waferwafer--based silicon pv technologybased silicon pv … · 2017-09-29 · waferwafer--based...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
www.ecn.nl
WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technologyStatus, innovations and outlookStatus, innovations and outlook
Wim Sinke
ECN Solar Energy, Utrecht University & European PV Technology Platform
![Page 2: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Contents
• Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics
- features
- market position
- history and state-of-the-art
• Cell and module efficiencies
- achievements so far
- limiting factors
- options for further improvement
• Towards integration of cell and module designs
• Cost reduction potential
• Outlook
![Page 3: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Contents
• Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics
- features
- market position
- history and state-of-the-art
• Cell and module efficiencies
- achievements so far
- limiting factors
- options for further improvement
• Towards integration of cell and module designs
• Cost reduction potential
• Outlook
![Page 4: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Wafer-based crystalline silicon
- ½ century of manufacturing experience
- huge technology base (materials, processes & device designs)
- extensive track record (performance, lifetime & reliability
- highest performance of flat-plate technologies
- further cost reduction (preserving efficiency) is main overall challenge
Bell
![Page 5: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Cell & module technologies (“flat plate”)Commercial: wafer-basedcrystalline silicon- monocrystalline (cut)- multicrystalline (cut)- ribbons(80% of global market)
Commercial: thin films- silicon- copper-indium/gallium-diselenide (CIGS)- cadmium telluride (CdTe)(20% of global market)
Pilot production and laboratory:emerging and novel technologies- super-low-cost concepts
(printed organic & inorganic, etc.)- super-high-efficiency conceptsECN/Holst Centre
ECN
Nanosolar
Helianthos
![Page 6: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Cell & module technologies (“flat plate”)
Commercial: wafer-basedcrystalline silicon
module efficiencies 13 ~ 19%
Commercial: thin films
module efficiencies 6 ~ 12%
Pilot production and laboratory:emerging and novel technologies
(various efficiencies;most not yet commercially available)ECN/Holst Centre
ECN
Nanosolar
Helianthos
![Page 7: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
The silicon PV value chain
Siliconfeedstock
Crystal WaferSolarcell
Solarmodule
PV-system
Solarelectricity
![Page 8: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Typical current industrial silicon solar cell
• B-doped substrate (base)• P-doped front (emitter)• Al-doped rear (back surface field, BSF)
• SiN anti-reflection coating / passivation layer• Ag contacts
![Page 9: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Cell design options
Standard:front emitter
Rear emitter / frontsurface field
Heterojunction
Metallisation WrapThrough (MWT)
Emitter Wrap Through(EWT)
Back Junction BackContact (BJBC)
Carrier collection at front
Carrier collection at rear
Front and rear contacted
All rear contacted
SunPower
Sanyo
![Page 10: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Passivated Emitter and Rear Locally diffused (PERL) cell
Zhao, Wang & Green, UNSW (1999)
World record monocrystalline silicon cell(efficiency 25.0%)
![Page 11: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
based on Interdigitated Back Junction, Back Contact cells
Courtesy SunPower Corp.
World record monocrystalline silicon large-areamodule (efficiency 21.4%)
ancestor (1986):Point Contact Solar Cell
(>28% under concentration)
Swanson, Sinton & King
![Page 12: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
based on HIT (Heterojunction with Intrinsic Thin layer) cells
Courtesy Sanyo Electric Co., Ltd.
Very high efficiency monocrystalline siliconlarge-area module (efficiency …%)
![Page 13: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Contents
• Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics
- features
- market position
- history and state-of-the-art
• Cell and module efficiencies
- achievements so far
- limiting factors
- options for further improvement
• Towards integration of cell and module designs
• Cost reduction potential
• Outlook
![Page 14: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Historic efficiency development crystallinesilicon cells and modules (rounded values)
0
5
10
15
20
25
301
95
0
19
55
19
60
19
65
19
70
19
75
19
80
19
85
19
90
19
95
20
00
20
05
20
10
20
15
Eff
icie
nc
y[%
]
Year
best laboratory cell(multicrystalline Si)
best laboratory cells(monocrystaline Si)
typical commercial modules
![Page 15: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Photovoltaic conversion:basic process and losses
energy gap(Si: 1.12 eV)
generation
recombination
X
X
X
![Page 16: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Solar spectrum and spectral losses
wavelength [nm]
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
400 800 1200 1600 2000 24000.0
available for conversion in crystalline Si
infraredvisibleUV
solar spectrum (Air Mass 1,5; 1000 W/m2)
po
we
r[W
/(m
2.n
m)]
1100 nm 1.1 eV = Si bandgap
courtesy John Schermer, KUNCourtesy John Schermer, RUN, NL
X
X
![Page 17: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Solar cell electrical characteristic:voltage and curve factor losses
LkTqV
0 J1eJJ
cu
r re
nt
Pmax
Vmax
Imax
voltage
cu
r re
nt
Pmax
Vmax
Imax
voltage
gapL E
J
J
q
kT
1lnV
0
OC
1max
P
JVFF
scoc
light
scoc
P
FFJV
Jmax
![Page 18: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Crystalline silicon solar cell conversionefficiencies: limits and losses (indicative)
![Page 19: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
From lab to fab
• Trade-off between cost & performance
• Small area large area
• Best average
• Lower Si material quality, highly doped regions, surfacesand contacts additional recombination: Jsc, Voc
• Additional optical losses (reflection & transmission): Jsc
• Additional resistive losses: FF
• Efficiency range multicrystalline Si cells: ~14-17%
• Efficiency range monocrystalline Si cells : ~16-22%
![Page 20: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Selected options for further improvement
• Minimize recombination:
- improve material quality manage defects and impurities, usen-type Si
- reduce heavy doping effects local doping, selective emitters
- effective surface passivation SiNx, SiO2, Al2O3, aSi, etc.
- low-recombination contacts heterojunctions
• Minimize optical losses
- reduce reflection, apply light trapping coatings & textures,plasmonic structures?
- reduce shadow losses rear contact designs
• Minimize resistive losses
- increase conductance advanced electrode architectures andmaterials, rear contact designs
![Page 21: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Example:understanding and managing impurities
![Page 22: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Understanding and managing impurities:effects of Fe, Ni, Cr added to Si feedstock
Bottom Middle Top
8
10
12
14
16
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%Position in the ingot [%]
Eff
icie
ncy
[%]
Ref
Fe 50 ppm wt
Cr 40 ppm wt
Ni 40 ppm wt
Fe 200 ppm wt
![Page 23: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
• Major metal impurities positively charged in p-type, neutral in n-type.
• p-type dopant B forms B-O recombination center
Understanding and managing impurities:replace p-type Si by n-type Si
n-type siliconsubstrate
(n+) Phosphorus BSF
(p+) Boron emitter
Feo/+
Tio/+
p-type siliconsubstrate
(n+) Phosphorous emitter
Fe+/o
Ti+/o
Back contact
B-O2i
![Page 24: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Example: the importance of low-recombinationcontacts
• Well-passivated emitter: ~30 fA/cm2 or less
• Ohmic contacts: ~1000-2000 fA/cm2
• With only 5% contact coverage, 50-100 fA/cm2 from contacts
1lnV
00OC
be
L
JJ
J
q
kT
passcontconteconte JfJfJ ,0,00 )1(
![Page 25: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25 12-10-2010
Low-recombination contacts
• Transfer majority carriers without (resistive) loss
• Reflect minority carriers without recombination loss
“minority carrier mirrors”
• Practical solution:
- silicon heterojunction contacts
Graph: Miro Zeman, DUT, NL, 2010
![Page 26: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Example: apply light trapping
• Full absorption (even) in very thin substrates
low bulk recombination (high Voc) combined with high Jsc
allow the use of low-quality materials
plasmon pictures Amolf
![Page 27: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27 12-10-2010
Example: The best of both worlds (SunPower &Sanyo) – the IBC-HIT cell
• No shadow losses on front
• No optical absorption losses on front
• Very low contact recombination at rear (beyond aSi)
Work incollaboration withUniv. Rome, ENEA,ECN, Univ. Utrecht,and othersM. Tucci et al., “BEHIND” cell concept
![Page 28: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Contents
• Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics
- features
- market position
- history and state-of-the-art
• Cell and module efficiencies
- achievements so far
- limiting factors
- options for further improvement
• Towards integration of cell and module designs
• Cost reduction potential
• Outlook
![Page 29: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Anatomy of a standard module
• Module consists of:
- glass superstrate
- encapsulant (EVA)
- interconnected solar cells
- encapsulant (EVA)
- rear-side foil
• Finishing:
- framing
- junction box
- cabling and wiring
![Page 30: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Base: pn+
Base: pn+
Base: pn+
Base: pn+
Base: pn+
A A
Cross-section AA
Example: Metallisation Wrap-Through (MWT)cell
![Page 31: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
inspired by Surface-Mount Technology (SMT)
Photo: GEC, Inc.
MWT cells & module:“single-shot” module manufacturing
![Page 32: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Section of conductive foil
Rear of cell
Design and manufacture of MWT module
Equipment by Eurotron (NL)
![Page 33: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Technology- 120 µm (Deutsche Solar)
and 160 µm (REC) mc-Si wafers
- Conductive adhesive (alternative: low-T solder)
- Patterned rear-side foil
- Novel module line; zero cell breakage
Module results- Aperture area efficiency:
- 16.0 % (120 µm cells)
- 17.0 % (160 µm; 17.8% cells)
MWT cells and modules
![Page 34: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Contents
• Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics
- features
- market position
- history and state-of-the-art
• Cell and module efficiencies
- achievements so far
- limiting factors
- options for further improvement
• Towards integration of cell and module designs
• Cost reduction potential
• Outlook
![Page 35: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
How far can wafer Si module cost go down?
• h
![Page 36: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
36 12-10-2010
Cost structure of wafer Si PV (2009)
From Peter Fath, Centrotherm, 2009
![Page 37: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Contents
• Wafer-based silicon photovoltaics
- features
- market position
- history and state-of-the-art
• Cell and module efficiencies
- achievements so far
- limiting factors
- options for further improvement
• Towards integration of cell and module designs
• Cost reduction potential
• Outlook
![Page 38: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Crystalline silicon: first generation PV?
• picture
![Page 39: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Mariska de Wild-Scholten, Environmental Sustainability of Thin Film PV2nd EPIA International Thin Film Conference, 12 November 2009, Munich
Energy payEnergy pay--back time of turnback time of turn--key PV systemskey PV systems
![Page 40: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
40
Carbon footprint of selected electricity generatingCarbon footprint of selected electricity generatingtechnologiestechnologies
Mariska de Wild-Scholten, Environmental Sustainability of Thin Film PV2nd EPIA International Thin Film Conference, 12 November 2009, Munich
![Page 41: WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV … · 2017-09-29 · WaferWafer--based silicon PV technologybased silicon PV technology Status, innovations and outlookStatus,](https://reader030.vdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022040602/5e977da529c11d313b350d19/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
9 March2010
41
41
©Greenpeace