wahira othman-tanzania case study-pete and maruhubi zanzibar

7/25/2019 Wahira Othman-Tanzania Case Study-Pete and Maruhubi Zanzibar

1/26

Social-Ecological resilience of Pete and

Maruhubi Mangrove Ecosystems inZanzibar, Tanzania

Wahira J. Othman

The State University of Zanzibar

P. O. Box 146, Zanzibar, Tanzania


2/26

INTRODUCTION


3/26

Concepts of resilienceConcepts of resilience

Mangrove resilience: The capacity of mangroveMangrove resilience: The capacity of mangroveecosystem to withstand disturbances andecosystem to withstand disturbances andmanagement uncertaintiesmanagement uncertainties

Social resilience: capacity of human communitiesSocial resilience: capacity of human communitiessurrounding the mangroves to remain robustsurrounding the mangroves to remain robustwhen the resources decline or disappearwhen the resources decline or disappear

SocialSocial--ecological resilience conceptual frameworkecological resilience conceptual frameworkas summarise byas summarise by BerkesBerkes andand FolkeFolke (1998),(1998),

Walker et al. (2002) andWalker et al. (2002) and www.resilience.orgwww.resilience.org
http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/http://www.resalliance.org/


4/26

Knowledge gapKnowledge gap

There has been virtually no research which hasThere has been virtually no research which has

investigated the socialinvestigated the social--ecological resilience ofecological resilience ofmangrove ecosystems of Zanzibar, Tanzania.mangrove ecosystems of Zanzibar, Tanzania.

A review of the Zanzibar mangrove literatureA review of the Zanzibar mangrove literature

reveals several species lists and that thereveals several species lists and that the

distribution,distribution,

zonationzonation

and uses of the mangrovesand uses of the mangroves

and associated fauna have been welland associated fauna have been well

documented.documented.


5/26

Study's contributionsStudy's contributions

Understand how resilience can be assessed andUnderstand how resilience can be assessed and

optimised and the processes and conditionsoptimised and the processes and conditionsnecessary for.necessary for.

Serve as a preliminary study that will assistServe as a preliminary study that will assist

scientists, resource managers and policy makersscientists, resource managers and policy makersin Zanzibar to make informed decisions onin Zanzibar to make informed decisions on

mangrove management, with a view towardmangrove management, with a view toward

strengthening the adaptive capacity of mangrovestrengthening the adaptive capacity of mangrove

ecosystems and coastal communitiesecosystems and coastal communities


6/26

Study objectivesStudy objectives

To investigate how mangrove ecosystems in ZanzibarTo investigate how mangrove ecosystems in Zanzibar

are capable of withstanding human disturbances andare capable of withstanding human disturbances and

environmental uncertainties, that is, the extent to whichenvironmental uncertainties, that is, the extent to which

these systems are ecologically resilient.these systems are ecologically resilient.

To understand the roles of mangrove managementTo understand the roles of mangrove management

regimes and relevant institutions in providing theregimes and relevant institutions in providing the

surrounding communities with opportunities forsurrounding communities with opportunities for

diversified livelihoods strategies in the event of thediversified livelihoods strategies in the event of thedecline or disappearance of mangrove resources.decline or disappearance of mangrove resources.


7/26

STUDY SITESSTUDY SITES

Fieldwork carried out at two contrasting sites in Zanzibar.Fieldwork carried out at two contrasting sites in Zanzibar.

(1)(1) MaruhubiMaruhubi--KinaziniKinazini, which lies within Zanzibar Town,, which lies within Zanzibar Town,the states capital, involving people either living orthe states capital, involving people either living orworking close to this forest from threeworking close to this forest from three ShehiasShehias

(administrative units) of(administrative units) of

GulioniGulioni

,,

ShaurimoyoShaurimoyo

andand

MuembemakumbiMuembemakumbi

(2) the mangrove forest of Pete, located in the rural(2) the mangrove forest of Pete, located in the rural

PetePete--Jozani ShehiaJozani Shehia in the southern region ofin the southern region ofUngujaUnguja,,about 24 km southabout 24 km south--east of Zanzibar town.east of Zanzibar town.


8/26


9/26

MethodologyMethodology

Data collectionData collection

Field inventories forField inventories forbiophysical databiophysical data

SemiSemi--structuredstructuredinterviews and groupinterviews and groupdiscussionsdiscussions

Secondary dataSecondary datacollections fromcollections fromrelevant institutionsrelevant institutions

Data AnalysisData Analysis adaptive cycleadaptive cycle

conceptconcept

Chi square testChi square test Shannon WeinerShannon Weiner

index of diversityindex of diversity

SPSS and ExcelSPSS and Excel

Resilience FrameResilience Framework by Walker et al,work by Walker et al,20022002


10/26

Study findingsStudy findings

Management regime and its impact onManagement regime and its impact on

resilienceresilienceMARUHUBIMARUHUBI

MaruhubiMaruhubi mangrove forest resources are undermangrove forest resources are under

Government management regime.Government management regime.

Although little is being done by the responsibleAlthough little is being done by the responsible

institution and without involving the localinstitution and without involving the localcommunity but the ecosystem is moving intocommunity but the ecosystem is moving into

more resilient statemore resilient state


11/26

Results cont.Results cont.

PETEPETE

Co management has turned into coCo management has turned into cooption reducing the resilience of socialoption reducing the resilience of social

ecological system through overexploitationecological system through overexploitation Local people were used as a means toLocal people were used as a means to

achieve government conservation interestachieve government conservation interest

Rules developed were overly restrictiveRules developed were overly restrictive


12/26

State of mangroves socialState of mangroves social--ecologicalecological

resilience inresilience in PetePete

Shift of mangrove ecosystem dominatedShift of mangrove ecosystem dominatedwith stumps and seedling whichwith stumps and seedling which abruptlyabruptlymoved the ecosystem into the releasemoved the ecosystem into the release

(()) stage of the adaptive cycle of thestage of the adaptive cycle of theecosystem characterised by:ecosystem characterised by:

High number of stumps which is threeHigh number of stumps which is threetimes its standing density withtimes its standing density with

Few species of mangroves and macroFew species of mangroves and macro

fauna of crabs and gastropodsfauna of crabs and gastropods


13/26

PeteMaruhubi


14/26

Ecosystem characteristics contEcosystem characteristics cont

Serious decline of some species whichSerious decline of some species which

changes mangroves structure and specieschanges mangroves structure and speciescomposition, reducing ecological resiliencecomposition, reducing ecological resilience

Increase level of mangroves dependenceIncrease level of mangroves dependence Increasing the difficulties on obtainingIncreasing the difficulties on obtaining

mangroves of desired quality threateningmangroves of desired quality threatening

the peoples ability to meet daily needs,the peoples ability to meet daily needs,

hence undermining social resiliencehence undermining social resilience


15/26


16/26


17/26


18/26

Causes of reduced resilience inCauses of reduced resilience in

PetePete Over exploitation which have beenOver exploitation which have been

promoted by illegitimate of thepromoted by illegitimate of theGovernment related to:Government related to:

Transform of agricultural land into reserveTransform of agricultural land into reserve

Crop raiding by monkeys without realisticCrop raiding by monkeys without realistic

compensationcompensation

Strictly laws which prevents the use of theStrictly laws which prevents the use of theresourcesresources

Complex livelihoods were deduced and replacedComplex livelihoods were deduced and replaced

by tourismby tourism


19/26

Underlying factors are:Underlying factors are:

Poverty results on high dependencePoverty results on high dependence

Limited livelihoods diversificationLimited livelihoods diversification

Lack of law enforcement and monitoringLack of law enforcement and monitoring


20/26

State of mangroves socialState of mangroves social--

ecological resilience inecological resilience in MaruhubiMaruhubi

The ecosystem is at theThe ecosystem is at the rr(exploitation) phase of(exploitation) phase ofthe adaptive cycle flourishing into morethe adaptive cycle flourishing into more

resilience state which characterised by:resilience state which characterised by:

increased of mangroves cover of mature plantsincreased of mangroves cover of mature plants

higher numbers of mangrove species and macro faunahigher numbers of mangrove species and macro fauna

increase in the availability of desired mangrovesincrease in the availability of desired mangrovesproductsproducts

decrease in the level of mangrove dependencedecrease in the level of mangrove dependence


21/26


22/26

Causes of increased resilience inCauses of increased resilience in

MaruhubiMaruhubi

relative economical stability of the surroundingrelative economical stability of the surrounding

communitycommunity due to the availability of incomedue to the availability of incomesources not related to mangroves, e.g trade,sources not related to mangroves, e.g trade,wage employment and masonry.wage employment and masonry.

Low dependence to the resources.Low dependence to the resources.

current uses of the mangrove forest which seemcurrent uses of the mangrove forest which seemto be more beneficial to the ecosystem althoughto be more beneficial to the ecosystem althoughnot socially desired. Example, part of forest isnot socially desired. Example, part of forest isused for waste disposal and provides hidingused for waste disposal and provides hidingarea for thieves and drugs uses.area for thieves and drugs uses.


23/26


24/26

ConclusionConclusion

It is generally accepted that a CBM approach should beIt is generally accepted that a CBM approach should bethe most successful management regime, but hasthe most successful management regime, but has

proved to be the opposite in the case of Pete mangroveproved to be the opposite in the case of Pete mangroveforest. Special kind of topforest. Special kind of top--down codown co--option controls theoption controls theresources and undermine the resilience of socialresources and undermine the resilience of social--ecological systemecological system..

NeitherNeither management regime nor high population densitiesmanagement regime nor high population densitiesnecessarily determine the resilience of a system but henecessarily determine the resilience of a system but he

economic stability of the people depending on theeconomic stability of the people depending on theresources, strong Government commitments, theresources, strong Government commitments, theavailability of inputs even outside the responsibleavailability of inputs even outside the responsibleinstitutions and the types of goods and services providedinstitutions and the types of goods and services provided


25/26

RecommendationsRecommendations

local communities should be allowed to play alocal communities should be allowed to play a

stronger actual role in shaping managementstronger actual role in shaping managementplansplans

more realistic restrictions to mangrovemore realistic restrictions to mangrove

harvestingharvesting more effective support from the Government formore effective support from the Government for

implementation of plans andimplementation of plans and

development of alternative sources of income todevelopment of alternative sources of income to

compensate peoples effortscompensate peoples efforts


26/26

Thank you for your attentionThank you for your attention

wahira othman-tanzania case study-pete and maruhubi zanzibar

Documents