wageningen imares wageningen imares is een samenwerkingsverband tussen wageningen ur en tno the role...
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Wageningen IMARES
Wageningen IMARES is een samenwerkingsverband tussen Wageningen UR en TNO
The role shellfish in the socio-cultural history of EuropeJeroen Wijsman
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Kitchen midden sites (køkkenmødding)
Kitchen midden sites in Jutland (Denmark)
Neolithic man, 5000 years ago
Due to shortage of meat people started to eat shellfish (oysters, cockles)
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Aphrodite: Goddess of love
Born out of the sea Spawned by a King
Scallop Oysters are natural
aphrodisiac High level of zinc that is
required for production of testosterone
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Roman period
Lucullus organized massive oyster orgies
> 100 oyster per person was normal
Agrippa (63 BC -12 BC), imported English oysters that were harvested at the coast of Kent to Rome (Rutupians)
Roman, Sergius Orata invented the first oyster culture system. Imported oysters from Brindisi were fattened before selling in Rome
Lucius Licinius Lucullus (110 BC – 56 BC)
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Plinius (23-79 AD)
Oysters are a delicacy Medicinally
characteristics Appetizer Laxative against head cold
Reputed for its powers as an aphrodisiac
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Golden ages (17th century)
Oysters were the symbol of the incarnation of an aphrodisiac
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The oyster-eater, Jan Steen (1658)
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Like the old sang, Jan Steen (1665)
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Tweeërlei spel, Jan Steen (1679)
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The oystermeal, Frans van Mieris de Oude (1661)
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Still Life with Oysters, Lemons and Grapes (Cornelis de Heem, 1760)
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Oyster culture in France
Wild fishery on native oysters (Ostrea edulis) through Middle Ages
Culture of Ostrea edulis in former salt ponds in Marennes region 17th century
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Fattening of oysters in old salt ponds
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Oyster culture in France
Overexploitation in 18th century 1750 regulation enforced to restrict fishing
during breeding season 18th century collection of spat with limed
tiles Import of cupped oysters (Crassostrea
angulata) from Portugal
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Oyster culture in France
Heral (1989)
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Oyster culture France Seed supply
Natural spatfall, using various types of spat collectors
Hatcheries Growing stage
On-bottom culture: Intertidal (predation control with fences), subtidal
Off-bottom culture: Rack culture at intertidal Fattening in old salt ponds
“fines de claires” one month 20 m-2
“speciales de claire” two months 10 m-2
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Mussel culture in France
Extensive fishery until 19th century Local overfishing 1235 “Bouchot” culture Patrick Walton L’Aiguillon
Bay Bottom culture Long lines
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
Early 18th century flat oysters collected by hand and with rakes and dredged in Wadden Sea and Zeeland
1714 import of seed oysters from Denmark reported Variable stock size (freezing, ice, cold summers)
Fishermen held their catch on private “oyster banks”, to be fattened till the season
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
After 1850 decline in landings due to overfishing, failing recruitment and habitat loss, especially in Wadden Sea poverty among fishermen
Restocking experiments with imports from Denmark, England and Scotland
Zeeland became the hart of the Dutch oyster culture
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
Seed collection with limed tiles
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
In the winter, tiles with spat were brought to oysterponds
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
Oysters are stored in ponds in Yerseke
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
Sorting of oysters by hand
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands 1962/1963 severe winter
caused mass mortality in Oosterschelde, more than 90% of the oyster companies stopped their business (1)
1979 introduction Bonamia ostrea in Oosterschelde (2)
1989 B. ostrea in Lake Grevelingen (3)
oogst platte oesters
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
52 55 58 61 64 67 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 00 031952 - 2003
mln kg versgewicht
12
3
Flat oysters
1952 - 2003
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Oyster culture in the Netherlands
Introduction of Pacific oysters from British Columbia at experimental scale (1964)
At present Pacific oyster culture in Oosterschelde and Lake Grevelingen
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 96 00
year
Milj kg fresh weight
Crassostrea gigas
Ostrea edulis
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Mussel culture in the Netherlands
Wild fishery of mussels 15th century mussels were stored for later use at
plots 1870: culture plots were leased out
End for small fishermen 1917 shortage of food in war zones: export of
cooked and canned mussels Market in Brussels and Antwerp 1950 Myticola intestinalis in Delta waters Fishery and culture plots in Wadden Sea
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Dutch mussel culture: mainly bottom culture
Seed fishery
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Mussel culture: seed translocated to culture plots
Culture plots
#Yerseke
Auction Yerseke
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Mussel culture in the Netherlands
Extensive culture. Fishery in Wadden Sea conflicts with nature conservation organizations early 1990’s Intertidal mussel beds disappeared Fishery intertidal areas forbidden Reservation of mussels and cockles for birds Quotation seed fishery
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Mussel culture in the Netherlands
Innovation in culture techniques Mussel seed capture Hatcheries Culture on land
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Shellfish aquaculture communities
Small villages Closed religious communities Family companies with long history Important role in local economy Touristic attraction Local delicacies
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Conclusions
Shellfish and shellfish culture have a long history in Europe
From 2nd choice food and poor man’s food to a delicacy
From fishery in wild to culture Extensive culture, depending on nature and
influencing nature Long tradition and valued for its long
tradition
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