walking – working surfaces 29 cfr 1910 subpart d

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WALKING – WORKING WALKING – WORKING SURFACES SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D Subpart D

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Page 1: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

WALKING – WORKING WALKING – WORKING SURFACESSURFACES

29 CFR 191029 CFR 1910

Subpart DSubpart D

Page 2: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

1910.21 DEFINITIONS1910.21 DEFINITIONS

FLOOR HOLE – an opening measuring FLOOR HOLE – an opening measuring less than 12 inches but more than 1 less than 12 inches but more than 1 inch in its least dimensionsinch in its least dimensions

FLOOR OPENING – an opening FLOOR OPENING – an opening measuring 12 inches or more in its measuring 12 inches or more in its least dimensionleast dimension

i.e. stair opening, hatchway, manholei.e. stair opening, hatchway, manhole

Page 3: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

HANDRAIL – a single bar or pipe HANDRAIL – a single bar or pipe supported on brackets from a wall to supported on brackets from a wall to furnish persons with a handholdfurnish persons with a handhold

WALL HOLE – an opening less than WALL HOLE – an opening less than 30 inches but more than 1 inch high, 30 inches but more than 1 inch high, of unrestricted widthof unrestricted width

1910.21 DEFINITIONS1910.21 DEFINITIONS

Page 4: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

1910.22 GENERAL 1910.22 GENERAL REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

(a) Housekeeping(a) Housekeeping(1) All places of employment, (1) All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and service rooms shall be kept clean and orderly and in a sanitary conditionorderly and in a sanitary condition(2) The floor of every workroom shall (2) The floor of every workroom shall be maintained in a clean and dry be maintained in a clean and dry condition. When wet processes are condition. When wet processes are used, drainage shall be maintained.used, drainage shall be maintained.

Page 5: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D
Page 6: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(b) Aisles and Passageways(b) Aisles and Passageways

(1) Where mechanical handling (1) Where mechanical handling equipment (fork trucks) is used, equipment (fork trucks) is used, sufficient safe clearances shall be sufficient safe clearances shall be allowed for aisles.allowed for aisles.

(2) Permanent aisles and passageways (2) Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.shall be appropriately marked.

* ANSI Z 53.1 Aisle Markings* ANSI Z 53.1 Aisle Markings

* 1910.176 PIT* 1910.176 PIT

1910.22 GENERAL 1910.22 GENERAL REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

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(d) Floor Loading (d) Floor Loading ProtectionProtection

(1) Overhead storage (1) Overhead storage areas, mezzanines, areas, mezzanines, etc. need posted sign etc. need posted sign identifying the identifying the maximum weight per maximum weight per square foot of the square foot of the space.space.

1910.22 GENERAL 1910.22 GENERAL REQUIREMENTSREQUIREMENTS

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1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES(a) Protection for (a) Protection for

Floor OpeningsFloor Openings(1) Every stairway (1) Every stairway floor opening floor opening shall be guarded shall be guarded by a standard by a standard railing, provided railing, provided on all exposed on all exposed sides (except at sides (except at entrance to entrance to stairway). stairway).

Page 12: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(a)(2) Every ladder, floor (a)(2) Every ladder, floor opening or platform opening or platform shall be guarded by a shall be guarded by a standard railing with standard railing with standard toe board on standard toe board on all exposed sides all exposed sides (except at entrance to (except at entrance to opening). opening). * Industry – 4 ft * * Industry – 4 ft * Construction – 6 ftConstruction – 6 ft

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 13: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(a)(3) Every hatchway and chute floor (a)(3) Every hatchway and chute floor opening shall be guarded by one of the opening shall be guarded by one of the following:following:

(i) Hinged Floor Opening Cover(i) Hinged Floor Opening Cover

(ii) Removable Railing & Toe Board(ii) Removable Railing & Toe Board

(4) Every skylight floor opening and hole (4) Every skylight floor opening and hole shall be guarded by a standard skylight shall be guarded by a standard skylight screen or fixed standard railing on all screen or fixed standard railing on all exposed sidesexposed sides

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 14: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D
Page 15: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(5) Every pit and trapdoor (5) Every pit and trapdoor shall be guarded by a shall be guarded by a floor opening cover. floor opening cover. While the cover is not in While the cover is not in place the opening shall place the opening shall be constantly attended be constantly attended by someone or by someone or protected on all protected on all exposed sides by a exposed sides by a removable standard removable standard railing.railing.

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 16: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(6) Every manhole floor opening (6) Every manhole floor opening (measuring larger than 12 inches) (measuring larger than 12 inches) shall be guarded by a standard shall be guarded by a standard manhole cover.manhole cover.

(7) Every temporary floor opening shall (7) Every temporary floor opening shall have standard railings.have standard railings.

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 17: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(8) Every floor hole (8) Every floor hole shall be shall be guarded by:guarded by:

(i) Standard (i) Standard Railing with Railing with Standard Toe Standard Toe BoardBoard

(ii) Floor Hole (ii) Floor Hole Cover Cover

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

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Page 20: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(10) Where doors or gates open (10) Where doors or gates open directly on a stairway, a platform directly on a stairway, a platform shall be provided and the swing of shall be provided and the swing of the door shall not reduce the the door shall not reduce the effective width to less than 20 effective width to less than 20 inches.inches.

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

STEP

20”

Page 21: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(b) Protection for wall (b) Protection for wall openings and holesopenings and holes

(1) Every wall (1) Every wall opening from which opening from which there is a drop of there is a drop of more than 4 ft shall more than 4 ft shall be guardedbe guarded

i.e. shipping i.e. shipping docksdocks

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 22: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(c) Protection of open (c) Protection of open sided floors, sided floors, platforms, and platforms, and runwaysrunways

(1) Every open sided (1) Every open sided floor or platform 4 ft floor or platform 4 ft or more above the or more above the floor shall be floor shall be guarded by a guarded by a standard railingstandard railing

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 23: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(c)(1) A toe board shall be provided (c)(1) A toe board shall be provided whenever:whenever:

(i) persons can pass under(i) persons can pass under

(ii) there is moving machinery(ii) there is moving machinery

(iii) hazard of falling materials(iii) hazard of falling materials

(2) Every runway shall be guarded by (2) Every runway shall be guarded by a standard railing a standard railing

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 24: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(3) Regardless of height, open sided (3) Regardless of height, open sided floors, walkways, platforms floors, walkways, platforms above or above or adjacent to dangerous adjacent to dangerous equipment, galvanizing tanks, equipment, galvanizing tanks, degreasing unitsdegreasing units and similar and similar hazards shall be guarded with railing hazards shall be guarded with railing and toe boardand toe board

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 25: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(d) Stairway railing and guards(d) Stairway railing and guards(1) Every flight of stairs having (1) Every flight of stairs having four or more risers shall be four or more risers shall be equipped with standard railingsequipped with standard railings

(i) stairways less than 44 (i) stairways less than 44 inches inches wide -having both wide -having both sides enclosed sides enclosed at least one at least one handrail on the righthandrail on the right side side descendingdescending

(ii) having one side open – (ii) having one side open – at at least one stair railing on least one stair railing on open sideopen side

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 26: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(iii) having both sides open – one stair (iii) having both sides open – one stair railing on each siderailing on each side

(iv) Stairways more than 44 inches wide (iv) Stairways more than 44 inches wide but less than 88 inches wide – one but less than 88 inches wide – one handrail on each enclosed side and one handrail on each enclosed side and one stair railing on each open sidestair railing on each open side

(v) Stairways more than 88 inches wide – (v) Stairways more than 88 inches wide – one handrail on each enclosed side , one handrail on each enclosed side , one stair railing on each open side and one stair railing on each open side and one intermediate stair railing one intermediate stair railing

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

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(e) Railings, toe boards and cover (e) Railings, toe boards and cover specificationsspecifications

(1) Standard railing consists of top (1) Standard railing consists of top rail, intermediate rail and posts and rail, intermediate rail and posts and shall have a vertical height of 42 shall have a vertical height of 42 inches. Top rail (42”) shall be smooth-inches. Top rail (42”) shall be smooth-surfaced. Intermediate rail (21”) shall surfaced. Intermediate rail (21”) shall be approximately halfway betweenbe approximately halfway between

the top rail and the floor.the top rail and the floor.

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 28: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(e)(2) Stair railing (e)(2) Stair railing shall be of shall be of construction construction similar to standard similar to standard railing. The railing. The vertical height vertical height shall be not more shall be not more than 34 inches nor than 34 inches nor less than 30 less than 30 inches from upper inches from upper surface of top rail.surface of top rail.

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

30”

34”

Page 29: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(e)(6) All handrails shall have a (e)(6) All handrails shall have a clearance of not less than 3 inches clearance of not less than 3 inches between the handrail and any other between the handrail and any other object.object.

(8) Skylight screens shall be of such (8) Skylight screens shall be of such construction and mounting that they construction and mounting that they are capable of withstanding a load of are capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds.at least 200 pounds.

1910.23 GUARDING 1910.23 GUARDING FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND FLOOR/WALL OPENINGS AND

HOLESHOLES

Page 30: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

1910.24 FIXED INDUSTRIAL 1910.24 FIXED INDUSTRIAL STAIRSSTAIRS

(f) Stair treads – rise (f) Stair treads – rise height and tread width height and tread width shall be uniform shall be uniform throughout any flight throughout any flight of stairs.of stairs.

(h)(i) Vertical Clearance (h)(i) Vertical Clearance – vertical clearance – vertical clearance above any stair tread above any stair tread to an overhead to an overhead obstruction shall be at obstruction shall be at least 7 feet.least 7 feet.

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1910.25 PORTABLE WOOD 1910.25 PORTABLE WOOD LADDERSLADDERS

(b)(1) Requirements of wood parts(b)(1) Requirements of wood parts

(i) All wood parts shall be free from (i) All wood parts shall be free from sharp edges and splinterssharp edges and splinters

(c)(2) Portable stepladders – stepladders (c)(2) Portable stepladders – stepladders longer than 20 feet shall not be longer than 20 feet shall not be supplied.supplied.

Three types of laddersThree types of laddersTYPE IA – Industrial TYPE IA – Industrial

TYPE II – CommercialTYPE II – Commercial

TYPE III – Household TYPE III – Household

Page 33: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(c)(2)(i) General Requirements(c)(2)(i) General Requirements

(b) A uniform step spacing, not more (b) A uniform step spacing, not more than 12 inches, shall be employed. than 12 inches, shall be employed.

(f) Each ladder shall have a metal (f) Each ladder shall have a metal spreader which holds the front and spreader which holds the front and back sections in the open position. back sections in the open position.

1910.25 PORTABLE WOOD 1910.25 PORTABLE WOOD LADDERSLADDERS

Page 34: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(d) Care and Use of Ladders(d) Care and Use of Ladders

(1)(i) Ladders shall be maintained in good (1)(i) Ladders shall be maintained in good condition at all times.condition at all times.

(iv) Safety feet shall be kept in good (iv) Safety feet shall be kept in good condition.condition.

(x) Ladders shall be inspected frequently (x) Ladders shall be inspected frequently and those which have developed defectsand those which have developed defects

shall be withdrawn from service.shall be withdrawn from service.

(xi) Rungs shall be free of grease and oil.(xi) Rungs shall be free of grease and oil.

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

Page 35: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(d)(2) Use(d)(2) Use

(i) Used at a 4:1 pitch, ladders shall (i) Used at a 4:1 pitch, ladders shall be be lashed or held in position. Ladders lashed or held in position. Ladders shallshall not be used in a horizontal not be used in a horizontal position.position.

(ii) Ladders should not be used by (ii) Ladders should not be used by more than one man at a time.more than one man at a time.

(iii) Portable ladders shall be so (iii) Portable ladders shall be so placed placed that the side rails have secure that the side rails have secure footing.footing.

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

Page 36: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D
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(iv) Ladders shall not be placed in front (iv) Ladders shall not be placed in front of door opening, unless the door is of door opening, unless the door is blocked, locked or guarded.blocked, locked or guarded.

(v) Ladders shall not be placed on (v) Ladders shall not be placed on boxes, barrels, or other bases to boxes, barrels, or other bases to obtain additional height.obtain additional height.

(vii) Ladders with broken or missing (vii) Ladders with broken or missing steps, rungs, cleats or side rails shall steps, rungs, cleats or side rails shall not be used.not be used.

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

Page 38: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(ix) Ladders shall not (ix) Ladders shall not be spliced together.be spliced together.

(xi) Ladders shall not (xi) Ladders shall not be used as braces or be used as braces or other than their other than their intended purpose.intended purpose.

(xii) Tops of (xii) Tops of stepladders shall not stepladders shall not be used as steps.be used as steps.

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

Page 39: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

(xiii) On two section extension ladders (xiii) On two section extension ladders the minimum overlap shall bethe minimum overlap shall be

Size of Ladder (ft)Size of Ladder (ft) Overlap (ft)Overlap (ft)

Up to & including 36Up to & including 36 33

Over 36 up to & Over 36 up to & including 48including 48

44

Over 48 up to and Over 48 up to and including 60including 60

55

Page 40: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(xv) Ladder used to gain access to a (xv) Ladder used to gain access to a roof shall extend at least 3 feet roof shall extend at least 3 feet above the roofline.above the roofline.

(xix) The user should equip all portable (xix) The user should equip all portable rung ladders with non-slip bases if a rung ladders with non-slip bases if a slipping hazard is present.slipping hazard is present.

(xx) The bracing on the back legs of a (xx) The bracing on the back legs of a step ladder are not for climbing.step ladder are not for climbing.

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

Page 41: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

* Step ladders can not * Step ladders can not be used as a straight be used as a straight sided laddersided ladder

1910.3331910.333

(c)(7)(c)(7) Portable Portable ladders shall have ladders shall have nonconductive side nonconductive side rails rails

1910.25 PORTABLE 1910.25 PORTABLE LADDERSLADDERS

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1910.27 FIXED LADDERS1910.27 FIXED LADDERS

(c)(4) Clearance in back of ladder – the (c)(4) Clearance in back of ladder – the distance from the centerline of the distance from the centerline of the rungs to the nearest permanent object rungs to the nearest permanent object in back of the ladder shall be not less in back of the ladder shall be not less than 7 inches.than 7 inches.

(d) Special Requirements(d) Special Requirements

(1)(i) Cages shall be provided on (1)(i) Cages shall be provided on ladders of more than 20 feet.ladders of more than 20 feet.

Page 47: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(1)(ii) Cages shall extend a (1)(ii) Cages shall extend a minimum of 42 inches minimum of 42 inches above the top of the above the top of the landing.landing.

(iv) Cages shall extend (iv) Cages shall extend down the ladder to a point down the ladder to a point not less than 7 feet nor not less than 7 feet nor more than 8 feet above more than 8 feet above the base of the ladder.the base of the ladder.

1910.27 FIXED LADDERS1910.27 FIXED LADDERS

Page 48: WALKING – WORKING SURFACES 29 CFR 1910 Subpart D

(d)(3) Ladder extensions – the side rails (d)(3) Ladder extensions – the side rails of through or side step ladder of through or side step ladder extensions shall extend 3 ½ feet extensions shall extend 3 ½ feet above landings.above landings.

(4) Ladder safety devices – ladder (4) Ladder safety devices – ladder safety devices may be used on safety devices may be used on ladders over 20 feet in unbroken ladders over 20 feet in unbroken length in lieu of cages.length in lieu of cages.

1910.27 FIXED LADDERS1910.27 FIXED LADDERS

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1910.30 OTHER WORKING 1910.30 OTHER WORKING SURFACESSURFACES

(a) Dockboards (bridge plates)(a) Dockboards (bridge plates)(1) Dockboards shall be strong enough (1) Dockboards shall be strong enough to carry the load imposed on them.to carry the load imposed on them.(2) Dockboards shall be secured in (2) Dockboards shall be secured in position.position.(3) Powered dockboards shall be (3) Powered dockboards shall be designed and constructed in designed and constructed in accordance with CS202-56 (1961)accordance with CS202-56 (1961)(4) Positive protection shall be provided (4) Positive protection shall be provided to prevent railroad cars from being to prevent railroad cars from being moved.moved.