wallace policy eu
DESCRIPTION
EUTRANSCRIPT
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J O
~ DE
TAIL
ED C
ONTE
NTS
PREF
ACE
xvii
LIST
OF F
IGUR
ES
xx
LIST
OF B
OXES
xx
i LIS
T OF
TAB
LES
xxii
ABBR
EVIA
TION
S AN
D AC
RONY
MS
xxiii
LIST
OF C
ONTR
IBUTO
RS
xxxii
TA
BLE
OF C
ASES
xx
xiii
TABL
E OF
LEG
ISLAT
ION
xxxv
EDITO
RS' N
OTE
xli
An O
verv
iew
3 Int
rodu
ction
4
The
EU a
nd it
s pre
dece
ssors
5
Some
prel
imina
ry ob
serva
tions
5
The
EU in
con
text
9 Th
e EU
as a
uniq
ue ar
ena-
or pe
rhaps
not
11
2 Th
eoriz
ing
EU P
olic
y-M
akin
g 15
Int
rodu
ction
16
Theo
ries o
f Euro
pean
inte
grati
on
17
Neo-
functi
onali
sm
17
Interg
overn
menta
l ism
19
Libera
l inte
rgove
rnm
ental
ism
19
The 'n
ew in
stitu
tiona
l isms
' 21
Cons
tructi
vism,
and
resh
aping
Europ
ean i
denti
ties a
nd pr
eferen
ces
24
Integ
ration
theo
ry tod
ay
25
The
EU as
a po
litica
l sys
tem
26
The ve
rtica
l sep
aratio
n of
powe
rs: th
e EU
as a
fede
ral s
ystem
28
1
-
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.~"
'~
.
x De
taile
d Co
nten
ts
Det
aile
d Co
nten
ts
xi
Agen
cies a
nd im
pleme
ntatio
n: DG
COM
P 14
6 Th
e m
ajor p
layers
21
3
DG C
OMP
in co
ntex
t 14
9 Bu
dgeta
ry po
litics
ove
r tim
e 21
4
1 Fro
m Eu
ropea
n to
trans
atlan
tic co
nver
genc
e 15
0 Ph
ase 1
: the.d
omina
nce o
f bud
getar
y batt
les
215
Comp
etitio
n po
licy a
s re
gulat
ory p
olicy
15
2 Ph
ase 2
: orde
red b
udge
tary d
ecisi
on-m
aking
21
7
Conc
lusion
15
3 A
new
styl
e of
budg
etary
politic
s?
221
l Th
e Trea
ty of
Lisbo
n 22
1 Th
e bud
get re
view
22
3 7
Econ
omic
and
Mon
etar
y Un
ion: A
n Ex
perim
ent in
M
anag
ing a
large
r bud
get
224
New
Mod
es o
f EU
Polic
y-M
akin
g 15
7 Co
nclus
ions
I Int
rodu
ction
22
6 15
8 Hi
storic
al de
velop
ment
and r
ation
ale
159
Mon
etary
polic
y-mak
ing u
nder
EMU
165
10
The
Stru
ctur
al Fu
nds a
nd C
ohes
ion P
olicy
: Ext
endi
ng
1 Th
e ECB
as a
n ec
onom
ic ac
tor
166
the
Barg
ain to
Mee
t New
Cha
lleng
es
us.
The E
CB as
a po
litical
actor
16
8 Int
rodu
ction
23
0
Econ
omic
polic
y-mak
ing un
der E
MU
170
Inter
gove
rnmen
tal b
arga
ining
: from
regio
nal p
olicy
to c
ohes
ion p
olicy
23
1
EMU
and p
olicy
coor
dinati
on
171
Links
to b
roade
r poli
cy de
velop
ments
23
2
The e
mer
genc
e Of th
e Eu
rogrou
p 17
4 In
the sh
adow
of en
large
ment
235
The
euro
are
a as
a glo
bal a
ctor
175
Imple
menta
tion
and
mult
i-leve
l gov
ernan
ce
238
l EM
U an
d the
glob
al fin
ancia
l cris
is 17
6 Pr
ogram
ming
23
9
Conc
lusion
s 17
8 Co
ncen
tratio
n 23
9 Ad
dition
ality
239
Partn
ership
24
0
8 Th
e Co
mmon
Agr
icultu
ral P
olicy
: The
For
tress
Cha
lleng
ed
181
Prop
ortion
ality
24
1
Intro
ducti
on
182
Subs
idiari
ty 24
1
t Bu
ilding
fortr
ess
CAP:
from
fragm
entat
ion to
com
promi
se
183
Co-fin
ancin
g 24
2
Impla
usibl
e orig
ins
183
Lisbo
nizat
ion
242
Mode
rniza
tion c
o-op
ted
185
Enlar
gem
ent,
Lisbo
nizati
on, a
nd b
eyon
d 24
2
At th
e se
rvice
of fo
rtres
s CA
P: the
com
mun
ity m
ethod
in a
gricu
lture
187
Adjus
ting to
enlar
geme
nt 24
4
Agrar
ian n
ation
alism
insti
tutio
nalize
d 18
7 Lin
ks to
the
Lisbo
n Age
nda
245
Uniqu
e and
less
uniq
ue fe
atures
18
9 Ev
olving
. pra
ctice
in im
pleme
ntatio
n 24
8
CAP
chall
enge
d: to
ward
s m
ultipl
e log
ics o
f inter
venti
on
190
Impa
ct as
sess
men
t: po
litica
l adju
stmen
t vs. ec
onom
ic ga
in 24
8
Two p
roces
ses o
f cha
nge
190
:t Co
nclus
ions
250 ~! + . + ' q ? c 4 ! ! ! - ! q dd j f o C o G | O N O @ ! O o FS H F * E S H H H E H H H So o @ O ( D O O O @ t f. - ; - - a m d m - @ s= 6 i J a J O O . E ' O N l
~"."",
I f.I
, ~.
xii D
etailed Contents j
Detailed Contents
xiii ~..,
~ .
.g 334
European integration and direct market com
patibility requirements 264
I A m
ulti-level process: three arenas
Freedom of movem
ent for workers
270 ji
Risk reguiation and legitimacy 335
Freedom of services and the European competition regime 272
~ Historical origins of EU biotech policy
336 I
I European integration and indirect pressures on national w
elfare states 274
S The
'Deliberate Release' Directive 90/220 337 ~-
Europe's emerging m
ulti-tiered social policy 277
i The Novel Foods Regulation
339 If
The politics of implem
entation: m
ember-state revolt and international reaction 340
I, I
);i The reforrn of EU policy
'from farm to fork'
342 12
Employm
ent Policy: Between Efficacy and Experimentation
283 ~ I
The international context 346
Introduction 284
~ The end of the m
oratorium-
but not of controversy 348
The three modes of policy-making and governance
285 ;
348 ~
The resumption of approvals Employment policy-making before Amsterdam
287 ~
Approvals for cultivation: dividing the member states and the Commission
350 Mode one: the
'Community method' and the EU regulatory m
odel 287
~ Challenging the national safeguard bans
351 ~
Mode two: the social dialogue and law via collective agreement 291
! 353
J Conclusions
Employment policy innovations post-Amsterdam 294
I Mode three: the EES and the OMC
294 ~ ~,
Origins and institutional development 294
m
15 Energy Policy: Sharp Challenges and Rising Am
bitions 357
I i
The EES as a 'new
mode of governance'
295 I
Introduction 358
Efficacy versus experimentation 296
f?; Scope and history of EU energy policy
359 ~
A new source of contestation
: social versus economic rights in EU law 299
~ Internal energy m
arket 361
I Assessment: employment policy in the 2000s-a m
ulti-layered ~
Issues and interests 361
i': opportunity structure
302 ~
Third time lucky for liberalization?
364 ~ ~
Energy security 368 ~
13 Environm
ental Policy: Contending Dynamics of Policy Change
307 I
Issues and interests 368
i Driven by events
371 Introduction
308 ~
Climate change 374
! History
309 ~ "
Issues and interests 374
}, Key players
310 ~
External ambition and internal compromise
375 ~
The European Commission 310
.~
378 i
Conclusions The Council of M
inisters 314
! The European Parliament
315 ,,~
1\ The European Court of Justice
317 I
16 Trade Policy: A
Further Shift Towards Brussels 381
Environmental interest groups 318
The historical development of EU trade policy 382
S Regulatory policy-making at the crossroads
321 l1
Towards a comprehensive EU trade policy
383 The EU as an international actor
326 ~
Treaty provisions and reform 384
Conclusions 328
I The impact of the acquis com
munautaire
385
"
External factors 386
a ~
The policy process 387
14 Biotechnology Policy
: Between National Fears and Global Disciplines 331
~ 9 The Council decides on the EU's objectives
387 Introduction
332 ~
The Commission negotiates 388
"
" Regulating GMO
s: three challenges 333
I, The balance of m
ernber state positions 391
'i A m
ulti-sectoral challenge 333
~ t
it tt. ..
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~ xiv
D
etai
led
Cont
ents
!i
Det
aile
d Co
nten
ts
xv
4):
li4
~ .~ Ju
stice
and
Hom
e Af
fairs
: Com
mun
itariz
atio
n w
ith H
esita
tion
457
A re
lative
ly lim
ited r
ole fo
r outs
ide in
teres
ts 391
1
19
The
Coun
cil ad
opts
the re
sults
but
the ro
le of
the EP
is gr
owing
39
2 ~
458
"
Intro
ducti
on
'I Co
mmerc
ial ins
trume
nts
394
'"
,~l ~
The
institu
tiona
lizat
ion o
f justic
e and
hom
e af
fairs
coo
pera
tion
459
EU tr
ade
strat
egy s
ince t
he U
rugua
y Rou
nd
396
Inter
gove
rnmen
tal fo
rmali
zatio
n: Ma
astri
cht's
third
pilla
r 46
0 Co
nclus
ions
398
i Un
easy
comm
unita
rizati
on: th
e Trea
ties o
f Ams
terda
m an
d Ni
ce
460
t; R
Key a
ctors
46
3
~~ ,
Orga
nizati
on an
d ca
pacit
ies of
EU in
stitut
ions
463
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F -
I LIST OF FIGURES
I LIST OF BOXES
\ 3.1
The policy cycle 47
4.1 Council configurations
77
1 4.1
The structures of the Council 76
4.2 Powers of the European Parliament
83
4.2 Voting in the Council, 2002-7
80 5.1
The treaty base of the single market (Treaty of Rome)
109
4.3 Locations for environm
ental policy-making 91
5.2 The Services Directive
124
L 4.4
Locations for foreign and security policy-m
aking 91
5.3 The estim
ated impact of the single market programme
126
5.1 Single m
arket measures by sector
122 6.1
Stages in the development of EU competition policy 138
7.1 Harmonized index of consum
er prices, Jan. 1999-Dec. 2008 167
8.1 The five objectives of the CAP
185
1 8.1
Evolution of CAP expenditure, 1980-2007 195
8.2 Co-decision in agriculture-what will change?
199
9.1 Community expenditure
, 1958-2002
211 9.1
The budgetary cycle, rules, and practice prior to the Treaty of Lisbon 210
9.2 EU budget from 2000-7
212 10.1
Structural funds: financial instruments
232
J 9.3
Operating budgetary balances, 2007 (in % of GNI)
213 10.2
Structural fund objectives 236
12.1 The
'double cleavage' in EU employment policy 285
10.3 Community initiatives and European territorial cooperation, 1988-2013
240
12.2 Policy instrum
ents and modes of governance
286 lOA
The Lisbonization of cohesion policy: Commission priorities for cohesion 2007-13 243
13.1
Infringement cases opened by the Commission against member states
322 13.1
Key treaty changes and associated characteristics of environmental policy 311
1 13.2
Environmental court referrals (Art. 226) and Art. 228 proceedings 13.2
The making of the REACH chemicals package
320 (compared to total numbers)
323 13.3
The internalization of external pressure: the EU climate change package
324 15.1
Main gas pipeline projects to Europe up to 2015
369 14.1
Key events in EU biotech regulation, 1978-2008 338
I 16.1
EU decision-making process for multilateral trade negotiations prior to the
14.2 Authorization process for GM food and feed under Regulation 1829/2003
345 Treaty of Lisbon
390 15.1
Gas security: a case of complacency
372 16.2
EU decision-making process for association agreements 393
15.2 The EU clim
ate change and energy agreements of December 2008 I 1
377 16.3
EU decision-making process for anti-dumping measures
395 16.1
The dirnensions of EU trade policy 383
19.1 Decision-making in justice and home affairs after M
aastricht 465
17.1 Treaty basis for EU enlargement
406 17.2
Accession conditionality 423
18.1 The Petersberg tasks
436 18.2
EU battlegroups 446
18.3 Treaty of Lisbon provisions for CFSP
453 19.1
Changes to JHA in the Treaty of Amsterdam and the Treaty of Nice 461
19.2
JHA agencies and bodies 470
19.3 Common European asylum system
472 19.4
European arrest warrant
475
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I LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
DAVIDALLEN DAVID BUCHAN BASTIAN GIEGERICH DERMOT HODSON BRIGID LAFFAN SANDRA LAVENEX STEPHAN LEIBFRIED ANDREA LENSCHOW JOHANNES LlNDNER MARK A. POLLACK MARTIN RHODES CHRISTILLA ROEDERER
RYNNING
ULRICH SEDELMEIER GREGORY C
. SHAFFER
HELEN WALLACE W
ILLlAM WALLACE STEPHEN WILKS STEPHEN WOOLCOCK ALASDAIR R. YOUNG
Loughborough University Oxford Institute for Energy Studies International Institute for Strategic Studies
Birkbeck College University College Dublin University of Lucerne University of Bremen University of Osnabruck European Central Bank Temple University University of Denver University of Southern Denmark University of M
innesota London School of Economics and Pol itical Science
London School of Economics and Political Science
London School of Economics and Political Science
University of Exeter London School of Economics and Political Science
University of Glasgow
I TABLE OF CASES
European Court of Justice (ECJ) and Court of First Instance (CFI) Ad
en
eler and O
thers v. Ellinikos O
rganismos G
alaktos,
C-212104 [2006J ECR 1-06057 ...............................................................................
..... 293
Albany International BV
v. Stichting Bedrijfspensioenfonds Textielindustrie, C
-67/96 [1999J ECR 1-5751 ................................................................ 300
Austrian Banks v. Comm
ission ('Lombard C
lub'),Joined Cases C-125/07 P,
] , C
-133/07 P, C-135/07 P, a
nd 137/07 P[2009J, in response to C
omm
ission
Decision of 11June 2002
.............................................................................................. 129
Comm
ission v. Council ('Titanium
Dioxid
e'), C-300/89
[1991J ECR 1-2867 ........................................................................................................ 317
Com
mission v
. Council of the European U
nion ('Stability and G
rowth
Pact'), C-27/04 [2004J ECR 1-6649
............................................................................. 173
Com
mission v. D
enmark ('Danish bottle
'), C-302/86
1 [1988J ECR 1-4607
....................................................................................................... 317
Com
mission v. European Central Bank ('OLAF') ,
C-11/00
[2003J ECR 1-7147 ........................................................................................................ 169
Com
mission v. French Republic
, C
-121/07 [2008 J ............................................................ 318
Com
mission v. G
ennany ('Riester subsidy
'), C-269/07 [2009] A
dvocate General's
Opinion-31 M
arch 2009 ............................................................................................. 270
Com
mission v. G
rand Duchy oj Luxem
bourg, C-319/06 [2008] ECR 1-04323 271
11
Costa v. EN
EL, C-6/64 [1964J ECR 585
........................................... : .
............................. 290
Co
un
cil v. European Parliament ('Budg
etary procedu
re')" C 34/86 [1986] ECR 1-2155
........................................................................................... 216
Crim
inal Proceedings against Ked~ & M
ithoual'd ('Keck'), Joined Cases C
-267 and 268/91
, [1993 J ECR-1-6097
....................................................................... 300
Danner, C
-136/00 [2002J ECR 1-8147 ............................................................................
. 273
Decker v. Caisse de M
aladie des Employes Prives,
C-120/95 [1998J ECR 1-1871
....................................................................
.......... 265, 272
European Parliament v
. Council oj the European U
nion, C
-540/03 [2006] ECR 1-05769 .................................................................................... .471
Grzelczyk v. Centre Public d'aide Sociale d'O
ttignies-Louvain-la-Neuve,
C-184/99 [2001] ECR 1-6193
.......................................................... ..
.. ................ 270
H6jner & Elser v. M
acrotron Gm
bH, C
-41/90 [1991] ECR 1-1979
.............................................................................................
. ...... 300
f Im
pact v. M
inistry of Agriculture (Ireland), C
-268/06 [2008] ECR 1-02483
...................................................................................................... 293
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1 1
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t of a
Eur
opea
n W
orks
Co
unci
l or
a pr
oced
ure
in C
omm
unity
-sca
le u
nde
rtaki
ngs a
nd
Com
mun
ity-s
cale
gr
oups
of u
nde
rtaki
ngs f
or th
e pu
rpos
es o
f inf
orm
ing
an
d co
nsu
lting
em
ploy
ees
(OJ L
10/
22, 1
6.1.
1998
) ................................................................................................ 29
2 Co
unci
l Dire
ctiv
e 97
/80l
EC o
f 15
Dec
embe
r 199
7 o
n t
he b
urde
n o
f pro
of in
cas
es o
f di
scrim
inat
ion
base
d o
n s
ex (O
J L 1
4/6,
20.
1.19
98) .
.................................................... 26
3 Co
unci
l Dire
ctiv
e 97
/81I
EC c
on
cern
ing
the
Fram
ewor
k A
gree
men
t on. p
an-tim
e w
ork
co
nclu
ded
by U
NIC
E, C
EEP,
an
d th
e H
UC
(OJ L
14/
9, 20
.1.1
998)
..................... 26
3, 29
2 Co
unci
l Dire
cti v
e 98
/95I
EC a
men
ding
, in
resp
ect o
f the
co
nso
lidat
ion
of t
he in
tern
al m
ar-
ket,
gene
tical
ly m
odi
fied
plan
t var
ietie
s an
d re
sou
rces
, D
irect
ives
66/
400,
66/
401,
66/4
02,
66/4
03,69
/208
, 7
0/45
7 an
d 70
/458
on
the
mark
etin
g o
f bee
t see
d, fo
dder
pla
nt se
ed,
cere
al se
ed, s
eed
pota
toes
, s
eed
of o
il an
d fib
re p
lant
s an
d v
eget
able
seed
an
d o
n t
he c
om
-
mo
n c
atal
ogue
of v
arie
ties o
f agr
icul
tura
l pla
nt sp
ecie
s (O
J L 2
5/1,
1.2.
1999
) .............. 34
4
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 98
/30l
EC c
on
cern
ing
co
mm
on
ru
les
for t
he in
tern
al m
ark
et in
natu
ral g
as (O
J L 2
04/1
, 2
1.7.
1998
) ..................................... 36
1 Eu
rope
an P
arlia
men
t an
d Co
unci
l Dire
ctiv
e 99
/45I
EC c
on
cern
ing
the
app
roxi
mat
ion
of t
he la
ws,
reg
ulat
ions
, a
nd
adm
inis
trativ
e pr
ovis
ions
of t
he M
embe
r Sta
tes r
elat
ing
to th
e cl
assif
icat
ion,
pac
kagi
ng, a
nd
labe
lling
of d
ange
rous
pre
para
tions
(OJ
L 20
0/1,
307.
1999
) ............. 32
1 Co
unci
l Dire
ctiv
e 99
/70l
EC c
on
cern
ing
the
fram
ewor
k ag
reem
ent o
n fi
xed-
term
wo
rk
co
nclu
ded
by H
UC
, UN
ICE,
an
d CE
EP (O
J L
175/
43, 10
.7.1
999)
...................... 29
2, 2
93
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 99
195I
EC c
on
cern
ing
the
en
forc
emen
t o
f pro
visi
ons i
n re
spec
t of s
eafa
rers
' hou
rs o
f wo
rk o
n b
oard
ship
s ca
lling
at
Com
mun
ity p
orts
(OJ L
14/
29, 2
0.1.
2000
) ....................... , ........................................... 29
2 Co
mm
issi
on D
irect
ive
2000
/21I
EC c
on
cern
ing
the
list o
f Com
mun
ity le
gisl
atio
n re
ferre
d to
in th
e fif
th in
dent
of A
rticl
e 13
(1) o
f Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 67
/548
IEEC
(O
J L 1
0317
0, 2
8.4.
2000
) .............................................................................................. 32
1 Co
unci
l Dire
ctiv
e 20
00/4
3/EC
impl
emen
ting
the
prin
cipl
e o
f equ
al tr
eatm
ent b
etw
een
pers
ons i
rres
pect
ive
of r
acia
l or
eth
nic
orig
in (O
J L 1
80/2
,19.
7.20
00) ..
....................... 26
4
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
00/7
8IEC
est
ablis
hing
a ge
nera
l fra
mew
ork
for e
qual
trea
tmen
t in
empl
oym
ent a
nd
occu
patio
n (O
J L 3
0311
6, 2
.12.
2000
) ............................................ 26
4 Co
unci
l Dire
ctiv
e 20
0017
9/EC
co
ncern
ing
the
Euro
pean
Agr
eem
ent o
n th
e O
rgan
izat
ion
of W
orki
ng T
ime
of M
obile
Wor
kers
in C
ivil
Avi
atio
n co
nclu
ded
by th
e A
ssoc
iatio
n o
f Eu
rope
an A
irlin
es (A
EA),
the
Euro
pean
Tra
nspo
rt W
orke
rs' F
eder
atio
n (E
TF),
the
Euro
pean
Coc
kpit
Ass
ocia
tion
(ECA
), th
e Eu
rope
an R
egio
ns A
irlin
e A
ssoc
iatio
n (E
RA) a
nd
the
Inte
rnat
iona
l Air
Car
rier A
ssoc
iatio
n ([A
CA)
(Qj L
302
157,
1.1
2.20
00) ..
............................................................................................. 29
2
Tabl
e o
f Leg
.isla
tion
xxxi
x
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
011l
8IEC
on
the
delib
erat
e re
leas
e in
to th
e en
vir
onm
ent o
f gen
etic
ally
mo
difie
d o
rgan
ism
s an
d re
peal
ing
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 90
/220
lEC
(OJ L
106
/1, 17
.4.2
001)
........................................ 31
8,33
8, 3
43, 3
44
Coun
cil D
irect
ive
2001
l86I
EC s
upp
lem
entin
g th
e st
atul
e fo
r a E
urop
ean
co
mpa
ny w
ith
rega
rd to
the
invo
lvem
en
t of e
mpl
oyee
s (O
J L 2
94/2
2,10
.11.
2001
) ............................. 30
3
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
0217
31EC
am
en
ding
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e
76/2
07IE
EC o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he p
rinci
ple
of e
qual
trea
tmen
t for
men
an
d w
om
en
as
rega
rds a
cces
s to
em
ploy
men
t, v
ocatio
nal t
rain
ing
an
d pr
omot
ion,
an
d w
ork
ing
co
ndi
tions
(OJ
L 26
9/15
,5.
10.2
002)
.. ................... .
. ........... 26
4, 4
86
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
03/4
1IEC
on' th
e ac
tiviti
es a
nd
supe
rvis
ion
of i
nstit
utio
ns fo
r occu
patio
nal r
etir
emen
t pro
visi
on (O
J L
235/
10,23
.9.20
03) ..
......... 27
3
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
03/5
4IEC
co
ncern
ing
co
mm
on
ru
les
for
the
inte
rnal
mark
et in
ele
ctric
ity a
nd
repe
alin
g D
irect
ive
96/9
21EC
. Sta
tem
ents
m
ade
with
rega
rd to
dec
ornr
niss
ioni
ng a
nd
was
te m
an
age
men
t act
iviti
es (O
J L
176/
37,1
5.7.
2003
) ...................................................................................................... 36
1 Eu
rope
an P
arlia
men
t an
d C
ounc
il D
irect
ive
2003
/55I
EC c
on
cern
ing
com~
on ru
les
for
the
inte
rnal
mark
et in
natu
ral g
as a
nd
repe
alin
g D
irec
tive
98/3
0lEC
(O
lL 17
6/57
, 15.
7.20
03)..
....................
. ....................................................... 36
1,37
2 C
ounc
il D
irect
ive
2003
/86I
EC o
n th
e rig
ht to
fam
ily r
eun
ifica
tion
(OJ L
251
/12,
3.10
.200
3) ...
.......................................................................................................
......... 47
1
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
03/8
7IEC
est
ablis
hing
a sc
hem
e fo
r gre
enho
use
gas
em
issi
on a
llow
ance
trad
ing
with
in th
e C
omm
unity
an
d am
en
ding
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 96
/61I
EC (O
J L 2
75/3
2,25
.10.
2003
) ............................... 37
4
Coun
cil D
irect
ive
2003
/109
/EC
co
ncern
ing
the
stat
us o
f thi
rd-c
ount
ry n
atio
nals
w
ho ar
e lo
ng-te
rm re
side
nts
(OJ L
16/
44, 2
3.1.
2004
) .............. , .................................... 47
1 C
ounc
il D
irect
ive
2004
/67I
EC c
on
cern
ing
measu
res
to s
afeg
uard
secu
rity
of
natu
ral g
as s
upp
ly (O
J L 1
2719
2, 2
9.4.
2004
) ........................................................ 37
1, 3
72
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
05/8
5IEC
on
min
imum
stan
dard
s on
pro
cedu
res i
n M
embe
r St
ates
for g
rant
ing
an
d w
ithdr
awin
g re
fuge
e st
atus
(OJ L
326
/13,
13.1
2.20
05) .
..... , .... .46
6
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 20
05/8
9IEC
co
ncern
ing
measu
res
to
safe
guar
d se
cu
rity
of e
lect
rici
ty su
pply
an
d in
fras
truc
ture
inve
stm
ent (
OJ L
33/
22,
4.2.
2006
) ...................................................................................................................... 37
1 Eu
rope
an P
arlia
men
t an
d Co
uric
il D
irecti
ve 2
006/
121E
C 20
06 o
n w
aste
(OJ L
114
/9,
27.4
.20
06) ..
.................................................................................................................................... 32
3 C
ounc
il D
irect
ive
2006
/54I
EC o
n th
e im
plem
enta
tion
of t
he p
rinci
ple
of e
qual
o
ppor
tuni
ties a
nd
equa
l tre
atm
ent o
f men
an
d w
om
en
in m
att
ers
of e
mpl
oym
ent
an
d o
ccu
patio
n (re
cast)
(OJ
L 20
4123
, 26.
7.20
06)..
.... .
..............
. ... 25
7 Eu
rope
an P
arlia
men
t an
d C
ounc
il D
irect
ive
2006
/121
IEC
am
en
ding
Cou
ncil
Dire
ctiv
e 67
/548
IEEC
on
the
app
roxi
mat
ion
ofl
aws,
regu
latio
ns, a
nd
adm
inis
trativ
e pr
ovis
ions
rela
ting
to t
he c
laSS
ifica
tion,
pac
kagi
ng, a
nd
labe
lling
of d
ange
rous
subs
tanc
es
in o
rder
to a
dapt
it to
Reg
ulat
ion
(EC)
190
7/20
06 c
on
cern
ing
the
Reg
istra
tion,
Ev
alua
tion,
Aut
horis
atio
n an
d R
estri
ctio
n o
f Che
mic
als
(REA
CH) a
nd
est
ablis
hing
a
Euro
pean
Che
mic
als A
genc
y (O
J L 3
9617
95, 3
0.12
.200
6)
...... 32
1 Eu
rope
an P
arlia
men
t an
d C
ounc
il D
irect
ive
2006
11 23
IEC
on
ser
vic
es in
the
inte
rnal
m
ark
et (O
J L 3
76/3
6,12
.12.
2006
) ('Se
rvice
s Dire
ctiv
e')
....... 11
9, 1
24, 1
30,2
74,27
5,
488,
495
Euro
pean
Par
liam
ent a
nd
Coun
cil D
irect
ive
2008
/50l
EC o
n a
mbi
ent a
ir qu
ality
an
d cl
eane
r air
for E
urop
e (O
J L 1
5211
, 11
.6.2
008)
...................................................... 32
3
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xlii
Edito
rs' N
ote
Gro
ss d
omes
tic p
rodu
c-t (G
DP) i
s th
e m
ost
co
mm
on
ly u
sed
mea
sure
of t
he v
alue
o
f pro
duct
ion
in th
e ar
ea c
on
cern
ed
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un
try-
or
a re
gion
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ross
natio
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rodu
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GD
P pl
us n
et
tran
sfer
s o
f fac
tor
inco
mes
, Le
'-th
e re
patri
ated
pro
fits
of
mem
ber-
stat
e m
ulti
natio
nals
ov
erse
as,
an
d les
s th
e pr
ofits
of n
on
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nal m
ulti
na-
tiona
ls o
pera
ting
in th
e m
em
ber s
tate
. In
mo
st c
ou
ntr
ies
the
diffe
renc
e be
twee
n th
e tw
o m
ay b
e in
sign
ifica
nt, bu
t in
cou
ntr
ies
such
as I
rela
nd th
e di
ffere
nce
betw
een
-th
e tw
o m
ay
be a
s hi
gh a
s 25
per
cen
t. Re
cent
ly, g
ross
natio
nal i
ncom
e (G
NI) h
as
beco
me
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mo
re c
om
mo
nly
use
d n
ame
for G
NP.
Unt
il Se
ptem
ber 1
999
Dire
ctor
ates
-Gen
eral
(DGs
) of t
he E
urop
ean
Com
mis
sion
w
ere
gene
rally
kl}o
wn by
thei
r nu
mbe
rs, e
.g.
DG
Yl f
or A
gric
ultu
re. N
1,Im
bers
have
la
tterly
'bee
n re
plac
ed b
y fu
nctio
nal n
ames
. Th
e tw
o n
om
en
cla
ture
s ar
e se
t o
ut
in
Tabl
e 4.
1, s
ince
for e
arlie
r mat
eria
l the
nu
mbe
rs re
main
rele
vant
. Th
e ec
u, o
r Eu
rope
an c
urr
en
cy
un
it, r
efer
red
to in
som
e c
hapt
ers w
as t
he u
nit
of
acco
un
t ado
pted
for
cert
ain
EU t
rans
actio
ns o
r st
atis
tical
co
mpa
rison
s. It
has
bee
n re
plac
ed b
y th
e e u
rp w
ith th
e adv
ent o
f eco
no
mic
an
d mo
net
ary
un
ion.
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8
1 1 1
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en W
alia
ce, M
arkA
. Pol
iack
; an
d Al
asda
ir R
.You
ng
mo
des
of p
olic
y-m
akin
g, a
s th
e ca
se s
tudi
es re
vea
l. M
oreo
ver,
the
sam
e EU
inst
itu-
tions
, an
d th
e sa
me
nat
iona
l poli
cy~m~k
ers, h
ave
diffe
rent
cha
ract
eris
tics,
exhi
bit
diffe
rent
pat
tern
s of b
ehaV
iour
, -a
nd
prod
uce
diffe
rent
kin
ds o
f ou
tco
me, d
epen
ding
o
n th
e po
licy
dom
ain
and
depe
ndin
g o
n th
e per
iod.
Thu
s, as
we
shal
l see
, th
ere
is n
o
singl
e an
d ca
tch-
all w
ay o
f capt
urin
g th
e es
sen
ce o
f EU
polic
y-m
akin
g. A
ll ge
nera
li-zat
ions
nee
d to
be
nu
an
ced,
alth
ough
, a
s w
ill b
e see
n in
Cha
pter
4, fi
ve m
ain
varia
nts
of t
he p
olic
y pr
oces
s can
be i
dent
ified
.
Four
thly
, thi
s vo
lum
e go
es to
pre
ss a
t a m
om
en
t whe
n th
e EU
is fa
cing
impo
rtan
t ch
alle
nges
. The
impl
icat
ions
of e
ast
ern
enla
rgem
ent a
re o
nly
just
beco
min
g cl
ear,
whi
ch th
e co
ntr
ibut
ions
to t
his
vo
lum
e ex
plor
e. T
he q
uest
ions
han
g in
the
air
as
how,
th
e Tr
eaty
of L
isbon
will
be
impl
emen
ted.
Th
e co
ntr
ibut
ions
to t
his
vo
lum
e co
nsi
der w
hat i
mpa
cts
Lisb
on w
ou
ld li
kely
hav
e o
n t
he p
olic
y-m
akin
g pr
oces
s o
f th
e EU
. In
addi
tion,
the
finan
cial
cris
is in
200
7-8
has
prec
ipita
ted
the
shar
p co
n-
trac
tion
of t
he re
al e
con
om
y; tr
ansf
orm
ed p
ublic
fina
nces
as
rev
enu
es
hav
e sh
runk
an
d go
vern
men
t ex
pend
iture
has
incr
ease
d, in
som
e ca
ses
dram
atic
ally
; an
d po
ten-
tially
alte
red
the
bala
nce
betw
een
sta
te a
nd
mar
ket.
At t
he ti
me
of w
ritin
g it
was
un
clea
r how
dee
p o
r ho
w p
rotr
acte
d th
e ec
on
om
ic c
on
trac
tion
will
be,
alth
ough
a
nu
mbe
r of c
on
trib
utio
ns to
the
vo
lum
e re
flect
on t
he E
U's
prel
imin
ary
resp
onse
to
(he cr
isis.
Ther
e are
also
bro
ad ch
ange
s in
the n
atu
re o
f EU
polic
y-m
akin
g. T
he p
rolif
erat
ion
of p
atte
rns
of p
olic
y-m
akin
g id
entif
ied
in th
e pr
evio
us v
olu
me
has
co
ntin
ued
and,
if
anyt
hing
, acce
lera
ted.
A st
rikin
g fe
atur
e o
f the
se p
atte
rns o
f pol
icy-
mak
ing
is th
at
they
are
co
nst
ruct
ed to
a la
rge
ex
tent
ou
tsid
e th
e cl
assic
al C
omm
unity
fram
ewor
k.
Som
e EU
inst
itutio
ns, s
o fa
r at
leas
t, ha
ve b
een
on
the
mar
gins
of t
he m
ain
deve
lop-
men
ts.
In p
artic
ular
the
Com
mis
sion
, the
Eur
opea
n Co
urt o
f Jus
tice
(EC)
), an
d th
e Eu
rope
an P
arlia
men
t (EP
) hav
e be
en l~
ss ce
ntr
al a
ctor
s, w
hile
the
mai
n dy
nam
ics
have
bee
n fo
un.d
in th
e in
tens
ive
inte
ract
ions
bet
wee
n n
atio
nal p
olic
y-m
aker
s, w
ith
both
new
age
ncie
s, su
ch a
s th
e Eu
rope
an C
entra
l Ban
k (E
CB) (
see C
hapt
er 7
) or
Euro
pol (
see C
hapt
er 1
9), a
nd
new
co
nsu
ltativ
e fo
rum
s, n
ota
bly
to p
ursu
e th
e lis
-bo
n St
rate
gy o
~ ec
on
om
ic re
fonn
(see
Cha
pter
12).
The
inve
stm
ents
bei
ng m
ade
in
new
inst
itutio
nal a
rran
gem
ents
hav
e bee
n de
signe
d to
un
derp
in th
is st
ruct
ured
tran
s-go
vem
men
talis
m ra
ther
than
to in
corp
orat
e th
em w
ithin
the
trad
ition
al C
omm
unity
pr
oced
ures
(com
munit
ariza
tion)
. The
cas
e si
udy
chap
ters
su
gges
t tha
t thi
s m
ay b
e a
sust
aine
d pa
ttern
, n
ot a
mer
e st
agin
g po
st in
the
tran
sitio
n fro
m n
atio
nally
roo
ted
"
polic
y to
'co
mm
un
itariz
atio
n'. Te
mpt
ing
thou
gh it
is to
inte
rpre
t thi
s as
the
triu
mph
of
'inte
rgov
ernm
enta
lism
' (a
proc
ess i
n whi
ch tr
aditi
onal
stat
es pr
edom
inat
e) o
ver
'su
pra-
nat
iona
lism
' (a
proc
ess i
n w
hich
new
Eur
opea
n in
stitu
tions
en
joy po
litic
al a
uto
nom
y an
d au
thor
ity),
we
argu
e th
at th
e sto
ry is
mo
re n
uan
ced,
with
the
emer
genc
e o
f new
,
var
ied,
an
d hy
brid
pol
icy
mo
des e
mer
ging
acro
ss o
ur
fifte
en is
sue a
reas
.
Cha
pter
s 2
an
d 3
ther
efor
e ta
ke a
bro
ad a
nd
ecle
ctic
app
roac
h in
iden
tifyi
ng a
delib
erat
ely
wid
e ra
nge
of
theo
ries
an
d co
nce
pts
with
whi
ch t
o ex
amin
e an
d to
expl
ain
EU p
olic
y-m
akin
g. W
e ar
gue
that
car
e sh
ould
be ta
ken
to a
vo
id o
ver
ly sh
arp
dich
otom
ies b
etw
een s
upr
anat
iona
lism
, on
the o
ne ha
nd, a
nd i
nter
gove
rnm
enta
lism
,
...
An O
verv
iew
on
the
oth
er, o
r be
twee
n
theo
retic
al t
empl
ates
fro
m c
om
para
tive
polit
ics,
on
the
on
e ha
nd, a
nd
inte
rnat
iona
l rel
atio
p.s,
on
the
oth
er.
Inst
ead,
we
look
to a
var
iety
of
appr
oach
es, d
raW
ing
on
div
erse
the
oret
ical
tra
ditio
ns a
nd
from
-eot
h co
mpa
rativ
e po
litie
s an
d in
term
ition
al re
latio
ns, i
n o
rder
ex
plic
itly
to 'm
ains
tream
' th
e st
udy
of
the
EU b
y lin
king
EU
polic
y pr
oces
ses
to c
om
para
ble
dom
estic
an
d in
tern
atio
nal
proc
esse
s, pa
rticu
larly
in m
ulti
-laye
red
polit
ies.
Our
aim
is n
ot t
o pr
ove o
r fa
lSify
any
parti
cula
r the
ory,
but t
o u
se a
ll av
aila
ble
theo
retic
al to
ols
to u
nde
rsta
nd E
U p
olic
y-m
akin
g in
all
its c
om
plex
ity.
The
EU in
con
text
Mos
t stu
dies
of t
he E
U co
ncen
trat
e on d
escr
ibin
g w
hat h
appe
n~in
an
d th
roug
h th
e
spec
ial i
nstit
utio
ns o
f the
EU
, lo
cate
d in
Bru
ssel
s, L
uxem
bour
g, a
nd
Stra
sbou
rg: t
he
Euro
pean
Com
mis
sion
; the
Cou
ncil
of t
he E
U; th
e Eu
rope
an C
ounc
il; th
e Eu
rope
an
Parli
amen
t (E
P); a
nd
the
Euro
pean
Cou
rt o
f Jus
tice
(EC)
)l Ea
ch o
f th
ese
inst
i-tu
tion
s, an
d o
ther
s, is
intro
duce
d in
det
ail i
n C
h apt
er 4
. H
owev
er,
w
e sh
ould
be
care
ful
no
t to
reg
ard
thes
e EU
ins
titut
ions
as
exis
ting
in a
vac
uu
m.
Mos
t o
f th
e po
licy-
mak
ers w
ho d
evis
e an
d o
pera
te E
U ru
les
an
d le
gisl
atio
n ar
e fro
m th
e m
em
-
ber s
tate
s th
emse
lves
. The
y ar
e pe
ople
who
spe
nd th
e gr
eate
r par
t of t
heir
time
as
natio
nal
pol
icy-
mak
ers,
for
who
m th
e Eu
rope
an d
imen
sion
is a
n e
xte
nded
pol
icy
aren
a, n
ot
a se
para
te a
ctiv
ity.
Inde
ed, m
uch
of E
U po
licy
is pr
epar
ed a
nd
carr
ied
ou
t by
natio
nal p
olic
y-m
aker
s an
d ag
ents
who
do
no
t spe
nd m
uch,
if
any,
tim
e in
Br
usse
ls. In
stea
d, w
hat t
hey
do is
co
nsi
der h
ow E
U r
egim
es m
ight
hel
p o
r hi
nder
th
eir
regu
lar
activ
ities
, a n
d ap
ply
the
resu
lts o
f EU
agre
emen
ts o
n t
he g
roun
d in
th
eir
no
nn
al d
aily
wo
rk. I
f we
co
uld
cal
cula
te t
he p
ropo
rtio
ns w
e m
ight
wel
l fin
d th
at in
pra
ctic
e so
meth
ing
like
80 p
er c
en
t of t
hat n
orm
al da
ily li
fe w
as fr
amed
by
dom
estic
pre
occu
patio
ns a
nd
con
stra
ints
. Muc
h th
e sa
me
is tr
ue o
f the
so
cial
an
d ec
on
om
ic g
roup
s, o
r po
litic
al r
epre
sent
ativ
es, w
ho s
eek
to i
nflu
ence
the
dev
elop
-m
en
t an
d co
nte
nt o
f EU
polic
y.
On
the
face
of i
t, it
mig
ht a
ppea
r th
at it
can
no
t Sim
ulta
neou
sly
be t
he c
ase
that
80
per
cen
t o
f the
mem
ber s
tate
s' so
cio-
econ
omic
legi
slat
ion
is sh
aped
by
the
EU,
whi
le 8
0 pe
r cen
t o
f th
e po
licy
co
nte
xt
of
natio
nal
polic
y-m
aker
s is
fram
ed b
y " do
mes
tic c
on
cern
s. Y
et pr
eCise
ly w
hat d
istin
guis
hes
the
EU a
s a
polic
y ar
ena
is th
at
it re
sts
on
a k
ind
of a
mal
gam
of t
hese
tw
o le
vels
of g
over
nanc
e. C
ount
ry-d
efin
ed
polic
y de
man
ds a
nd
polic
y ca
pabi
litie
s ar
e se
t in
a s
hare
d Eu
rope
an f
ram
ewor
k to
ge
nera
te c
olle
ctiv
e po
licie
s, m
ost
of w
hich
are
the
n im
plem
ente
d ba
ck in
the
co
un
-
trie
s co
nce
rned
. Mor
eove
r, as
we
shal
l see
fro
m s
ever
al o
f "the
cas
e st
udie
s in
thi
s v
olu
me,
how
thos
e Eu
rope
an p
olic
ies
ope
rate
var
ies
a go
od d
eal b
etw
een
on
e E
U m
em
ber s
tate
an
d an
oth
er. I
n o
ther
wo
rds,
th
e EU
pol
icy
proc
ess
is o
ne w
hich
has
di
ffer
entia
ted
ou
tcom
es, w
ith s
igni
fican
t var
iatio
ns b
etw
een
cou
ntr
ies.
Hen
ce it
is
just
as im
port
ant t
o u
nde
rsta
nd th
e n
atio
nal i
nstit
utio
nal s
ettin
gs a
s to
un
ders
tand
9
-
**EI*-[1EIg'EIgE[[EiFgiE[gEi$gElgiFFiEg[igI i
FFEEigEgBFi [[rIIgE $B1E[[{giFIIgEEIgg*I$i f qEEEFFI1liEF gEIi+EEiErF 1EgE [1EFlFgg1g1[ gggIigigtglg agarIgtgrggt gaaigg*itggg*ai g
Fi l$as f F rB r f , r gg F a H i I F i i l I ; ; f,Fil[g$F+eFFf*tE+[[*EE3tgg[g[gigFfl[
T * E 6 q H A ' ' g 9 F o .
F$5 t ; :$F E*rigei*g$Ei5rf
10 H
elen Wallace, M
ark A. Pollack, and Alasdair R. Young
the EU-Ievel institutions in o
rder to get a grip on
the EU policy process as a whole
(H. W
allace 1973, 1999).
This two-level picture does
not, how
ever, describe the whole story. In all EU
co
untries there are other levels of infranational governm
ent, that is local or regional
authorities, the responsibilities of w
hich are to varying extents shaped by EU regim
es. M
any of these authorities have occasional direct co
ntacts with the EU institutions,
and in so
me co
untries m
ay be the key on
es for implem
enting speCific EU policies and legislation. In addition
, a
nd increaSingly, n
ational policy processes in Europe depend o
n other kinds of agencies a
nd institutions, w
hich lie between the public a
nd the private spheres a
nd also vary a good deal in character from
on
e co
untry to an
-
other. O
ne striking feature of western Europe in the past decade o
r so, an
experience n
ow
replicated in central and eastern Europe, has been the proliferation of bodies
with public policy functions o
utside the central governments. This is especially so
in the regulatory arena, perhaps the m
ost extensive dom
ain of EU policy activity. The shift tow
ards mo
re autonom
ous or se
mi-a
utonomous agencies
, o
r to forms of
'self-regulation', represents a m
ov
e away from
the inherited heavy-state version of
government tow
ards a kind of partnership model. W
hat the EU policy process does is to add a
nother layer, m
aking cross
-agency coo
rdination on
e of its key features, as w
e shall see in several of-our case studies
.
Even this multi-faceted picture does n
ot enco
mpass the w
hole story. The EU arena
is only part of a w
ider pattern of making policy beyond the n
ation-state. In many
areas of public policy, including those within w
hich the EU is active, there are broader transnational co
nsultations a
nd regimes. These v
ary a great deal in their robustness and intensity, but they are part of a c
ontinuum
of policy-making that spreads from
the c
ou
ntry level, through the European aren
a, to the global level. M