participate in adefense where emphasis is placed on retention ofterrain or mobile defense.

b. In either of the types of defense or when ageneral outpost is established, the reconnaissanceplatoon normally operates between the generaloutpost and the next security echelon to the rear.The platoon maintains contact with the generaloutpost. While accomplishing this, it reconnoitersthe roads and trails in the area and establishestemporary observation posts to observe particularareas. It also reconnoiters for likely enemy ap-proaches and possible locations of future enemyassembly areas and weapon positions. It recom-mends locations for concentrations as part of thelong-range defensive fires. The platoon is capableof performing a combination of these missions

98 TAGO 1690

simultaneously. Upon the withdrawal of theGOPL, it may reinforce the GOPL or observe orpatrol forward of it.

c. When security elements withdraw into thebattle position, the reconnaissance platoon mayoperate battle group OPs within the position,maintain contact with adjacent units, conductsecurity patrolling on an exposed flank, or per-form reconnaissance throughout the battle grouprear. The ability of the platoon to perform morethan one of these missions simultaneously islimited.

d. When there are no friendly forces operatingforward of the battle group, the platoon may con-duct a security mission to the front, maintainingvisual contact with the enemy as he approaches.

e. The reconnaissance platoon of a reservebattle group normally performs reconnaissanceand security missions throughout the battlegroup area of responsibility. When the reservebattle group is committed to the counterattack,the platoon functions as prescribed for the attack.

82. Retrogradea. During the night withdrawal, the platoon is

normally left as the reserve element of the detach-ments left in contact. It patrols and protects thecommand post of the detachments left in contactand blocks the most likely avenue of enemy ap-proach into the battle group rear area. It acts asthe security element to cover the withdrawal ofthe detachments left in contact. Also, it may

TAGO 169C 99

maintain contact with the, enemy during the with-drawal of other forces.

b. During the daylight withdrawal, the platoonmay be used under battle group control to protectthe battle group's flanks or to maintain contactwith the enemy forces and give warning of hostilemovement. It may be attached to the battle groupcovering force to perform similar missions.

Section IV. RECONNAISSANCE TECHNIQUES

83. Purpose of Reconnaissancea. The purpose of reconnaissance is to obtain

combat information for the commander. Securitymissions, as well as the reconnaissance missionsconducted by the reconnaissance platoon, fre-quently produce valuable combat information.

b. The platoon reports all information regard-less of its apparent value. When considered in con-junction with information obtained from othersources, it might be extremely valuable to higherheadquarters. Information must be accurate andtimely.

c. The platoon obtains information withoutfighting when possible, but fights when necessaryto accomplish its mission or to avoid destruction.

d. When the platoon establishes visual contactwith the enemy, it makes every effort to maintainit. It breaks contact only if the mission or otherorders necessitate it.

e. The platoon may encounter danger areasduring any type of reconnaissance or security mis-

100 TAGO 169C

sion. Such areas are likely to be covered by enemyfire or obstacles and are frequently in or nearwoods, towns, defiles, or other areas providingconcealment for the enemy. The platoon recon-noiters danger areas as carefully as time permits,frequently by sending forward dismounted per-sonnel who are covered by other elements. De-tailed observation with binoculars should precedemovement toward the danger area.

84. Route ReconnaissanceA route reconnaissance is directed toward ob-

taining information of the enemy and terrainalong a specific route. The leading element of theplatoon (or squad, if operating independently)moves by bounds along the route while otherelements reconnoiter laterally along roads, trails,or cross-country to investigate hills, woods,bridges, towns or other critical areas overlookingit. They conduct dismounted patrolling as neces-sary to insure complete coverage. The conditionof roads and bridges and the presence of obstaclesare included in the report.

85. Zone or Area ReconnaissanceZone or area reconnaissance is performed by

simultaneously conducting adjacent route recon-naissances, by increasing the lateral distancecovered by scout elements branching off from amain route, or by crisscrossing a given area orzone. The technique selected depends on the sizeof the area, the road net, and the size of the unitconducting the reconnaissance. By assigning

TAGO 169C 101

boundaries or contact points, the platoon leaderinsures that no gaps exist between reconnoiteredareas. A zone is usually a large area marked bygenerally parallel boundaries, whereas an areamay be a specific locality such as a town or woods.See figure 8.

86. Reconnaissance by Firea. Reconnaissance by fire is an attempt to cause

the enemy to disclose his presence by moving orreturning fire. Certain elements deliver fire(usually machinegun) on suspected enemy posi-tions, while others observe to locate enemy fireor movement. Surprise may be lost in this typeof reconnaissance, but it increases the probabilityof disclosing the presence of enemy in well-con-cealed positions.

b. If the enemy returns fire, the unit eitherreports and bypasses the position or develops thesituation further, depending on its mission. Iffire is not returned, the unit usually continues onits mission. In any event, it must exercise cautionsince enemy troops may withhold fire as a decep-tive measure.

87. Night ReconnaissanceReconnaissance operations are slower and less

effective at night. They are usually limited todismounted patrolling, observation of enemy ap-proaches, and listening posts. Only with excep-tionally good visibility, favorable terrain androutes, and very light enemy resistance can ve-hicular movement be used in forward areas with-

102 TAGO 1690

· I

Figure 8. Zone reconnaissance.

out being preceded by dismounted patrols. Exceptfor short cross-country movements, night vehicu-lar reconnaissance should be confined to roads ortrails.

88. Reconnaissance InstructionsReconnaissance instructions should include-a. Pertinent information of enemy and friendly

forces, to include appropriate portions of firesupport plans.

b. Specific information desired.

TAGO 169C .103

c. Zone, area, or route to be reconnoitered.

d. When, where, and how information is to bereported.

e. Time of departure and return.

f. Control measures such as phase lines, checkpoints, and contact points.

g. Action to be taken when mission is com-pleted.

Section V. SECURITY TECHNIQUES

89. Generala. Security forces protect against surprise,

ground observation, or annoyance by the enemy.A security force may be an advance guard, rearguard, flank guard, screening force, coveringforce or rear area security unit. It may accom-plish its mission by offensive, defensive, or delay-ing action.

b. The reconnaissance platoon as a securityforce basis its position on that of the protectedunit and stays between the protected unit and theenemy threat.

c. The platoon performs continuous reconnais-sance to provide information of the enemy in itsarea of responsibility. It provides security fromsurprise by keeping the main body commanderinformed of enemy location and movements.

d. The platoon should operate far enough fromthe main body to insure adequate time and spacefor the main body to maneuver to meet enemy

104 TAGO 160

threats. The main body should be protected fromdirect fire, surprise attack, and, if practicable,ground observation.

e. When the platoon makes contact, it retainsit as long as the enemy remains in the area ofresponsibility. It may direct supporting firesagainst the enemy. If the enemy moves out of thearea of responsibility of one security force intothe area of another, action is taken to informadjacent units of his presence.

90. Advance, Flank and Rear Guard"Guarding" missions require forces strong

enough to defeat, stop, or materially delay anyenemy of considerable strength. Consequently,the reconnaissance platoon is not suitable forthese missions, but may be attached to units per-forming them, as advance, flank, or rear guard toconduct reconnaissance or screening tasks.

91. Screeninga. Screening may be to the front, flank, or rear

of a force engaged in offensive, defensive, orretrograde operations. The reconnaissance pla-toon frequently performs screening missions forthe battle group.

b. Screening is designed to prevent surpriseattack, direct fire, and ground observation (ifpracticable) from interfering with the main body.The commander assigning the mission designatesthe area of responsibility of the screening force.Screening is usually performed on the flank of a

TAGO 169C 105

moving unit or to front, flank, or rear of a station-ary unit. It is accomplished by establishing OPs(a maximum of eight for the reconnaissance pla-toon) located to cover the assigned area. In someinstances, these OPs must be augmented withpatrols to observe areas unseen from the OPs(fig. 9). The flank of a moving unit is screenedby leapfrogging the rearmost OP forward whenthe main body passes that area. When visibilityis reduced, screening may be performed by listen-ing posts and connecting patrols, often dis-mounted.

92. Security Patrollinga. The reconnaissance platoon and squads often

conduct security patrolling using the techniquesof route, zone, and area reconnaissance (pars. 84and 85). When patrolling on the flank of a movingunit, the platoon or squad travels a route gener-ally parallel to the axis of the protected unit,investigating likely enemy approaches and period-ically contacting the main body. When a suitableparallel route is not available, scout squads movelaterally from the main body to reconnoiter dan-gerous approaches; they return, move forward,and prepare to investigate the next danger area.

b. The platoon may perform security patrollingin rear areas when the threat of guerillas, sabo-teurs, infiltrators, or bypassed enemy exists.

93. Establishing and Maintaining Contacta. When contact with a friendly unit is to be

106 TAGO 169C

made, the platoon, squad or team leader, as appro-priate, should determine who is to be contacted,where and when the contact is to be made, andwhat is to be accomplished on contact. Also, heshould ascertain the frequency and call sign ofthe unit to be contacted, action desired if contactis not made, and method of reporting contactinformation. When contact is to be made by asquad at a particular point, one team may waitat the designated point while the other team over-watches from good vantage points to providesecurity and assist in locating the other party.

b. It maintains contact with friendly or enemyunits by continuous observation of the designatedforce or by frequent visual contacts gained bymoving to successive vantage points. It makesperiodic reports to the controlling headquarterson the activity and location of the force.

c. The platoon frequently performs contactmissions in conjunction with specific or impliedreconnaissance and security missions. In anyevent, all personnel are alert to note and reportall pertinent enemy, friendly, and terrain in-formation.

Section VI. ACTIONS ON ENEMY CONTACT

94. GeneralThe platoon avoids decisive combat and usually

is not employed where strong enemy forces areknown to be. However, emergencies may arisewhich require the use of the platoon to augmentthe combat power of the battle group rather than

TAGO 169C 107

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108 TAGO 169c

to perform its primary missions. Also, decisivecombat may be necessary at times for survival.For these reasons, the platoon should be trained inrifle and machinegun squad tactics, rifle platoontactics, and the application of fire and maneuverin motorized attack and retrograde operations.

95. Enemy Contact While on Reconnaissancea. If the mission allows, reconnaissance ele-

ments retain under surveillance any enemy ob-served. The observers should remain undetectedand report on the enemy's activity.

b. At times, the platoon or squad may leave ateam to observe the enemy, while the remainingelements, avoiding detection, continue on theirmission.

c. The platoon or squad may report and bypassstationary enemy such as troops in defensivepositions or manning OPs.

d. If the mission requires or permits it, recon-naissance elements may destroy weak enemygroups such as small patrols or lightly protectedroadblocks.

e. Where doubt exists as to the action desiredby the higher commander, the platoon or squadleader reports the situation and requests instruc-tions.

f. When fired upon or otherwise obviouslydetected by the enemy, reconnaissance elementsseek cover (though some personnel are directedto observe the enemy from protected positions)and decide on a course of action. Depending on the

TAGO 169C 109

mission, enemy, terrain, and troops available, thiscourse of action may be to retain visual contactwith the enemy, bypass, withdraw, destroy theenemy element, or a combination of these actions.

96. Enemy Contact While on Security Missionsa. Security missions performed by the recon-

naissance platoon usually require detection of theenemy rather than defense, attack, or delay.Consequently, the platoon or squad, upon ob-serving the enemy, maintains contact by obser-vation from fixed or moving OPs, reporting in-formation as available and following any instruc-tions given by the protected unit. If the enemy(or the protected force) moves out of the areaof responsibility of the reconnaissance elementconcerned, the task of maintaining contact ispassed to another unit, or the mission of thereconnaissance element is .changed.

b. When the enemy comes under observationof a screening force, affected OPs maintain vis-ual contact and withdraw by bounds as the enemyapproaches. Often, OP personnel direct support-ing fires to delay the enemy advance. Dependingon the situation, the protected unit commandermay specify that small enemy patrols be permit-ted to penetrate the screen and that OPs remainconcealed and observe for larger enemy forces.At other times, OPs may be directed to stop ordelay small enemy elements. After this is done,it is frequently advisable to move the OP to an-other position.

110 TAGO 169C

c. When discovered by the enemy, security pa-trols, OPs, and listening posts usually seek pro-tection while still maintaining contact. Thisprotection may be afforded by cover, movement,or friendly units. At times, organic and support-ing fires must be used to protect their movement.

Section VII. THE AIRBORNE ASSAULT

97. GeneralThe reconnaissance platoon is employed in the

airborne assault in generally the same manner asit is in other offensive operations of the airbornebattle group. It may remain under battle groupcontrol and be used in general support, or controlmay be decentralized initially by attachment ofportions of the platoon to task forces or rifle com-panies. The platoon may be delivered in the air-borne assult by parachute, assault transport, ortransport helicopter.

98. Preparation for the Airborne Assaulta. The reconnaissance platoon follows the same

general procedure as the headquarters companyin preparing for the airborne assault.

b. During the planning for the assault, theplatoon leader may be called upon to make appro-priate recommendations for the employment ofhis platoon. His recommendations may includecontrol (i.e., battle group control or attachment),initial and subsequent missions for the platoon,and a tentative time for the squads to revert to

TAGO 169C 111

platoon control, if attached. The recommenda-tions, if accepted, are incorporated in the battlegroup order. Based on the battle group order,the platoon leader makes detailed plans for thefollowing:

(1) When the platoon is operating underbattle group control:

(a) The ground tactical plan.1. Assembly in the airhead.2. Assignment of specific missions to

each squad.(b) The aircraft loading plan.

(2) When control of the platoon is decen-tralized:

(a) Designation of elements of the pla-toon to be attached to companies ortask forces.

(b) Tentative plans for squads to revertto platoon control.

c. The method of delivery and the mission ofthe platoon elements influence the platoon load-ing plan. When delivered by assault transport,scout squad personnel accompany their vehicles.When delivered by parachute, squad personnelshould parachute in with their vehicles. A drivershould accompany each vehicle. It is desirable toload squads in different aircraft to minimize therisk of losing the entire platoon. When elementsare attached to subordinate units of the battlegroup, they may be attached in the marshalingphase and loaded with the unit to which attached.

112 TAGO 1690

The attachment may also be effective upon land-ing, in which case squad leaders report to thecommanders of units to which they will be at-tached as soon as the battle group order is issued.The squad leaders participate in the planning ofthe units to which they are attached, and squadpersonnel are briefed with those units.

99. Air Movement, Landing, andReorganization

a. Air Movement. The air movement from thedeparture airfield to the drop or landing zone iscontrolled by the commander of the transportingaviation unit.

b. Landing. The platoon lands as early aspracticable so it can start ground reconnaissancepromptly. When all scout squad personnel can-not accompany their vehicles in the heavy dropserial, they assemble at their vehicles on thedrop zone or at other designated localities. Usu-ally the platoon lands with the rest of the battlegroup, but some of its elements may be landedin a separate area, such as along the plannedR&S line (RSL). If the platoon lands in advanceof the battle group it will perform the requiredCBR monitoring of the intended landing areas.

c. Reorganization. During the reorganizationafter landing, the platoon leader regains controlof the elements of his platoon under battle groupcontrol. The platoon may be assembled as aunit, or scout squads may move out directly ontheir missions after assembling on the drop or

TAGO 169C 113

landing zone. The platoon radio net is openedon landing and the platoon leader reports thestatus of his unit as prescribed in the battle grouporder or in the unit SOP. While the remainder ofthe battle group completes its reorganization, thereconnaissance platoon begins to reconnoiter theroutes to objectives, establishes observation posts,and patrols likely routes of approach into the com-bat group assembly area. When all squads ofthe platoon are attached, the platoon headquar-ters lands with the battle group headquarters andthe platoon leader prepares to resume control ofthe platoon on order of the battle group com-mander. The platoon leader keeps abreast ofthe tactical situation and makes appropriate rec-ommendations concerning his platoon's employ-ment.

100. The Attack and Subsequent Operationsa. When the battle group takes up a formation

for movement to contact after the landing, theplatoon is employed as described in paragraph77.

b. The battle group commander returns theattached elements of the reconnaissance platoonto platoon control at the earliest practicable time.

c. The reconnaissance platoon is normally as-signed missions on the RSL during the airborneassault. To accomplish its mission, the platoonmay land on or move to the RSL under battlegroup control before the completion of the as-sault phase of the operation. When a suitabledrop zone on or near the RSL exists and imme-

114 TAGO 100

diate enemy resistance is not expected, it is de-sirable for the platoon to drop on or near theRSL to provide timely security. When the situ-ation does not permit the establishment of theRSL during the assault, the platoon is used onother reconnaissance and security missions.

d. A battle group may be employed in a divi-sion airhead where the battle groups are notmutually supporting and where the size of theairhead does not permit the organization and de-fense of extensive portions of the airhead line.Under these conditions the battle group organizescritical terrain within its sector with emphasison all-round defense. The battle group maintainssurveillance over unoccupied portions of this sec-tor of responsibility and takes timely action toeject, block, or destroy enemy forces. The re-connaissance platoon is usually employed by thebattle group to provide security along the majorroutes of approach. As other units are assignedsecurity missions within the battle group sector,the reconnaissance platoon is relieved of sta-tionary posts so its mobility can be exploited byoperating mobile patrols.

TAGO 169C 115

CHAPTER 4

ASSAULT GUN PLATOON

Section I. GENERAL

101. Mission and Employmenta. The mission of the assault gun platoon is

to provide antitank protection and direct fire sup-port for units of the battle group.

b. Depending on the tactical plan, the platoonor portions of it may be employed in general sup-port or attached to the rifle companies. Nor-mally, those elements of the platoon attached tothe rifle companies are attached for operationalcontrol only, in order to relieve the rifle companiesof providing logistical support.

102. Organizationa. General.

(1) The platoon consists of a headquartersand three sections of two squads each.A platoon leader, a platoon sergeant, anda radio telephone operator comprise theplatoon headquarters. Each section con-sists of a section leader (who also leadsa squad), a squad leader, two gunners,two loaders, and two M56 drivers.

116 TAGO 169C

(2) Transportation within the platoon isassigned as follows:

(a) Platoon headquarters-one 1/4-tontruck for command and reconnais-sance.

(b) Assault gun section-two 90-mm gunsself-propelled, M56.

(3) The main armament of the platoon con-sists of six 90-mm guns self-propelled,assigned one per squad.

b. Capabilities. The platoon is capable of pro-viding antitank protection and direct fire supportfor the battle group.

(1) Mobility. The mobility of the platoon(and its communications) enables it tomaneuver throughout the zone of actionof the battle group (terrain permitting)and to mass its fires. The excellent ma-neuverability of the M56 is an impor-tant means of protection. The platoonis air-transportable by C119, C123, andlarger troop carrier aircraft. The pla-toon with its organic weapons and equip-ment can be dropped by parachute usingheavy drop techniques.

(2) Armament. The 90-mm gun is a direct-fire breech-loaded weapon using fixedammunition. The weight of the gun andits carrier is approximately 16,000pounds. The weapon is fired only fromits vehicular mount. The carrier holds29 rounds of ammunition.

TAGO 169c 117

(3) Targets. The platoon is normally em-ployed by the battle group commanderin its primary role of antitank protec-tion. But it may be effectively employedagainst point targets such as bunkers,observation posts, vehicles, and groupedpersonnel. Under ideal conditions itsweapons can be fired effectively at themaximum range of the direct fire sight(5,000 meters).

c. Limitations. The lack of-protective armoron the M56 seriously limits the ability of thisweapon to accompany rifle units in the assault.Normally the assault gun platoon is limited tosupporting these units by fire.

103. Duties of Personnela. Platoon Headquarters.

(1) The platoon leader is responsible for hisplatoon's training, tactical employment,and welfare. He recommends to the bat-tle group commander methods of utili-zation of the platoon. He selects pri-mary, alternate, and supplementary fir-ing position areas for his sections; andplans and supervises displacement. Inaddition, he is the principal adviser tothe commander on the employment of allantitank weapons assigned or attachedto the battle group.

(2) The platoon sergeant is second in com-mand of the platoon and assumes com-

118 TAGO 169C

mand in the absence of the platoonleader. He assists the platoon leader asdirected, primarily with ammunitionresupply.

(3) The radiotelephone operator drives andmaintains the 1/4-ton truck in platoonheadquarters and operates and main-tains its radio equipment.

b. Assault Gun Section.

(1) The section leader is responsible for thetraining and employment of his sectionand commands its first squad. He as-signs primary, alternate, and supple-mentary position areas for his squadswithin the assigned section area. Hecontrols the section's fires and its am-munition resupply and supervises themaintenance of its guns and carriers.

(2) The squad leader selects the exact po-sitons for the gun, usually choosing atleast two within the position area as-signed by the section leader. He su-pervises the preparation and occupationof the positions and specifies which po-sition will be initially occupied. He con-trols his squad's fire in accordance withhis section leader's orders, supervisesthe maintenance of his gun and carrier,and adjusts fire.

(3) Each gunner lays his gun on the targetwith proper elevation and deflection and

TAGO 169C 119

fires the weapon on the squad leader'sorder. He assists in the maintenance ofthe gun.

(4) Each driver operates his M56 vehicleand helps the gunner make majorchanges in deflection by maneuveringthe vehicle. He normally performs themaintenance on the carrier assisted byother members of the crew.

(5) Each loader inspects and stores the am-munition. He loads the gun and assistsin maintenance of the gun and mount.

104. Communicationsa. General. The platoon has one AN/VRC-18

and six AN/VRC-10 radios. One AN/VRC-10radio is OVM to each carrier. The AN/VRC-18is in platoon headquarters. It operates in thebattle group command net and the platoon net.

b. Platoon Net. When the platoon is employedas a unit, a platoon net is established that in-cludes the platoon headquarters and each squad.Net discipline must be strictly enforced, and com-munication between the squads of the sectionmust be kept to an absolute minimum so the netis open for platoon leader-section leader commu-nication (fig. 10).

c. Section Net. When a section is attached toa rifle company, one or both of the section's ra-dios may operate in the company net.

120 TAGO 1690

Section II. OFFENSE

105. Movement to Contacta. Approach March. One section is normally

attached to the leading rifle company(ies). Theplatoon (-) remains in general support of thebattle group and is disposed within the columnto provide antitank protection and direct firesupport.

b. Firing Positions. Throughout the movementto contact, the platoon, section, and squad lead-ers look for firing positions from which the mostdangerous avenues of tank approach can be cov-ered and from which the rifle companies can begiven close and continuous fire support.

106. The Attack - Generala. Troop Leading. The platoon leader accom-

plishes certain troop leading steps before the at-tack. The time available determines the numberof steps and the sequence; the following list ismerely a guide:

(1) Receives warning order.(2) Issues warning order.(3) Plans reconnaissance.(4) Executes reconnaissance.(5) Formulates andi submits recommenda-

tions for the platoon's method(s) ofUtilization, firing position areas, andtentative plans of displacement.

(6) Receives battle group order.

TAGO 169C 121

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122 TAaO 16ge

(7) Makes necessary arrangements formovement of the unit, reconnaissance,issuance of the platoon order, and co-ordination.

(8) Completes reconnaissance (when nec-essary).

(9) Completes and issues the platoon order.

(10) Supervises execution of the order.

b. Methods of Utilization. The platoon, orelements of it, is employed in an antitank role,direct fire support role, or combination of thetwo. If the guns are positioned initially to pro-vide direct fire support to attacking rifle com-panies and an enemy tank threat develops, theplatoon immediately reverts to the role of pro-viding antitank protection. The weapons. arenormally employed by section, each weapon pro-viding support and protection for the other.

(1) General support. In general supportthe platoon supports the effort of theentire battle group under the control ofthe battle group commander through theplatoon leader.

(2) Attachment. By attachment, the pla-toon (or portions of it) supports theeffort of a specific portion of the battlegroup under the control of the supportedunit commander. Attachment should beused when decentralization is impera-tive; for example, when task forces areorganized within the battle group to op-

TAGO 169C 123

erate beyond supporting distance of 90-mm guns under control of the battlegroup. Usually, 90-mm guns are at-tached for operational control only.

(3) Combination of methods. A combina-tion of methods of utilization may beused; for example, one section may beattached while the platoon (-) is usedin general support of the battle group.If tanks are attached to the battle group,they normally are used to support theattacking rifle companies while the as-sault gun platoon is employed to pro-vide antitank protection to the flanksand rear of the battle group.

107. Selection of Firing Positionsa. The platoon leader assigns section firing

position areas, the section leaders designate thegeneral location for the guns, and each squadleader selects the exact locations (usually twoor more) for his gun. Selection of multiple po-sitions allows the squad to fire one or morerounds, move to another position, continue fire,then quickly return to the initial position or moveto another. Positions should be selected fromwhich the guns can perform both of their mis-sions. When this is impossible, positions cover-ing the most likely areas for the employment ofenemy armor take priority. Alternate and sup-plementary positions are selected and preparedas time permits. These positions should permit

124 TAGO 1690

mutual support between the guns of the section.However, when the number of areas to be cov-ered exceeds the number of sections, the guns maybe employed individually.

b. When selecting positions, the mission, loca-tion of friendly units, enemy situation, and theterrain must be considered. With respect to theterrain, the primary considerations are-

(1) Observation and fields of fire.(2) Cover (hull defilade for the gun in fir-

ing position) and concealment.(3) Routes into the position and for dis-

placement.(4) Routes for ammunition resupply.

108. Occupation of Firing Positionsa. The unit leader (platoon or section) desig-

nates when and how the elements of the unitmove into position. A major consideration is tomove into position without being observed by theenemy. Positions which cannot be occupied ex-cept under enemy observation are entered rapidlyand at the last possible moment.

b. If the positions are not to be immediatelyoccupied, the squad leader and driver familiarizethemselves with the exact position by dismountedreconnaissance so that, on order, they can placethe guns in position without loss of time.

109. SecurityThe platoon, section, and squad leaders are

responsible for providing their own local security.

TAGO 169C 125

Whenever possible, they use nearby riflemen forclose-in protection. They make the maximumuse of security measures such as comouflage,proper use of terrain, use of alternate positions,and the preparation of protective shelters.

110. Supporting FiresDuring the attack, the guns deliver direct fire

on known or suspected point targets. The pri-mary target is enemy armor. Observed targetsare fired on at the beginning of the supportingfires, before they are obscured by smoke anddust. Other fires are delivered against targets ofopportunity and on call from the rifle unit com-manders. The guns continue close fire supportuntil their fires are masked by the assaulting rifleunits.

111. Alternate and Supplementary Positionsa. Alternate position areas are occupied when

hostile fire threatens to neutralize the guns. Au-thority to occupy alternate positions is normallydelegated to the section leaders. This does notprevent the squad leader from using multiplepositions within his primary position area. Whena gun is operating independently, authority tomove to an alternate position area rests with thesquad leader. When alternate positions are occu-pied, the platoon leader is immediately notified.

b. When the platoon is in general support,movements to supplementary positions are madeby the platoon leader with authority of the battlegroup commander. When it is attached, move-

126 TAGO 1690

ment is on order of the supported unit com-mander.

112. Ammunition Resupplya. The 90-mm guns should move into firing

position with a full load of ammunition on car-rier. When feasible, additional ammunition maybe placed on position for initial fires, allowingthe carrier to displace with a full load.

b. Whenever possible, the headquarters andheadquarters company commander provides theassault gun platoon with 3/4-ton trucks and trail-ers for ammunition resupply. These trucks comefrom the supply and transportation platoon. Thetrucks usually remain in a centrally located andcovered position under the control of the pla-toon sergeant. When feasible, the trucks deliverammunition to the guns. Otherwise, the car-riers move to the platoon ammunition point andare resupplied directly from the trucks. Ammu-nition is taken from one truck at a time. Whenthe supply becomes low, the remaining ammuni-tion is placed on the other 3/4-ton truck and theempty truck is sent to the battle group ammuni-tion supply point for more ammunition. When asection is heavily engaged and it is impracticalfor the M56 carriers to return to the platoon am-munition point, one of the trucks may be sent tothe section firing position, resupply the section,and return to the platoon ammunition point. Whena section is operating independently of the pla-toon and it is impractical to operate out of the

TAGO 169C 127

platoon ammunition point, one of the trucks mayaccompany the section.

c. When the headquarters and headquarterscompany cannot make additional transportationavailable for ammunition resupply, the platoonleader sends the M56 carriers directly to battlegroup. When it is necessary to use this system,the section leaders consolidate their ammunitionon one of the M56 carriers and send the emptycarrier to the ammunition supply point. When-ever this is done, the section leaders inform theplatoon leader of the action taken. This is theleast desirable method of ammunition resupplyin that it greatly reduces the capability of theplatoon to accomplish its mission. This methodshould Ibe used only when additional transporta-tion is not available to the platoon.

1 13. Displacementa. To accomplish their mission, the 90-mm guns

must be kept within supporting range of therifle units. The platoon, section, or squad makestimely displacement to support these units duringthe attack and consolidation.

b. The 90-mm guns start displacing when theirfires are about to be masked; when the rifle unitsare nearing the limits of effective supportingrange; in time to support the consolidation on theobjective; or in order to maintain continuousantitank protection and fire support for the at-tack.

c. When the platoon is in general support, the

128 TAGO 1690

battle group commander orders displacement orapproves the platoon leader's request to displace.When attached to a unit, it displaces on order ofthe commander of the unit to which attached.

d. Units displace to position areas previouslyselected by a visual or map reconnaissance. Uponarrival at the new position areas, squad leadersselect exact locations for the guns.

e. When the platoon is operating as a unit andthe sections are operating as units, the platoondisplaces by echelon. The most desirable methodis to displace two sections in the first echelon andthe remaining section in the second echelon.However, it may be necessary to displace onesection at a time, or one section first, followed bytwo sections. When a section is operating inde-pendently, it displaces by squad echelon. Theavailability of new positions, routes forward, andthe enemy armor threat influence the method ofdisplacement.

114. Reorganization and ConsolidationReorganization within the platoon is a continu-

ous process. When the 90-mm gun unit has dis-placed to the objective, the leader reorganizes andcoordinates with rifle unit and other supportingweapon leaders in organizing the ground for de-fense. The 90-mm guns are emplaced to coverthe most dangerous avenues of enemy armorapproach.

115. PursuitThe airborne battle group may be employed in

TAGao isc 129

the pursuit in the airborne role as the envelopingforce. When it is engaged in a ground pursuit,the 90-mm guns are employed as in the approachmarch. Positions are sought from which effectivefires can be delivered on the withdrawing enemyand on roads and defiles through which enemytroops and tanks may withdraw. If the battlegroup flanks are relatively secure, two or moreassault gun sections may be employed with theleading company.

Section III. DEFENSE AND RETROGRADE

116. Tactical Employmenta. The employment of the assault gun platoon

is essentially the same in the various types ofdefense (par. 81). In determining the best methodof employment, the following factors must be con-sidered:

(1) The 90-mm guns are the battle group'sprincipal organic antitank weapon.

(2) Maximum advantage must be taken ofthe range, flat-trajectory, and mobilityof the weapons.

(3) The lack of armor protection must becompensated for as much as possible byproper use of the terrain and frequentmovement of the gun.

(4) Enough supplementary positions mustbe prepared to allow the guns to bemoved immediately to engage a tankthreat in any part of the sector.

130 TAGO 169C

(5) Maximum centralized control is exer-cised over the guns to make full use ofthe platoon's capabilities.

(6) Guns not engaging enemy armor areused to reinforce the fires of the forwardrifle units. However, these guns imme-diately revert to their antitank rolewhenever enemy armor appears.

b. In developing the battle group fire supportplan and the antitank defense plan, the battlegroup commander coordinates the employmentof the assault gun platoon with other antitankmeasures. The entire platoon may be employedin the forward rifle company areas, or a portionof it may be employed in rear of the forwardcompanies to provide depth to the antitank de-fense. Supplementary positions are prepared andoccupied with authority of the battle group com-mander.

c. Platoon elements may be attached to unitson the combat outpost line or the reconnaissanceand security line.

d. When tanks are attached to the battlegroup, they may from the basis for the battlegroup antitank defense. The platoon then aug-ments the protection afforded by these tanks,covers other armor approaches, and adds depthto the antitank defense of the battle group.

117. Selection of Firing PositionsThe considerations governing the selection and

occupation of firing positions are essentially thesame as those discussed in paragraph 107. Em-

TACO 169C 131

phasis is placed on covering likely armor ap-proaches. Usually, alternate and supplementarypositions are selected and prepared more care-fully in the defense than in the attack. At nightthe guns may be moved to alternate positions tocover the armor approaches at closer range.Riflemen should provide close-in protection underconditions of reduced visibility.

118. Position of Leadersa. The platoon leader occupies a position from

which he can observe the avenues of armor ap-proach into the battle area. If the terrain doesnot permit this, he places himself in a positionfrom which he can observe the most dangerousapproaches. He does not restrict himself to onelocation, however, but moves wherever he isneeded most.

b. The section and squad leaders place them-selves where they can best control the fires of theirunits.

119. Conduct of the Defensea. The 90-mm guns attached to the security

echelon engage hostile armored vehicles approach-ing the battle area. Terrain permitting, theguns are located near the topographical crest tofacilitate long-range observation and fire. Whenthe security echelon withdraws, the guns displaceto previously selected positions within the battlearea.

b. Unless instructed otherwise, 90-mm guns in

132 TAGO 169C

forward rifle company areas open fire when prof-itable targets come within effective range, fre-quently shifting within their primary positionareas for security.

c. The senior squad leader in the vicinity of agun makes the decision to move it from the pri-mary to an alternate position area. When hemoves a gun to an alternate position, he imme-diately reports this information to the platoonleader.

d. The guns occupy supplementary positionareas with authority of the next higher com-mander only. Occupation of supplementary po-sitions may necessitate a change in the opera-tional control of one or more sections.

120. Retrogradea. When the battle group is conducting a night

withdrawal, all or a portion of the assault gunplatoon may remain with the detachments left incontact. Any portion of the platoon not remain-ing withdraws with the main body to the new de-fensive positions. Plans for the movement of theplatoon take into consideration the possible lossof secrecy and may include measures for earlywithdrawal by echelon, covering the movement bythe use of fire or smoke.

b. When the battle group is conducting a day-light withdrawal, the 90-mm guns in the forwardrifle unit- areas support the units in contact. Whenthe forward units pass through the battle group

TAGO 169C 133

covering force, the 90-mm guns drop off and sup-port the covering force. At this point, the entireplatoon is normally attached to the coveringforce. Guns that are not within the forwardrifle company areas are attached to the coveringforce during the withdrawal of the forward com-panies.

c. When the battle group is conducting a de-laying action, the platoon is used in essentially thesame way as in the defense. As in defense,the 90-mm guns remain under battle group con-trol whenever possible. However, the extendedfrontages frequently covered in a delaying actionmay necessitate attachment of portions of theplatoon for control purposes.

d. When the battle group conducts a withdrawalfrom action by air, the platoon operates initiallyas in other withdrawals. After contact with theenemy is broken, elements of the platoon moveto the loading area. Guns not employed to sup-port forces in contact or the battle group reservemove directly to the loading area along previouslyselected routes. When preparing the loading plan,the commander must consider the length of timerequired to load the guns for the air movement.Early in the operation the commander must decidewhether the guns will be withdrawn by air fromthe airhead or whether, because of the enemysituation, lack of aircraft, or time available, theywill be destroyed after contact is broken andbefore the last elements of the force are with-drawn from the airhead.

134 TAGO 169C

Section IV. THE AIRBORNE ASSAULT

121. EmploymentThe platoon is employed in the airborne as-

sault in generally the same manner as in otheroffensive operations of the airborne battle group.Control of the 90-mm guns is more frequentlydecentralized to task force or rifle company levelduring the initial stages of the airborne assaultthan in other offensive operations of the battlegroup. Due to the absence of friendly armor inthe airhead, the 90-mm guns assume greater im-portance as the principal antitank weapons ofthe battle group. The guns may be delivered ei-ther by parachute or by assault transport. How-ever, compared to assault transport delivery, par-achute delivery has the following disadvantages:

a. More time and specialized equipment areneeded to prepare 90-mm guns for delivery andto load them in the aircraft.

b. Equipment is more susceptible to damageupon landing.

c. More time is needed to get the guns readyfor action upon landing.

d. Landings are generally less accurate.

122. Preparation for the Airborne Assaulta. Preparations of the headquarters and head-

quarters company for the airborne assault arecovered in chapter 1. In addition, preparation bythe assault gun platoon includes-

TAGO 169C 135

(1) Preparing the 90-mm guns for air land-ing or parachute delivery by heavy drop.

(2) Moving to loading sites at departureairfields and loading.

(3) Preparing for the tactical mission tobe performed upon landing.

b. The method of delivery determines the na-ture and extent of preparations necessary to rigthe 90-mm gun. When delivered by assault trans-port, preparation may be limited to fueling, stow-ing ammunition, and protecting sights and otherequipment likely to be damaged during loading,air movement, and unloading. When deliveredby parachute, the guns are loaded and lashed to aplatform, the parachutes are rigged, and specialmeasures are taken to protect equipment fromdamage during descent and landing. The extentto which these preparations can be made aheadof time depends on the availability of heavy dropplatforms, parachutes, and on the mission of theunit while in a rear assembly area.

c. The guns may be moved to loading sites atthe departure airfield under their own power orthey may be transported by other means. Move-ment under their own power is usually limited toshort distances in the immediate vicinity of theloading site. They must arrive at the loadingsite sufficiently ahead of the personnel serials tobe loaded and ready for take off at the prescribedtime. The gun crews accompany the guns to load

136 TAGO 169C

and lash them and other platoon equipment un-der the supervision of the aircraft pilot.

d. The battle group order assigns the platoonits mission for the airborne assault. As in otheroperations, the platoon leader may be requiredto prepare the battle group antitank defense plan.This plan covers one or more of the followingphases of the operation: the landing and reor-ganization, the attack and seizure of the objec-tives, and the defense of the airhead. (See FM7-40 for details on the preparation of the battlegroup antitank defense plan.) All or a part ofthe platoon may be attached to subordinate ele-ments of the battle group. When the battle grouplands on one drop or landing zone, the attach-ments are usually made effective upon landing.This simplifies preparations in the marshalingphase since the platoon leader can supervise thepreparation and conduct of loading of his platoonas a unit. However, leaders of assault gun ele-ments report to the commanders of units to whichthey will be attached as soon as the battle grouporder is issued. Leaders of 90-mm gun elementsparticipate in the planning; their gun crews arebriefed along with the units to which they areattached.

123. Air Movement, Landing, andReorganization After Landing

a. Air Movement. The air movement from thedeparture airfield to the drop or landing zone

TAGO 169C 137

is controlled by the commander of the transport-ing aviation unit.

b. Landing. The platoon usually lands as a unitby either parachute or assault transport on adrop or landing zone with other assault elements.Gun crews parachute in with the heavy drop orland in the assault transport with the 90-mmguns. As soon as they are landed and preparedfor action, the 90-mm guns move out on theirassigned missions. When the enemy is engagedimmediately upon landing, the gun crews givepriority to the destruction of tanks and otherarmored vehicles capable of interfering with thelanding and reorganization.

c. Reorganization. During the reorganization,the platoon leader regains control of those ele-ments of his platoon under battle group controlwhile the other elements join the units to whichthey are attached. The platoon may move directlyfrom the drop or landing zone to assigned posi-tions to cover likely avenues of tank approach intothe battle group assembly area (if used), ormove to positions from which it can supportthe attack by direct fire. The platoon radio netis opened upon landing and the platoon leaderreports the status of his unit as prescribed inthe battle group order or in the unit SOP. Whencontrol of the 90-mm guns has been decentralized,the platoon headquarters lands with the battlegroup headquarters and the platoon leader pre-pares to resume control of the platoon on orderof the battle group commander. The platoon

138 TAGO 169C

leader keeps abreast of the tactical situation andmakes appropriate recommendations concerningthe employment of the weapons.

124. The Attack and Subsequent OperationsThe platoon supports the battle group in the

attack after an airborne assault in generally thesame manner as in any other attack. In air-borne operations, the platoon frequently has alarger number of tank approaches to cover thanare common in other operations. As soon asthe situation permits, elements of the platoonattached to task forces or rifle companies are re-turned to platoon control by the battle groupcommander. Since tanks will not be availableto the battle group within the airhead, the as-sault gun platoon will form the basis for theantitank defense plan of the battle group.

TAGO 169C 139

PART TWO

LOGISTICS AND PERSONNEL

CHAPTER 5SUPPLY AND TRANSPORTATION

PLATOON

Section 1. MISSION, ORGANIZATION,DUTIES, AND INSTALLATIONS

125. MissionThe supply and transportation platoon per-

forms supply and transportation functions forthe battle group.

126. CapabilitiesThe supply and transportation platoon is ca-

pable of-a. Establishing and operating a battle group

supply point.b. Requesting, receiving, and distributing rou-

tine supplies for which it is responsible.c. Maintaining records of all supply transac-

tions.d. Organizing, establishing, and operating a

resupply drop zone for the battle group.

140' TAGO 1690

e. Recovering certain additional suppliesdropped with the battle group in the assault.

f. Receiving and. distributing followup sup-plies.

g. Providing pathfinder terminal guidance andcontrol to Army aircraft.

h. Operating a battle group supply office whenin garrison.

i. Organizing, establishing, and operating abattle group truck dispatch point.

j. Transporting supplies to and from the bat-tle group supply point.

k. Conducting limited ground combat subjectto the limitations imposed by numbers and typeof weapons, communication equipment, andtraining of its personnel.

I. Controlling and supervising attached trans-portation.

m. Monitoring food and water if radiologicalfallout has been encountered.

127. Organizationa. The supply and transportation platoon is

organized into a platoon headquarters, an ammu-nition and supply section, and a transportationsection. It has a 24-hour operational capability.

b. The platoon headquarters establishes thebattle group service area and supervises the oper-ation of the battle group supply point(s) and thetruck dispatch point.

c. The ammunition and supply section has the

TAGO 169C 141

primary responsibility of establishing and oper-ating the battle group ammunition supply point.The section personnel are pathfinder trained andare prepared to perform terminal guidance dutiesand to assist in aerial resupply.

d. The transportation section has the primaryresponsibility of transporting the unit kitchensfor the battle group, recovering supplies fromthe group drop zone, and moving supplies to andfrom the supply point. It establishes a truckdispatch point and routes traffic within the bat-tle group service area.

e. In garrison operations, the platoon performssupply functions according to the procedures con-tained in AR 735-35.

128. Individual Dutiesa. The platoon leader is responsible for the ac-

complishment of the platoon's mission. He co-ordinates continuously, in both planning and inoperating, with the battle group S4 and the sec-tion leaders of the platoon. He is the chiefagent of the S4 in requesting, receiving, storing,and distributing all supplies for which the S4is responsible. The platoon leader's specific du-ties include-

(1) Selecting the exact location for the bat-tle group service area.

(2) The security of the supply installations.b. The platoon sergeant supervises the supply

operations of the platoon and maintains liaisonwith the supported elements of the battle group.

142 TAGO 169C

c. The ammunition chief is the ammunitionand supply section leader. He is responsible forthe operation of the battle group ammunitionsupply points. He is assisted by an assistant am-munition chief and the platoon sergeant.

d. The section chief is the transportation sec-tion leader. He operates the truck dispatch pointand controls the use of the platoon's vehicles ac-cording to the orders and policies of the platoonleader. He routes all traffic within the battlegroup supply and service area.

e. The assistant section chief supervises thedistribution of class III supply. He is respon-sible for maintaining informal records of classIII expenditures and providing information tothe supply and transportation platoon headquar-ters to insure timely submission of requests forclass III resupply.

129. Battle Group Service AreaThe battle group service area is the focal point

for the logistical operations within the battlegroup. It ,is operated by the supply and trans-portation platoon leader. The activities withinthe area are under the staff supervision of thebattle group S4 (logistical officer). The platoonleader of the supply and transportation platoonoperates in the battle group command net withthe AN/VRC-10 radio set.

130. Characteristics of a Battle Group AreaThe geographical location of the service area

TAGO 169C 143

is selected so the logistical installations withinit can efficiently support the battle group. Asuitable location includes the following character-istics:

a. It is convenient to units being served. Thisis the most important characteristic to be con-sidered; if the area is not convenient to theunits it supports, then it is not fulfilling its pur-pose. This means it should be centrally locatedto best serve all units of the battle group. Itshould be at or in rear of a point of divergence ofroutes to the units supported.

b. It does not interfere with the combat ele-ments. The area must be far enough from thetactical units so that it does not occupy spaceneeded by those units. Logistical support activi-ties must not impede a tactical unit's freedom ofmovement.

c. It has sufficient space. The area should belarge enough to permit adequate dispersion ofvehicles and installations to avoid presenting aprofitable target for enemy weapons.

d. It affords concealment from enemy groundand aerial observation.

e. It has firm ground for moving and parkingvehicles.

f. There are no terrain features that are or maybecome a barrier to supply operations.

g. It has terrain features which favor defenseagainst air attack and facilitates local securityagainst ground attack.

144 TAGO 169C

h. It has water sources.i. It is an adequate distance from other prob-

able targets.j. It is near airlanded or parachute resupply

facilities.

131. Activities in the Battle Group Service Areaa. In the airhead during the assault phase, the

supply and service area normally includes-(1) Supply and transportation platoon head-

quarters.(2) Battle group supply point.(3) Truck dispatch point.(4) Drop zone or aerial resupply point.(5) Collecting point for excess, salvage, and

captured enemy materiel.b. After linkup, or when an airborne battle

group is employed in sustained operations, thesupply and service area may include-

(1) Supply and transportation platoon head-quarters.

(2) Truck dispatch point.(3) Class I supply point.(4) Class III supply point.(5) Class V supply point.(6) Kitchen area (when unit kitchens are

under battle group control).(7) Collecting point for salvage, excess, and

captured enemy materiel.(8) Drop zone or aerial resupply point.(9) Battle group support platoon (when at-

TAGO 169C 145

tached from the emergency repair com-pany).

(10) Recovery and disposition collecting point(when personnel and equipment are pro-vided by a higher echelon for its opera-tion).

(11) Trains of attached or supporting units.

Section II. COMBAT SUPPLY OPERATIONS

132. Definitions and Abbreviationsa. Class I supplies consist of those items which

are consumed by personnel or animals at an ap-proximately uniform rate, irrespective of localchanges in combat or terrain conditions. Thisuniform rate of consumption permits supplyagencies to place balanced stocks Sin depots, supplypoints, and distributing points where they may beobtained by using units on the basis of personnelstrength rather than itemized requisitions. Seefigure 11 for illustrations of the different classesof supply.

b. Class II supplies are supplies and equipmentauthorized in tables of organization and equip-ment, tables of allowance, equipment modificationlists, letters of authorization, and other similarauthority. They are the minimum essentialsnecessary to the accomplishment of the unit'smission.

c. Class III supplies consist of fuels and lubri-cation for all purposes except flamethrower fuel.

d. Class IV supplies are supplies and equipment

146 TAGO 169C

authorized a unit above the authorization estab-lished by the Department of the Army, or includesitems other than those authorized by the Depart-ment of the Army. Class IV supplies are au-thorized a unit by intermediate commanders.

e. Class V supplies consist of ammunition, ex-plosives, and chemical agents; e.g., flamethrowerfuel, fuses, blasting caps, and pyrotechnics.

f. Miscellaneous supplies are those items ofsupply not included in any of the five classes de-scribed above.

g. Regulated items are those articles which arescarce, costly, or of a highly technical or hazard-ous nature which must be controlled closely duringand after distribution.

h. Supply point distribution is a method ofdistributing supplies in which the receiving unituses its organic transportation to obtain suppliesat a supply point and moves those supplies to itsown area. Example: a battle group, using itsorganic vehicles, travels to the rear and drawsammunition from the army ammunition supplypoint.

i. Unit distribution is a method of distributingsupplies in which the issuing agency uses its owntransportation to deliver supplies direct to thereceiving unit. Example: rations for the battlegroup are delivered to the battle group class Idistributing point by the division, in vehiclesorganic to the division.

j. The supply and transportation platoon head-quarters is the organization that facilitates the

TAGO 169C 147

control and flow of supplies from the division tech-nical service to the service area, or direct to thetactical units of the battle group. Personnel ofthe platoon operate throughout the service area,receiving and issuing supplies and equipment anddispatching vehicles. The supply and transporta-tion platoon leader supervises and controls theservice area under the staff supervision of the-battle group S4.

k. The division logistical operations center(DLOC) is an agency established for coordinationand supervision of those logistical operations thatcannot be better handled on a preplanned or sup-ply agency direct to user basis. The DLCC pro-vides a single agency to which all units of thedivision, assigned or attached, may direct requestsfor other than routine support or medical supplies.

133. General Supply Proceduresa. Equipment and supplies to be carried by in-

dividuals and units of the battle group are listedin TOE's and in directives from commanders.

b. Requests for supplies are submitted throughsupply channels. Units submit informal requests(a written message, telephone call, radio message,etc.) to the supply and transportation platoonheadquarters. Necessary consolidations, postings,annotations, and requisitions are prepared at thesupply and transportation platoon headquarters.It forwards requisitions to division.

c. Unit distribution of all classes of supply ismade from division to battle group when it is

148 TAGO 169C

CLASSES OF SUPPLY

Class IBEANS BREAD FORAGE

Class 11 ilEClass IOOJACKET RIFLE SHOVEL VEHICLE

OIL A SOLID FUEL

Class IVWIRE j^¢ WLUMBER ASSAULT BOAT

Class V I iGRENADE M-I MINE EXPLOSIVES

Figure 11. Classes of supply.

possible and practicable. The battle group doesnot have the capability to effect supply pointdistribution except for emergency, and then onlyin limited quantities.

d. The battle group collects salvage materiel forevacuation by the division supply and transporta-tion company to the division salvage collectingpoint.

134. Systems of Supplya. General. The systems for supply and resup-

TAGO 169C 149

ply within the battle group are planned, co-ordinated, and supervised by the S4. The opera-tion of the systems is the responsibility of thesupply and transportation platoon leader whoutilizes the supply and transportation platoonheadquarters as a primary means of exercisingoperational control and coordination. Supply ofall classes, except medical supplies, maps andwater, and quartermaster air-type equipment, isunder the immediate jurisdiction of the ammuni-tion chief, assisted by personnel of the ammuni-tion and supply section.

b. Class I.(1) Requests arnd requisitions. All units of

the battle group that are authorized akitchen and mess personnel requestrations by reporting the number andtypes of rations desired. The periodcovered by the report and the deadlinefor its submission are established in thebattle group SOP or administrativeorder. The supply and transportationplatoon headquarters consolidates theration requests by number and type ofrations and submits the report to divi-sion prior to a deadline established bydivision.

(2) Distribution. Division delivers rationsto the battle group supply point. Herethey are broken down into unit lots inaccordance with the requests originallysubmitted by the units to the supply and

150 TAGO 169C

transportation platoon headquarters. Ata designated time, mess personnel fromeach kitchen draw their rations, takethem to the unit kitchen location, dividethe rations into three meals, and preparethe food.

Class II.(1) Requests and requisitions. All elements

of the battle group enter combat with allauthorized class II items. When a classII item is lost, damaged, destroyed, orworn out, the unit commander submits arequest for a replacement to the supplyand transportation platoon headquarters.The supply and transportation platoonheadquarters posts, authenticates, andtransmits class II requests to division.

(2) Distribution. Division delivers class IIitems to the battle group supply pointwhere they are further distributed to therequesting unit by any convenient means.A class II supply point is establishedand operated at battle group only whena major changeover of equipment ismade; for example, turn-in of summerclothing and bed rolls and issue of winterequipment.

d. Class III.(1) Requests and requisitions. No formal

requisitioning procedure is establishedfor class III supplies. The supply and

TAGO 169C 151

transportation platoon headquarterstransmits a status report to the supplyand transportation company or theDLOC according to the schedule and pro-cedure announced in the division SOPor administrative order. Formal requisi-tions are not required since class IIIsupplies are issued on demand.

(2) Distribution. The class III supply pointoperates under the direct supervision ofthe assistant section chief of the trans-portation section. During the assaultphase and when operating in the objec-tive area, fuel is normally delivered tothe battle group in 5-gallon cans or 55-gallon drums. When facilities permit,however, class III supplies are deliveredin bulk into the airhead. To reduce trans-portation requirements, supply pointsare located as near to combat units asfeasible and bulk deliveries are made tothese points. As units of the battle grouprequire class III supply, it is distributedin 5-gallon cans. If the tactical situationdoes not permit delivery, the units sendvehicles to the battle group supply pointfor refueling.

e. Class IV.

(1) Requests and requisitions.(a) Requests for class IV supplies are

handled essentially in the same man-

152 TAGO 169Q'

ner as for class II supplies, but theexact procedure depends on commandpolicies regarding the item desired.For example, a requisition for a majoritem such as an extra 3/4-ton truckwould have to be accompanied by aletter of justification signed by therequesting unit commander and ap-proved by each commander inter-mediate to the issuing headquarters.In similar cases, requisitions are proc-essed through command channels.When a commander has announced apolicy, as in the case of minor items,class IV supplies are requisitionedthrough normal supply channels.

(b) Often, no requisition or request is re-quired, particularly for fortificationmaterials. Commanders at higherheadquarters will determine require-ments and inform the battle groupwhen, where, and in what quantitiesthe material will be available.

(2) Distribution. Class IV items are de-livered to battle group in essentially thesame manner as class II. However, it isfrequently necessary to make specialdelivery trips from battle group to theunits because of the size, bulk, quantity,and urgency.

TAGO 169C 153

f. Class V.(1) Requests and requisitions. Elements of

the battle group submit requests for am-munition by type and amount to the sup-ply and transportation platoon head-quarters by written or verbal message.After the request is recorded at thesupply and transportation platoon head-quarters, it is sent to the battle groupammunition supply point for action.However, should supply point distribu-tion be in effect, the requesting unitssubmit requests direct to the battlegroup ammunition supply point, whereimmediate issue is made.

(2) Distribution. Class V supplies are de-livered to the units by the supply andtransportation platoon or issued to theunits at the battle group ammunitionsupply point. The ammunition chiefsupervises distribution of class V sup-plies and informs the supply and trans-portation platoon headquarters of alltransactions. The supply and transporta-tion platoon headquarters prepares allformal requisitions and submits them tothe DLCC or to the class V section of thesupply and transportation company.

135. Resupply for Subordinate Elements of theHeadquarters and HeadquartersCompany

a. Requests and Requisitions. Subordinate ele-

154 TAGO 169C

ments of the headquarters and headquarters com-pany request all supplies in the same manner asthe other units of the battle group. All requestsare sent to the battle group supply and trans-portation platoon headquarters.

b. Distributiorn. Supply point distribution isnormally used for elements of the headquartersand headquarters company. However, unit distri-bution may be made to certain elements, e.g.,assault gun platoon, reconnaissance platoon.

136. Aerial Supply Proceduresa. General.

(1) The quantity and types of supplies andequipment carried by assault airborneforces are dictated by the initial combatrequirements. They are influenced bythe availability and carrying capacity ofaircraft, projected date of linkup orwithdrawal, all-weather flight capability,anticipated weather, and enemy capa-bilities. Surface followup forces norm-ally carry supplies for airborne forceswithin the objective area, within limita-tions of transportation available to them.Adequate and accurate airhead docu-mentation of supplies is essential.

(2) A minimum level of 2 days' supplyshould be maintained in the objectivearea at all times, with the exception ofraid and relief operations. When feas-

TAGO 169C 155

ible, maintenance of a 3-day level may bedesirable.

b. Phases of Supply. Phases of supply are ac-companying supply, followup supply, and routinesupply. Procedures employed vary with the cate-gory of supply being delivered.

(1) Accompanying supplies are those sup-plies of all classes that accompany theelements of airborne units into the objec-tive area. Such supplies are issued tounits prior to marshaling. With the ex-ception of raid-type operations, the pre-scribed quantity of accompanying sup-plies is sufficient to sustain operationsfor 3 days. The tonnage is class III andV may be such as to require a second lifton D-day in order to have on hand thedesired level. Accompanying suppliesare carried as follows:

(a) Unit prescribed load-on individuals,in aerial delivery containers, and inunit vehicles.

(b) Additional supplies-in heavy dropload and/or bulk loaded in assaultaircraft.

(2) Followup supplies consist of preas-sembled supplies delivered directly toforces in the objective area by air-land-ing, parachute, or free fall. Followupsupplies are packed to correspond toanticipated daily requirements. Pro-

156 TAGO 169C

vision is made to permit flexibility incomposition and delivery of daily re-quirements. Followup supplies are dis-continued as soon as routine supplyprocedures can be reasonably imple-mented. Followup supplies are classedas automatic and on-call.

(a) Automatic. Automatic followup sup-plies are delivered to units in the air-head (s) on a preplanned schedule. Thequantities and times of delivery ofautomatic followup supplies depend onthe specific situation. Automaticfollowup supplies continue until re-placed by routine supply procedures.

(b) On-call. On-call followup supplies areprepackaged and held in readiness inthe departure area. They are deliveredto units in the objective area on a spe-cific request basis. Class I, III, and V,and selected class II and IV are pre-packaged to correspond to anticipateddaily requirements. Normally, a mini-mum 2-day requirement is so prepared.In addition, a small stock of specificcritical items, normally class II andIV, are packaged on an individualbasis to meet emergency requests forsuch items. In event on-call followupsupplies are used, expended amountsare reconstituted immediately in thedeparture area. These on-call supplies

TAGO 16C ' 157

provide for emergencies throughoutthe operation.

(3) Routine supplies consist of replacementand consumption supplies delivered tothe objective area in bulk, based on ac-tual needs, for distribution by normalsupply procedures; and reserve suppliesto build up to the desired level.

c. Procedures.(1) Accompanying supplies.

(a) Unit prescribed loads are recovered,protected, and transported by the re-spective battle group units.

(b) Additional supplies are recovered,protected, and transported by the re-spective units, except for the communi-cation, reconnaissance, and assaultgun platoons. Additional supplies forthese platoons are recovered, pro-tected, and transported by the supplyand transportation platoon.

(2) Followup supplies.

(a) Prior to the availability of air-landingfacilities in the objective area, follow-up supplies are delivered to the battlegroup service area by aerial deliveryor air-landed on unprepared landingzones. These supplies are recoveredby the battle group supply and trans-portation platoon, assembled in thebattle group supply point, and further

158 TAGO 1690

distributed to the using units, eitherby supply point or unit distribution.

(b) Because air-landing of followup sup-plies is the most economical method,the battle group supply point shouldbe located as close to an air-landingfacility as possible. Ideally, each battlegroup should have one such facilityin or convenient to its sector. Suppliesare distributed to the air-landingfacility most convenient to the receiv-ing unit. The supply and transporta-tion platoon has the same functionsand responsibilities for air-landed sup-plies as for aerial delivered supplies.

(c) High tonnage items (class I, III andV) are delivered forward (to thebattle groups) ; those items of class IIand IV supplies that are consumed ata less predictable rate are delivered todivision supply points for subsequentdistribution to using units.

(3) Routine supply procedures usually areinstituted only in independent opera-tions, after linkup, or when the divisionis not committed to tactical operations.Such supply is handled in generally thesame manner as in normal ground opera-tions. Army type supply points are es-tablished as required. Delivery of sup-ply by air should be as far forward aspossible consistent with the situation.

TAGO 169C 159

This procedure shortens the surfacecommunication distance, improves serv-ice to the consumer, and reduces securityand service troop requirements. Thesupply level in the airhead(s) normallydoes not exceed 3 days. Units requisitionin the normal manner and stock controlrecords are maintained.

d. Special Supplies and Equipment. Airborneoperations may necessitate additions, deletions,and substitutions in standard equipment and pre-scribed loads of units. Pallets and materialshandling equipment may be employed to expeditethe handling of cargo.

e. Type of Loading.(1) Assault airborne forces are combat

loaded so that equipment and suppliesessential to initiation of combat arereadily accessible on landing. Combatloading distributes accompanying sup-plies among aircraft in such a mannerthat units are self-sustaining on landing.Particularly critical equipment may beduplicated to safeguard against loss ordamage.

(2) Followup and routine supplies may beloaded in delivering aircraft by classesto facilitate unloading, handling, anddelivery in the airhead.

f. Method of Delivery.(1) Supplies may be landed by aircraft or

dropped by parachute or free fall.

,1]60 TAGO 1690

(2) Landing supplies by aircraft is the mostefficient method. Aircraft are capableof landing larger loads than can be de-livered by parachute or free fall. Inaddition aircraft may be used forevacuation when returning from the ob-jective area.

(3) Delivery of supplies by parachute is themost economical method when aircraftcannot land. This procedure entails theuse of a large amount of aerial deliveryequipment and specially trained person-nel. This method is used to supply as-sault airborne forces or isolated unitswhen air-landing is impracticable orundesirable. In some situations, enemyaction, weather, and distance may dic-tate the use of parachute delivery eventhough suitable landing areas exist.

(4) The free fall delivery of supplies is theleast efficient method of aerial supply.For certain items of supply there is asaving of delivery equipment but this isoffset by the greater loss or damage tothe supplies dropped.

g. Supply by Class.

(1) Class I.

(a) Assault and individual combat rationsare carried by all airborne units enter-ing the objective area.

TAGO 169C '161

(b) Combat rations are normally used forfollowup supply.

(c) All types of rations may be included inroutine supply.

(2) Water.(a) Airborne troops carry filled canteens

and water purification tablets.(b) Location of possible water supply

points is predetermined.(c) Water containers are carried filled,

both for use en route and for con-sumption in the objective area.

(d) Water purification units are madeavailable in the objective area as earlyas practicable.

(3) Class II.(a) Limited amounts of essential class II

items are included in followup supply.(b) Minimum stocks of individual cloth-

ing and equipment are included infollowup and routine supply.

(4) Class III.(a) Powered vehicles and machinery are

emplaned with fuel tanks filled to thesafe level (generally 3/4 full). Ad-ditional fuel and lubricants are carriedon each vehicle.

(b) Followup supply includes fuel andlubricants for powered vehicles, ma-chinery, and aircraft in the objectivearea.

162 TAGO 169C

(c) Fuel and lubricants for vehicles norm-ally are delivered in small containers.When facilities permit, fuel may bedelivered to the objective area in bulk.

(d) Aviation gasoline is dispensed from55-gallon or other large containers,utilizing a motor-driven fuel pumpwith a water segregator and micronicfilter.

(5) Class IV. The amount of class IV supplybrought into the objective area is limited.Local resources must be exploited to thefullest extent.

(6) Class V.(a) The amount and type of class V ac-

companying supplies vary with eachoperation. A prescribed load is desig-nated for each operation and is basedon-

1. Degree of opposition anticipated dur-ing and after the landing.

2. Number and type of weapons landedwith the airborne force and require-ments for bulk allotment items.

3. Planned time followup supply be-comes available.

4. Number and types of aircraft to beused.

5. Experience factors.(b) Followup supply includes all types of

class V supply and must be sufficient

TAGO 169C 163

to allow continuity of combat opera-tions. Opposition encountered in theobjective area frequently requireschanges in the amounts and typesplanned for delivery. Such require-ments are met by requesting deliveryof on-call followup supply.,

(7) Captured supplies and salvage.(a) Within limitations prescribed by tech-

nical services, full utilization is madeof captured or abandoned enemy ma-teriel.

(b) Logistical considerations require re-covery of salvageable equipment, es-pecially parachutes and aerial deliverycontainers.

(c) Medical installations are sources ofequipment salvaged from evacuatedcasualties.

(8) Civilian supplies and equipment. Localcivilian supplies and equipment will beutilized as directed.

137. Functions of the Supply andTransportation Platoon Headquarters

a. General. The supply and transportationplatoon headquarters operates primarily as a con-trol and coordination center for the logisticalactivities of the battle group. Under the super-vision of the battle group S4 and the operationaljurisdiction of the supply and transportationplatoon leader, the supply and transportation

164 TAGO 1690'

platoon headquarters prepares and submits re-ports and estimates, consolidates requests for sup-plies, establishes priorities, disseminates logisticalinformation, compiles experience data, supervisesthe receipt and distribution of supplies, exercisescontrol over the supply and service area, controlsbattle group transportation, coordinates mainte-nance activities within the battle group, and main-tains liaison with the DLOC.

b. Supply Operations by Class.(1) Class I.

(a) Prepares the battle group ration re-quest and submits it to division.

(b) Disseminates the battle group feedingplan.

(c) Supervises kitchen and mess personnelwhen kitchens are under battle groupcontrol.

(d) Coordinates ration issue to units.(2) Class II.

(a) Prepares requisitions to division.(b) Maintains records on regulated items.(c) Coordinates issue to requesting units.(d) Coordinates or performs delivery to

requesting units.(3) Class III.

(a) Prepares and submits the class IIIstatus report to division.

(b) Coordinates delivery to units.(c) Makes issue to units on demand.

(4) Class IV.(a) Prepares requisitions to division.

TAGO 169C 165

(b) Coordinates issue to requesting units.

(5) Class V.(a) Audits unit requests and forwards

them to battle group ASP.(b) Prepares requisitions and forwards

them to division.(c) Maintains records of expenditures,

available supply rate, etc.(d) Coordinates issue or delivery to re-

questing units.c. Transportation Operations.

(1) Supervises the activities of the trans-portation section.

(2) Establishes priorities for use of battlegroup supply vehicles.

(3) Coordinates use of unit vehicles whenthey are pooled at battle group.

(4) Coordinates operational use of all ve-hicles in the battle group to insure thatscheduled maintenance is performed.

(5) Coordinates use of logistical vehiclesattached to battle group.

(6) Establishes and disseminates traffic con-trol plans within the battle group area.

d. Aerial Resupply Operations.(1) Provides terminal guidance and navi-

gational assistance to aircraft.(2) Assists in the parking of aircraft.(3) Reconnoiters landing sites and reports

the practicability of landing troops andequipment.

166 TAGO 1690

(4) Marks landing sites and drop zones withnavigational aids.

(5) Supervises the recovery and dispositionof the battle group additional supply loadand followup supplies from the dropzone.

(6) Coordinates aerial resupply missions.

138. Control of Kitchens and Mess Personnela. General. Kitchen equipment and mess per-

sonnel are organic to the units of the battle group.However, the trucks used to transport the kitchenequipment are organic to the transportation sec-tion of the supply and transportation platoon.Since the control of kitchens involves the controlof the cargo vehicles as well as supervision overthe preparation of food, unit messes may beplaced under battle group control and the vehiclesreleased to unit control. All factors should beconsidered in determining the method of controlto be adopted to insure that the requirements of agiven situation are met. The method of control isrecommended by the S4.

b. Battle Group Control of Kitchens.(1) In short duration operations, kitchens

habitually remain in the departure area.Otherwise, kitchens may be phased intothe airhead area with the followupechelon. In static situations, they arenormally under battle group control.Kitchens are located in the service area.

(2) Battle group control of kitchens providesmaximum flexibility and efficiency in the

TAZO 1690 167

use of cargo vehicles and facilitatesdistribution of rations from battle groupto unit messes. It locates the kitchensto permit close supervision by the supplyand transportation platoon leader, thusrelieving the unit commanders of an ad-ministrative burden. Battle group con-trol, however, locates the kitchens far-ther from the troops, increasing the pos-sibility that food will not be as hot orpalatable as desired.

(3) When kitchens are under battle groupcontrol, the supply and transportationplatoon leader supervises meal prepara-tion and delivery of food. He issues in-structions, supervises loading of foodand water, and controls vehicle move-ment.

c. Unit Control of Kitchens.(1) In static situations, unit kitchens may

be controlled by parent units. The unitcommander assumes responsibility forsupervising the mess personnel in pre-paring and serving the food. The cargovehicles may be released to the units ormay remain under battle group control.

(2) When vehicles are released to unit con-trol, the commanders are responsible fortransporting the rations from the battlegroup class I supply point to the unitmess location. If control of the vehiclesis retained at battle group, then the

168 TAGO B169

rations are delivered to unit mess loca-tions.

d. Feeding Plans. The battle group S4 preparesa feeding plan. When the battle group com-mander approves it, the S4 transmits it to theunit commanders as early as possible. This allowsmess personnel maximum time for preparing thefood.

(1) The feeding plan includes all or part ofthe following:

(a) Time and place of ration issue.(b) Location of kitchens.(c) Vehicles to be used for delivery.(d) Instructions relative to type of ration

and loading food containers.(e) Additional items of supply to be sent

forward with the food.(f) Time vehicles will leave kitchen area.(g) Location of battle group release point.(h) Time vehicles and kitchen equipment

are released to unit control and timethey revert to battle group control.

(i) Any restrictions on vehicle movement.(2) The unit commanders prepare a unit

feeding plan based upon the battle groupplan. This plan includes-

(a) Type ration.(b) Location of unit mess area.(c) Instructions for unit guides and carry-

ing parties.(d) Time feeding is to begin and end.

TAGO 169C 169

(e) Return of vehicles and mess equip-ment.

(f) Supervision of vehicles while underunit control.

(g) Arrangements for feeding attachedpersonnel.

e. Water. Although water is a miscellaneousitem of supply, it is generally delivered with food.The battle group obtains water at engineer waterpoints in 5-gallon cans or water trailers. If en-gineer water points are not available, water shouldbe purified by units using a tube of water purifica-tion powder, chlorine in the canvas water steriliz-ing bag (lyster bag), or by individuals usingwater purification tablets. For details concerningwater purification, see FM 21-10.

f. Airborne Operations. All airborne unitsentering the objective area carry assault and indi-vidual combat rations. Individual combat rationsare normally used for followup supply in airborneoperations. Since there is no requirement forunit messes until linkup or until kitchens havebeen phased into the airhead, the unit mess per-sonnel may perform other duties as desired by thebattle group commander. They may be employedby their parent units as riflemen or to assist inhandling the additional unit supply load. Theymay assist in casualty evacuation as litter bearers.They may be pooled in the supply and transporta-tion platoon to assist in recovering the battlegroup additional supply load and followup sup-

170 TAGO 10

plies, or they may be used in the departure areauntil linkup by land or airlift.

Section III. REPAIR, SALVAGE, ANDMISCELLANEOUS ACTIVITIES

139. Repaira. Timely repair of equipment within the battle

group is essential. Individual users make minorrepairs on unit equipment. Items requiring moreextensive repairs are reported to the supply andtransportation platoon headquarters. It co-ordinates with the battle group support platoonof the emergency repair company to accomplishthe repairs at the site of the equipment.

b. Repairs are made as far forward as the situa-tion permits, thus eliminating time-consumingevacuation. The equipment is returned to use asquickly as practicable.

140. Salvagea. Unit commanders are responsible for salvage

discipline, which includes collecting and movingsalvage to collection points. Normally, they evacu-ate salvage to the battle group service area by anyavailable vehicles making a trip to the rear.

b. The platoon sergeant at supply and trans-portation platoon headquarters establishes andoperates the battle group salvage collecting point.Material brought to the collecting point is segre-gated when practicable into appropriate technicalservice lots and evacuated to division on partiallyloaded or empty vehicles and aircraft.

TAGO 169C 171

141. ExcessItems in excess to the needs of the battle group

are collected and evacuated through supply chan-nels in the same manner as salvage. Commandersare responsible for collecting excess items andreturning them to supply agencies.

142. Captured Enemy Materiala. Captured enemy material is collected and

evacuated in the same manner as salvage. Thebattle group commander controls the distributionand use of captured supplies. Destruction of cap-tured material is prohibited except when speci-ficially ordered. Subject to limitations of mainte-nance facilities and class III supplies, enemy ve-hicles may be used to supplement organic vehicles.Enemy material is a possible source of intelligenceinformation. Its description and the circum-stances leading to its capture are always reportedto the next higher commander.

b. Captured enemy weapons are used only inemergencies. When they are used, friendly troopsare notified. This prevents the characteristicsound of such weapons from attracting our ownfire.

c. Captured enemy material that appears to beof new or unusual design is evacuated through in-telligence channels.

143. Evacuation of the DeadIdentification and evacuation of the dead is per-

formed by the recovery and disposition section of

172 TAGO 1690

the division supply and transportation company.Should the division or battle group suffer heavycasualties, additional support is rendered by anarmy recovery and disposition company.

144. Destruction of Vehicles and EquipmentWhen necessary, equipment is destroyed to deny

its use to the enemy. The decision to destroyequipment (other than medical) is made on au-thority delegated by the division or corps com-mander. Plans for destruction of equipment areprepared in advance and executed on order of thebattle group commander.

TAGO 169C 173

CHAPTER 6MEDICAL PLATOON

145. Responsibilities and Duties of theBattle Group Surgeon

See FM 7-40.

146. Organization of the Medical PlatoonThe medical platoon is organized into a platoon

headquarters, a treatment section, and an evacua-tion section.

a. Platoon headquarters consists of-(1) A medical service corps officer (platoon

leader) who performs the followingduties:

(a) Supervises the discipline, organiza-tion, employment, and training of themedical platoon.

(b) Establishes and operates one or moreaid stations.

(c) Personally supervises and performstreatment for the sick and wounded.

(d) Keeps the battle group surgeon in-formed of the medical situation at alltimes.

(e) Supervises the treatment given for-ward of the aid station.

174 TAGO 169C

(f) With the platoon sergeant and generalclerk, performs reconnaissance func-tions for relocation of aid station asdirected.

(g) Supervises the recording and mainte-nance of casualty records.

(h) Controls the evacuation of casualtiesfrom units within the battle group tothe battle group aid station.

(i) Supervises the expenditure of medicalsupplies.

(j) Makes timely requests for resupply tothe battle group central supply point.

(k) Performs such necessary reconnais-sance and liaison or other functionsas the surgeon may direct.

(2) A platoon sergeant who performs theadministrative duties of his office inaddition to assisting in treatment per-formed within the aid station.

(3) A general clerk who maintains all therecords for the platoon as required.

b. The treatment section consists of-(1) A section sergeant who supervises the

establishment and operation of the sec-tion under the direction of the assistantplatoon leader, who also functions assection leader.

(2) One senior medical aid man, one aidman, and an aid station attendant whooperate the aid station(s).

TAGO 169C 175

(3) One ambulance driver, also an aid man,who drives the forward ambulance (adual purpose administrative and evacu-ation vehicle) assigned to the section.

(4) Twenty company aid men who are rou-tinely attached to the companies of thebattle group on the basis of one perplatoon during combat or training.

(5) Two battery aid men who are routinelyattached to the mortar battery duringcombat or training.

c. The evacuation section consists of-(1) A section sergeant who exercises control

of the litter bearers and forward ambu-lance drivers under the direct supervi-sion of the medical corps officer.

(2) Five ambulance drivers, also litter bear-ers, who drive the five forward ambu-lances assigned to the section.

(3) One senior litter bearer who assists thesection sergeant in supervising the lit-ter bearers and ambulance drivers.

(4) Four litter bearers, also aid men, whoevacuate the wounded by litter with theassistance of ambulance drivers.

147. General Procedurea. The employment of medical elements of the

battle group is based on the requirements of eachphase of an airborne operation.

b. In the marshaling phase prior to air drop,

176 TAGO 169C

the medical platoon is responsible for its plan-ning to support each serial in which units ofthe battle group are involved.

c. Planning for the air drop includes properapportionment of company aid men and medicalsupplies to each aircraft. In addition, in the as-sault serials litter bearers may be phased in withthe company aid men to establish the forwardterminus of the evacuation chain and to effect thecontact of the followup aid station elements.

d. The aid station and evacuation section usu-ally split into two elements to facilitate loadingand to insure that at least one complete elementwill be functional when air-landed or dropped.Medical supplies are apportioned to each element,plus an additional increment to counteract lossesduring the air drop.

148. Company Aid MenIn combat and in certain field and training

situations, after initial self aid or buddy aid, thesick and wounded of the battle group are firstgiven emergency medical treatment by the at-tached company aid men. They treat emergen-cies on the battlefield and either direct the walk-ing wounded toward the aid station(s) or placethe litter casualty in marked protected places toawait further evacuation by litter bearers or for-ward ambulances. The company aid men provideinformation of the medical and combat situationto the medical platoon leader by means of mes-sages carried by litter bearers, ambulance drivers,

TAGO 169C 177

or walking wounded. When the time and tacticalsituation permit, company aid men initiate emer-gency medical tags for those who have beentreated.

149. Evacuationa. A company aid man treats a casualty and

then moves along with his unit. The evacuationsection of the medical platoon is responsible forremoving the casualty to the battle group aidstation (s).

b. When the time and tactical situation permit,forward ambulances and infantry carriers (whenauthorized) are used to evacuate from as farforward as possible to speed evacuation and toconserve the strength of the litter bearers.

c. Employment of evacuation personnel andmeans are as follows:

(1) Litter teams comprised of four litterbearers.

(2) Ambulance teams consisting of an ambu-lance driver and a litter bearer.

d. The principal duties of evacuation personnelinclude-

(1) Maintaining contact with combat ele-ments.

(2) Moving to the battle group aid station (s)the wounded who are unable to walk.

(3) Directing or guiding walking woundedto the aid station(s).

(4) Administering additional emergencymedical treatment as required.

178 TAGO 1690

(5) Assisting in the displacement of thebattle group aid station(s),.

(6) Acting as messengers.(7) Initiating emergency medical tags when

necessary, time and tactical situationpermitting.

(8) Monitoring personnel, when indicated bythe situation, for the presence of CBRcontamination prior to medical treat-ment.

(9) Performing medical resupply functionsfor the company aid men attached to thecompanies of the battle group.

150. Battle Group Aid Station(s)a. The first medical installation in the normal

system of evacuation is the battle group aid sta-tion. It is operated by the treatment section ofthe medical platoon. The station(s) is estab-lished as far forward within the battle grouparea as the tactical situation permits.: It habit-ually locates farther forward in the attack thanin the defense. The aid station must be capableof splitting for limited periods to meet tacticalsituations requiring the dispersal of elements ofthe battle group. Considerations governing thelocation of the aid station(s) include the follow-ing:

(1) Tactical operation of the battle group.(2) Expected areas of casualty density.(3) Protection afforded by defilade.(4) Convergence lines of casualty drift.

TAr.( 1f9c 179

(5) Length of litter and ambulance haul.(6) Cover and concealment.(7) Security.(8) Accessibility of evacuation routes to the

front and rear.(9) Proximity to likely enemy targets such

as bridges, fords, important road junc-tions, firing positions, and supply instal-lations.

(10) Accessibility to helicopter or fixed-winglanding sites.

(11) Communications.b. At the aid station, casualties requiring

further evacuation to the rear are given additionalemergency treatment and prepared for evacua-tion. Constant efforts are made to prevent un-necessary evacuation and to return all casualtieswho are capable of performing a combat mission.Specific functions of the battle group aid sta-tion (s) include-

(1) Receiving and recording casualties.(2) Examining and sorting casualties and

returning the physically able to duty.(3) Giving emergency treatment necessary

to preserve life and limb, and preparingcasualties for further evacuation whennecessary.

(4) Preventing and treating shock.(5) Providing temporary shelter and pro-

tection for casualties.(6) Providing temporary treatment for com-

bat exhaustion cases.

180 TAGO 169C

(7) Maintaining a simple accurate roster ofall patients treated in the aid station in-dicating those who are evacuated fromthe battle group area.

(8) Initiating emergency medical tags forthose casualties not previously tagged.

(9) Verifying information contained on allemergency medical tags of casualtiesevacuated to the battle group aid sta-tion (s).

(10) Evaluating prisoners of war coveringevidence of medical implication and in-terrogating prisoners of war with thebattle group S2.

(11) Providing emergency treatment to civil-ian casualties.

c. If further evacuation and treatment arenecessary after emergency treatment is completed,evacuation is the responsibility of the divisionmedical service attached to or in support of theoperation.

151. Supporting Medical Elementsa. In an air drop operation wherein linkup may

be delayed for more 'than 24-48 hours, an appro-priate supporting element from the division medi-cal company is usually attached to a single battlegroup. It is in direct support if the operation in-volves two or more battle groups in a given taskforce.

b. In an operation involving three or less battlegroups, at least one clearing platoon of the divi-

TAGO 169C 181

sion medical company (to include treatment, hold-ing, and evacuation sections augmented by asurgical team plus indicated ambulance supportfrom the evacuation platoon) is phased into theairhead following the assault serial.

c. Portions of the evacuation elements of thedivision medical company supporting within theairhead are phased into the area with the battlegroup medical platoon elements. Later they areestablished with the remainder of the divisionmedical elements when they arrive in the airhead.

d. One division clearing platoon locates itselfnear available landing strips for fixed-wing andhelicopter aircraft and provides emergency sur-gery, further emergency medical treatment, andlimited holding within the airhead until evacua-tion is possible, either by transportation or medi-cal helicopter ambulance or by fixed-wing aircraft,to designated hospital. The evacuation elementsare responsible for the evacuation of casualtiesfrom aid stations.

e. After linkup, normal ground evacuation frombattle group to division clearing station to fieldhospitals or evacuation hospitals is reestablished.Air evacuation then serves as augmentation of theusual ambulance evacuation provided by army.

f. The capability of aircraft to land within theairhead decides when evacuations can be madeand the number of casualties that can be removed.Medical personnel as flight attendants on non-medical aircraft must be planned for and providedin advance.

182 TAGO 169C

g. Enemy action, location of battle group aidstations, and the ability to deliver a helicopter tothe airhead determine the possible aeromedicalevacuation from the aid stations to the airheadlanding strips or to other friendly positions.

fAGO 1690 183

CHAPTER 7PERSONNEL SECTION

152. OrganizationThe personnel section of the headquarters and

headquarters company consists of a warrant of-ficer (personnel officer) and such enlisted assist-ants as are authorized in the unit TOE. Thepersonnel section does not form a part of theassault echelon of the battle group. It normallyoperates from the division administration centerlocated within the division trains area.

153. Dutiesa. The personnel section performs the following

duties under the supervision of the personnelofficer:

(1) Maintains custody of all individual per-sonnel records.

(2) Maintains and administers all individualpersonnel records.

(3) Classifies and prepares assignmentorders for enlisted personnel assignedto the battle group.

(4) Assists the battle group commander andcompany commanders in determiningpersonnel requirements, and requisitionspersonnel.

184 TAGO 1690

(5) Procures, stores, and distributes publi-cations and blank forms.

(6) Administers the efficiency rating, armyenlisted management program, andcasualty reporting systems.

(7) Maintains the financial data recordsfolder for all individuals within thebattle groups.

(8) Prepares and submits monthly the mili-tary pay vouchers on all individuals.

b. Based on informal memorandums or work-sheets received from the battle group commanderand company commanders, the personnel sectionprovides the following services:

(1) Prepares and forwards morning reports.(2) Prepares and processes all requests for

leaves, transfers, and discharges; appli-cations for attendance at schools; mili-tary pay orders; and statements ofcharges.

(3) Publishes orders effecting reassign-ments, appointments, and reductions.

(4) Processes soldier deposits.(5) Prepares formal personnel reports and

correspondence, as necessary.(6) Reports to the finance officer all changes

in pay status of individuals within thebattle group.

c. The personnel officer (designated as assistantadjutant) publishes special orders and preparesroutine correspondence pertaining to battle group

TAGO 169C 185

personnel as individuals. He assumes custody ofcompany funds when the companies go into com-bat or when, in the opinion of the battle groupcommander, the funds may be lost.

d. Processes manifests for pay purposes.

154. Personnel AdministrationThe personnel section relieves company com-

manders of as many administrative activities aspossible. Routine administrative actions betweenthe companies and the personnel section may betransacted directly by informal memorandums.

.186 TAGO 1690

APPENDIX

REFERENCES

AR 320-5 Dictionary of United States ArmyTerms.

AR 320-50 Authorized Abbreviations andBrevity Code.

AR 380-5 Safeguarding Defense Informa-tion.

AR 711-16 Installation Stock Control andSupply Procedures.

AR 735-35 Supply Procedures for TOE Units.AR 750-1 Concept of Maintenance.AR 750-5 Maintenance Responsibilities and

Shop Operations.AR 750-8 Command Maintenance Inspec-

tions.FM 3-5 Tactics and Techniques of CBR

Warfare.FM 5-15 Field Fortifications.FM 5-20 Camouflage; Basic Principles and

Field Camouflage.FM 5-31 Use and Installation of Booby-

traps.FM 7-10 Rifle Company, Infantry and Air-

borne Division Battle Groups.FM 7-24 Communication in Infantry and

Airborne Divisions.

TAGO 169C 187

FM 7-40 Infantry Regiment.FM 20-32 Land Mine Warfare.FM 21-5 Military Training.FM 21-6 Techniques of Military Instruc-

tion.FM 21-10 Military Sanitation.FM 21-30 Military Symbols.FM 21-75 Combat Training of the Individual

Soldier and Patrolling.FM 27-10 Law of Land Warfare.FM 41-5 Joint Manual of Civil Affairs/

Military Government.FM 41-10 Civil Affairs/Military Govern-

ment Operations.FM 57-30 Airborne Operations.FM 57-100 Airborne Division.FM 101-5 Staff Organization and Procedure.TM 5-260 Principles of Bridging.TM 10-405 Army Mess Operations.DA Pam 108-1 Index of Army Motion Pictures,

Film Strips, Slides, and Phono-recordings.

ACP-122 Communications InstructionSecurity.

188 TAGO 169C

INDEX

Advance guard ...................................... 90 105Aerial supply procedures .................... 136 155Airborne assault:

Preparations for ........................... 13-15 9Recon platoon in ............................ 97-100 111

Air movement ..................................... 99, 123 113Airborne operations ............................ 64 86Ammunition chief ................................ 128 142Approach march .................................. 49 57Area reconnaissance .......................... 85 101Assault gun platoon:

Communications .......................... 104 120Displacement ................................ 113 128Duties of personnel ...................... 103 118In airborne assault ...................... 121-124 135In attack ........................................ 106 121In defense .................................... 116-120 130In offense ...................................... 105 121Mission and employment ............ 101 116Organization ................................ 102 116Security ........................................ 109 125Selection of firing positions ........ 107 124Supply, ammunition .................... 112 127

Battle group:Aid station .................................... 150 179Headquarters ................................ 4 4Service area. ............................... 129, 130 143Signal officer ................................ 24 24Surgeon ....................................... 145 174

Captured enemy material ................... 142 172Classes of supplies ............................... 142 146

TAGO 169C 189

Paragraph PageClerks ............................ ............ 9 7Combat supply operations .................... 132-138 146

Command post:Designation of ............................ 43 50Displacement of ........................... 48 55Interior arrangement .................. 44 51Location of .................................... 42 47Opening of .................................... 43 50Operation ...................................... 45 53Personnel ...................................... 45 53Security of .................................... 46 54

Communication:During tactical employment:

Defense ................................. 52 66Delaying action .................... 54 69Night attack ........................ 51 65Offense .................................. 50 62Retirement ............................ 55 70Retrograde ............................ 53 66

Means of ........................................ 28 26Messenger ...................................... 31 34Platoon, organization of ............ 18 14Radio ............................ 30 31Security ........................................ 39 43Sound ........................................ 33 37Staff responsibilities for ............ 16, 25 11, 25Support for battle group ............ 17 13Training ........................................ 40 46Visual ........................................ 32 36W ire ........................................ 29 27

Communication platoon ...................... 18 14Company:

Aid men ........................................ 148, 149 177, 178Clerk ........................................ 12 7Commander .................................. 12 7Mission ....................................... 1 3Organization ................................ 1 3

190 TAGO 1690

Paragraph Page

Company headquarters:Mission ........................................ 11 7Personnel ...................................... 12 7

Consolidation ........................................ 114 129

Daylight withdrawal ..................... 53 66Delaying action .................................... 54 69Destruction of equipment .................... 144 173Displacement of CP ............................ 48 55

Electronic devices section .................... 18 14Capabilities .................................. 60 77Mission ........................................ 58 74Organization and equipment..... 59 75Personnel ...................................... 23, 62 24, 78Tactical employment .................. 63 81

Evacuation of dead .............................. 143 172

Firepower, utilization of.................... 71 93Firing positions .................................. 111 126First sergeant ...................................... 12 7

Guarding missions .............................. 90 105

Headquarters, battle group ................ 4 4Headquarters personnel .................... 4-9 4

Intelligence sergeant .......................... 6 6Interior guards .................................... 12 7

Listening posts .................................... 74 95

Maintaining contact ............................ 93 106Marshaling ........................................ 15 10Medical platoon:

Company aid men ........................ 148 177Employment ................................ 147 176Organization ................................ 146 174Supporting elements .................. 151 181

Medium range radar set ...................... 61 78Message center .................................... 18, 44 14, 51

TAGO 169C 191

Paragraph Page

Message center personnel .................... 20 16Mess, control of .................................... 138 167Messenger communication .................. 31 34Movement by bounds ............................ 70 91Movement to contact ............................ 77 96

Night:Attack ........................................ 51 65Reconnaissance ............................ 87 102Withdrawal .................................. 53 66

Observation posts ................................ 73 94Operation order .................................... 37 41Operations sergeant ............................ 7 6Oral communication orders ................ 38 41Organization of the company ............ 3 4

Paragraph 5 ........................................ 37 41Patrolling ........................................ 75, 92 95, 106Personnel, duties of ............................. 19 15

Personnel section:Duties of ...................................... 153 184Organization ................................ 152 184

Phases of supply .................................. 136 155Platoon headquarters ........................ 18, 19 14, 15Pursuit ............................ ............ 80 98

Radar sets, description of .................. 61 78Radar surveillance card ...................... 63 81Radio and visual section .................... 18, 22 14, 21Radio communication ........................ 30 31Radioteletype operator ...................... 22 21Radio/wire system .............................. 34 38Rear assembly area ............................ 14 10Reconnaissance by fire ........................ 86 102

Reconnaissance platoon:Actions on enemy contact ............ 94-96 107Communications in ...................... 67 89

192 TAGO 1690

Paragraph Page

Missions:Airborne assault ................ 97-100 111Attack .................................... 78 97Consolidation ........................ 79 97Defense .................................. 81 98Movement to contact .......... 77 96Pursuit .................................. 80 98Retrograde ............................ 82 99

Operational techniques .................. 69-75 91Organization of ........................... 66 88Training of .................................. 68 89

Reconnaissance techniques:Area reconnaissance .................... 85 101Night reconnaissance .................. 87 102Route reconnaissance ................ 84 101Zone reconnaissance .................... 85 101

References ........................................ .... 187Repair ........................................ 139 171Retirement ........................................ 55 70Retrograde ........................................ 53, 82, 120 66, 99, 133Route column ....................................... 49 57

Salvage .................................................. 140 171Screening missions .............................. 91 105Security techniques ........................... 39, 109 43, 125

Guarding missions ...................... 90 105Maintaining contact .................... 93 106Patrolling ...................................... 92 106Screening ..................................... 91 105

Send in clear ........................................ 39 43Sergeant major ................................... 5 4Service area, battle group .................. 129, 130 143Short range radar set .......................... 61 78Signal equipment, maintenance of.... 27 26Signal officer ...................................... 24 24Signal supply ...................................... 26 25SOI ........................................................ 35, 49 39, 57SOP ...................................................... 36, 49 40, 57

TAGO 169C 193

Paragraph PageSound communication ........................ 33 37SSI .......................................................... 35, 49 39, 57Supply:

Procedures .................................... 133 148Signal ........................................ 26 25Specialists ...................................... 12 7Systems ........................................ 134 149

Supply and transportation platoon:Capabilities .................................. 126 140Headquarters functions .............. 137 164Mission ........................................ 125 140Organization ................................ 127 141

Supply sergeant .................................. 8 6Supporting fires .................................... 110 126Surgeon ........................................ 145 174Surveillance plan ................................ 58 74Systems of supply ............................... 132 146

Tactical operation, type ...................... 42 47Training, communication .................... 40 46

Visual communication .......................... 32 36

Wire:Communication ............................ 29 27Section ....................................... 18, 21 14, 19

Zone reconnaissance ........................... 85 101

194 TAGO 1690

[AG 353 (24 June 59)]

By Order of Wilber M. Brucker, Secretary of the Army:L. L. LEMNITZER,

General, United States Army,Official: Chief of Staff.

R. V. LEE,Major General, United States Army,

The Adjutant General.

Distribution:Active Army:

CNGB (1) USAWC (5)Tech Stf, DA (1) USACGSC (2)Tech Stf Bd (1) Br Svc Sch (5) exceptUSCONARC (15) US ARADSCH (150)US ARADCOM (2) USAARMS (125)US ADADCOM Rgn (2) USA Med Sve Sch (15)OS Maj Comd (10) USACMLSCH (5)OS Base Comd (5) USAES (60)Log Comd (2) USA Ord Sch (15)Area Comd (2) USA QM Sch (10)MDW (5) USASCS (25)'Armies (10) except USATSCH (10)

First USA (12) USACAMGSCH (400)Corps (2) USAAVNS (8)Div (5) except USAINTC (12)

82d Abn Dhv (70) PMST Sr Div Units (2)101st Abn Div (70) PMST Jr Div Units (2)

Brig (5) PMST Mil Sch Div UnitsRegt/Gp/bg (2) except (2)

Abn bg (10) Mil Dist (2)Inf bg (5) USA Corps (Res) (2)

Bn (2) Sector Comd, USA CorpsInf Co (2) (Res) (2)USATC (10) Mil Msn (2)USMA (38)

NG: State AG (8).USAR: Same as Active Army except allowance is one copy to each

unit.For explanation of abbreviations used. see AR 320-50.

ar U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 19--9-20525

TAGO 169C 195