wapa paper2(power flow in psse)

7/23/2019 WAPA Paper2(Power Flow in PSSE)

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Jrdltcig i` lJrdltcig i` lJrdltcig i` lJrdltcig i` l QQQQiwdr @hiw Ztukyiwdr @hiw Ztukyiwdr @hiw Ztukyiwdr @hiw Ztuky

@cglh ]dpirtZprcgb Zdndstdr =112

myMdg QchltiMrylg Hlod

Gcjo Zlg QcdtriRlyhig JlseLgky Odhhdr

Plerln Ztdplgylg

Kdplrtndgt i` Dhdjtrcjlh lgk Jinputdr DgbcgddrcgbJihirlki Ztltd Tgcvdrscty

@irt Jihhcgs, Jihirlki 514=:


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Lmstrljt

Ig Lubust


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[lmhd i` Jigtdgts

[cthd....c

Lmstrljt.......... 1.1 my kd`luht.

@crst piwdr rltcgb? dgtdrdk cg NPL. ]ltd L > 1.1 (myplss jedjo `ir tecs mrlgje)my kd`luht.

Zdjigk piwdr rltcgb? dgtdrdk cg NPL. ]ltd M > 1.1 my kd`luht.

[ecrk piwdr rltcgb? dgtdrdk cg NPL. ]ltd J > 1.1 my kd`luht.

Hcgd hdgbte? dgtdrdk cg usdr-sdhdjtdk ugcts. Lhh hdgbtes lrd cg nchds `ir tedpurpisds i` tecs hlm.

Mrlgje kltl cgput cs tdrncgltdk wcte l rdjirk spdjc`ycgb l "`rin mus" gunmdr i` zdri.


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:. Hilks

Dlje gdtwiro mus lt wecje hilk cs ti md rdprdsdgtdk nust md spdjc`cdk cg lt hdlst igd hilk kltlrdjirk. [ed hilk tlm ljjdssds ted hilk kltl rdjirk. [ed cnpirtlgt plrlndtdrs `ir ted hilk tlm lrdkdsjrcmdk mdhiw6

[ecs kcsphlys ted Mus Gunmdr (wedrd ted hilk rdsckds) iutsckd i` ted mrljodts lgkkcsphlys ted mus glnd ls wdhh ls ted mus vihtlbd cg oP cgsckd ted mrljodts.

[ecs cs l igd, ir twi, jelrljtdr uppdrjlsd, gigmhlgo, lhpelgundrcj hilk ckdgtc`cdr.Ct cs usdk ti kcstcgbucse lnigb nuhtcphd hilks lt ted slnd "Mus Gunmdr/Glnd".Lt musds cg wecje tedrd cs l scgbhd hilk prdsdgt, ted CK >


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Dlje trlgsìrndr ti md rdprdsdgtdk cg QZZ/D cs cgtrikujdk my rdlkcgb l trlgsìrndr kltl rdjirkmhijo. [ed trlgsìrndr kltl rdjirk mhijo jlg md ljjdssdk my jhcjocgb ig ted = Rcgkcgb[rlgsìrndr tlm. [ed cnpirtlgt plrlndtdrs ir tecs tlm lrd dxphlcgdk mdhiw6

[ecs stltds ted `crst mus gunmdr iutsckd i` ted mrljodts wcte ted mus glnd lgk musoP dgjhisdk cg mrljodts. Ct cs jiggdjtdk ti wcgkcgb igd i` ted trlgsìrndrscgjhukdk cg ted systdn. [ed trlgsìrndrs nlbgdtczcgb lkncttlgjd cs nikdhdk igwcgkcgb igd. Rcgkcgb igd cs ted ighy wcgkcgb i` l twi-wcgkcgb trlgsìrndrweisd tlp rltci ir pelsd sec`t lgbhd nly md lkfustdk my ted piwdr `hiw sihutcigljtcvctcds. Gi kd`luht cs lhhiwdk.

[ecs stltds ted sdjigk mus gunmdr iutsckd i` ted mrljodts wcte ted mus glnd lgkmus oP dgjhisdk cg mrljodts. Ct cs jiggdjtdk ti wcgkcgb twi i` ted trlgsìrndrscgjhukdk cg ted systdn. Gi kd`luht cs lhhiwdk.

L jedjo nlro cgkcjltds telt l jdrtlcg twi wcgkcgb trlgsìrndr mdtwddg twi musdscs ùhhy ipdrltciglh. C` ìr lgy rdlsig l trlgsìrndr gddks ti md tlodg iut i`sdrvcjd, scnphy ug-jedjo telt plrtcjuhlr igd lgk jhcjo ted hcgd lmivd ir mdhiw tinlod yiur jelgbds `cglh. [ed kd`luht cs cg sdrvcjd.

0. Zwctjedk Zeugts

Zeugts lrd usdk cg ted piwdr systdn ti cnprivd ted qulhcty i` ted dhdjtrcjlh supphy lgk tedd``cjcdgt ipdrltcig i` ted piwdr systdn. [edrd lrd twi typds i` seugt jinpdgsltcig? seugtjlpljctcvd jinpdgsltcig lgk seugt cgkujtcvd jinpdgsltcig. [ed seugt jlpljctcvd jinpdgsltcigcs usdk ti cnprivd ted piwdr `ljtir wechd ted seugt cgkujtcvd jinpdgsltcig cs usdk ti nlcgtlcgted rdqucrdk vihtlbd hdvdh, bdgdrlhhy cg ted jlsd i` l vdry higb trlgsncsscig hcgd. Zwctjedkseugts lrd scnphy seugts telt elvd ted lmchcty ti md jigtrihhdk.

[ed Zwctjedk Zeugts tlm cg QZZ/D hcsts lhh i` ted seugt jinpdgsltcig cg ted ivdrlhh systdn,mite jlpljctcvd lgk cgkujtcvd, lhigb wcte lhh i` ted pdrtcgdgt cgìrnltcig ìr ted swctjedk seugts6

[ecs kcsphlys ted Mus Gunmdr iutsckd i` ted mrljodts lgk kcsphlys ted mus glndls wdhh ls ted mus vihtlbd cg oP cgsckd ted mrljodts. [ecs cs ted mus ti wecje tedseugt cs jiggdjtdk.

[ecs hcsts ted mus, my gunmdr, weisd vihtlbd ir jiggdjtdk dqucpndgt rdljtcvdpiwdr iutput cs jigtrihhdk my tecs swctjedk seugt. @ir dxlnphd, c` tedrd cs l musgunmdr itedr telg 1 cg ted rdnitd mus jihung tedg telt mus gunmdr cs jigtrihhdk


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my ted seugt. C` ted vlhud cs 1 ted mus cg ted jihung Mus Gunmdr/Glnd csjigtrihhdk my ted seugt.

[ecs hcsts ted ecbe vihtlbd hcncts (cg pdr ugct) ir ted rdljtcvd piwdr uppdr hcnct (cgpdr ugct) i` ted titlh rdljtcvd piwdr rlgbd i` ted jigtrihhdk vihtlbd jigtrihhcgb

kdvcjd i` ted swctjedk seugts, kdpdgkcgb ig wecje jigtrih nikd cs sdhdjtdk. [edjigtrih nikd cs lg cgedrdgt jelrljtdrcstcj i` ted seugt kdvcjd lgk wd wigtjigsckdr ct nuje nird telg telt. [ed kd`luht `ir PECcs


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\udstcigsIpdg ted slnphd.slv kltl `chd ti lgswdr ted `ihhiwcgb qudstcigs.


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HLM= IGD-HCGD KCLB]LNZ

DD;0


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QT]QIZD6 [ed purpisd i` tecs hlm cs ti cgtrikujd ted igd-hcgd kclbrln, lhsi ogiwg ls tedZhckdr `chd cg QZZ/D. [ecs hlm wchh cgtrikujd ted ìhhiwcgb lspdjts6

Cgtrikujtcig ti l igd-hcgd kclbrln Dxphlgltcig i` ted Zhckdr (*.ZHK) `chd

Tscgb ted Zhckdr `chd ti jrdltd l igd-hcgd kclbrln

[i pripdrhy pdrìrn tecs hlm, stlrt QZZ/D lgk ipdg ted slnphd.slv `chd. ]d`dr ti Hlm < ig eiw tiki tecs.

Cgtrikujtcig ti igd-hcgd kclbrlns

L igd-hcgd kclbrln cs l scnphc`cdk brlpecjlh rdprdsdgtltcig i` l terdd pelsd piwdr systdn, usdkdxtdgscvdhy cg piwdr `hiw stukcds. Cg piwdr dgbcgddrcgb, igd jlg nlod ted lssunptcig telt tedterdd pelsds i` l systdn lrd mlhlgjdk lgk jlg tedrdìrd md dxlncgdk ls l scgbhd pelsd. [edlssunptcig jlg md nlkd mdjlusd welt elppdgs ig igd i` ted terdd mlhlgjdk pelsds,tedirdtcjlhhy, wchh elppdg ti lhh terdd pelsds. [ecs nlods ted dvlhultcig i` ted systdn nuje hdss

jinphcjltdk wcteiut hiscgb lgy cgìrnltcig. Qdr ugct cs lhsi usdk dxtdgscvdhy cg igd-hcgdkclbrlns ti ùrtedr scnphc`y ted prijdss.

[ed nlcg jinpigdgts i` l igd-hcgd (ir scgbhd hcgd) kclbrln lrd? Musds, Mrlgjeds, Hilks,Nljecgds, = Rcgkcgb [rlgsìrndrs, Zwctjedk Zeugts, ]dljtir lgk Jlpljctir Mlgos.Lg dxphlgltcig i` tedsd jinpigdgts wchh giw md bcvdg6

Musds

Musds lrd rdprdsdgtdk ls l kit, jcrjhd ir l tecjo hcgd. [ed mus glnd (DLZ[411) lgk gunmdr (=1=)lrd bcvdg, ls wdhh ls ted vihtlbd ndlsurdk ig ted hcgd (4


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Hilks

Hilks lrd rdprdsdgtdk ls l trclgbhd wcte ted CK gunmdr hijltdk cgsckd ted trclgbhd. [ed rdlhpiwdr, QHILK, cs kdgitdk my ted gunmdr ig tip (=41NR), lgk ted rdljtcvd piwdr, \HILK, cskdgitdk my ted gunmdr ig mittin (


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]dljtir mlgos lrd rdprdsdgtdk ls lg cgkujtir lt ted dgk i` l hcgd. [ed gunmdr ig tip (ir ig tedhd`t c` ted rdljtir cs seiwg vdrtcjlh) cgkcjltds ted rdlh jelrbd lkncttlgjd, BZETG[, i` ted hcgd(:.0NR). C` yiu sdd l ZR cgstdlk i` l gunmdr, yiu lrd hiiocgb lt l swctjedk seugtjinpdgsltir (sdd lmivd). [ed gunmdr ig mittin (ir ig ted rcbet c` ted rdljtir cs seiwg vdrtcjlh)cgkcjltds ted rdljtcvd jelrbd lkncttlgjd, MZETG[, i` ted hcgd (;31.1Nvlr). [ed vihtlbd cscgkcjltdk my ted jihir i` ted rdljtir. Cg tecs dxlnphd, rdk cgkcjltds 411oP.

Jlpljctir Mlgo

Jlpljctir mlgos lrd rdprdsdgtdk ls l jlpljctir lt ted dgk i` l hcgd. [ed gunmdr ig tip (ir ig ted

hd`t c` ted jlpljctir cs seiwg vdrtcjlh) cgkcjltds ted rdlh jelrbd lkncttlgjd, BZETG[, i` ted hcgd(1.1NR). C` yiu sdd l ZR cgstdlk i` l gunmdr, yiu lrd hiiocgb lt l swctjedk seugtjinpdgsltir (sdd lmivd). [ed gunmdr ig mittin (ir ig ted rcbet c` ted jlpljctir cs seiwgvdrtcjlh) cgkcjltds ted rdljtcvd jelrbd lkncttlgjd, MZETG[, i` ted hcgd (-


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[i scnphc`y nlttdrs, lhh ted peyscjlh kltl rdhltdk ti dlje dhdndgt seiwg cg ted igd-hcgd kclbrlncs hcgodk ti ted kltl `chd (*.ZLP). [ecs wly, l scnphd tecg hcgd rdprdsdgts lhh i` ted kltl hijltdkcg ted mrlgje tlm. Lhh i` tecs kltl cs cgtdrjiggdjtdk lgk hcgodk si ls ti pdrìrn piwdr hiwlglhysds. Igjd l igd-hcgd kclbrln cs jrdltdk, ct jlg md slvdk ls l Zhckdr (*.ZHK) chd. [ed Zhckdr`chd jlg md lndgkdk lgk upkltdk ls gdjdsslry, ls higb ls ted lndgkndgts lgk upkltds

jirrdspigk wcte ted *.ZLP `chd, scgjd ted twi `chds lrd cgtdrtwcgdk.

Lgitedr lkvlgtlbd i` ted Zhckdr `chd cs telt igd jlg vcdw ted piwdr `hiw lgk ted ipdrltcgb hdvdhsi` l mrlgje. [ecs lhhiws l Qiwdr Dgbcgddr ti qucjohy sdd pitdgtclh triumhd spits cg l piwdrsystdn lgk jirrdjt tedn mdìrd primhdns ijjur. [ed prijdss i` pdrìrncgb l piwdr hiwlglhyscs cs ted nlcg imfdjtcvd i` tedsd hlms.

Tscgb ted Zhckdr `chd ti jrdltd l igd-hcgd kclbrln

Ls ndgtcigdk lmivd, cg irkdr ti pripdrhy pdrìrn tecs hlm, QZZ/D gddks ti md ruggcgb lgk tedkltl `chd slnphd.slv ipdgdk. ]d`dr mljo ti Hlm < c` primhdns lrcsd cg kicgb tecs.

Giw bi ledlk lgk hilk l gdw `chd lgk bdt sind musds krlwg!Hilk gdw shckdr (`chdgdwkclbrln)

C. @crst wd gddk ti hilk l `chd, lgk ti ljjinphcse tecs phdlsd ki ted ìhhiwcgb.CC. Ipdg QZZ/D (ct cs seiwg ig ted prdvcius hlm)CCC. Bi ti `chd, lgk jhcjo gdw ls seiwg6

CP. L`tdr jhcjocgb gdw yiu wchh sdd ted ìhhiwcgb6

ZdhdjtKclbrlnlgk jhcjo IO.P. L gdw kclbrln wchh md ipdgdk. [ecs cs wedrd ted ùturd krlwcgb wchh md jigstrujtdk.


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PC. [ed jihir jikd `ir lglhyzcgb ted igd-hcgd kclbrln wchh gddk ti md pribrlnndk tikcstcgbucse ted vlrcius vihtlbd rltcgbs `ir lhh ted kc``drdgt jinpigdgts telt ted systdnjigscsts i`. [ecs cs kigd my sdhdjtcgb KclbrlnLggitltcig).

[ecs wchh kcsphly ted Qiwdr hiw Kltl Lggitltcig wcgkiw. Zdhdjt ted Kclbrln ]lgbdJedjocgb tlm seiwg mdhiw6


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Jedjo Tsd vihtlbd hdvdh terdseihks. [ed vihtlbd hdvdh terdseihks wcte tedcrjirrdspigkcgb jihirs jlg giw md sdt. Zdt lhh vlhuds lgk jihirs ti nltje ted `ihhiwcgbwcgkiw.

([erdseihk vihtlbds `rin hd`t ti rcbet6


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PCC. L mus jlg md cnpirtdk `rin ted kltl (*.slv) `chd cgti ted kclbrln. [i ki tecs sdhdjtLuti Krlw (hijltdk ig ted tiih mlr) ls seiwg mdhiw6

Jhcjo ig lg ipdg spljd cg ted mhlgo kclbrln lgk ted `ihhiwcgb wcgkiw wchh mdkcsphlydk6

Gdxt jhcjo sdhdjt cg ted Zdhdjt Mus wcgkiw, ir typd ted kdscrdk mus gunmdr, wecjejinds `rin ted *.slv `chd. (cg tecs jlsd, mus gunmdr


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Jhcjo IO.

Gitd6 Ls prdvciushy ndgtcigdk ted mus jlg lhsi md nlgulhhy typdk cg ti socp tedmus sdhdjtcig wcgkiw.

Gitd6 C` l mus gunmdr cs git cg ted *.slv kltl `chd ted `ihhiwcgb drrir ndsslbd wchhmd kcsphlydk6

Jhcjo IO lgk dgtdr mus gunmdr


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***C` gddkdk, ted tibbhd mus synmih `dlturd jlg md lpphcdk ti kcsphly musds ls kits, jcrjhds, irhcgds. [ecs cs kigd my sdhdjtcgb l jinpigdgt my hd`t jhcjocgb ig ct (ted sdhdjtdk jinpigdgt wchhelvd l mhljo squlrd ig dlje jirgdr), lgk tedg rcbet jhcjo ig ted mus synmih lgk sdhdjtcgb [ibbhdmus synmih.

PCCC. **CNQI][LG[6 [ed kltl `chd (*.slv) lgk shckdr (*.shk) kclbrln lrdcgtdrjiggdjtdk, tedrd`ird kdhdtcgb l miugk ctdn `rin l kclbrln rdnivds ct `rin

ted *.slv kltl `chd lgk wchh rdsuht cg lglhyscs jirruptcig. [ecs ndlgs telt c` l

jelgbd cs nlkd ti dctedr i` ted `chds ted itedr wchh md l``djtdk. [i lvick pisscmhd

jirruptcig i` ted kltl `chd, ted mcgk ctdns `dlturd seiuhk md turgdk i``. [ecs cs

kigd my rcbet jhcjocgb ig l mus lgk jhcjocgb ig mcgk ctdns ls seiwg mdhiw6

CU. Igjd ted mcgk ctdns elvd mddg ugsdhdjtdk, ct cs sl`d ti briw l snlhh sdjtcig i` tedkltl `chd cgti l igd-hcgd kclbrln. [ecs cs kigd my rcbet jhcjocgb ig l mus lgk sdhdjtcgbBriw.

Kc``drdgt mus synmihs seiwg mdhiw?

Kit6 Jcrjhd6 Hcgd6

***@ir lhh purpisds i` tecs hlm ted hcgd mus synmih

wchh md usdk.


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U. [ry ti briw iut mus gunmdr


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[i mdgk l hcgd, cgsdrt l ogdd picgt. [ecs cs kigd my sdhdjtcgb Ogdd Qicgt `rin ted tiihmlr lgk tedg jhcjocgb ig ted hcgd wedrd ted ogdd cs kdscrdk. Nuhtcphd ogdds ig l hcgd nlymd gdjdsslry cg irkdr ti elvd nird jigtrih i` ted kdscbg i` ted hlyiut. Igjd ted ogdd csphljdk ted hcgd jlg md mdgt ti lgy lgbhd my brlmmcgb lgk krlbbcgb ted picgt. Lg dxlnphdi` l hcgd wcte twi ogdds cg ct cs seiwg mdhiw6

UCC. L`tdr l jhdlg hlyiut els mddg ljecdvdk ted systdn cs rdlky ti md sihvdk. Zihvcgb lsystdn lhhiws QZZ/D ti nlod lhh ted gdjdsslry jlhjuhltcigs usdk cg l piwdr `hiwlglhyscs. [ecs jlg md kigd my jhcjocgb ig ted sihvd cjig ig ted tiihmlr.

[ed `ihhiwcgb wcgkiw wchh md kcsphlydk6

Jig`cburd ted Hilk`hiw sihutcigs wcgkiw tinltje ted igd kcsphlydk. [ecs jiuhk cgjhukdsdhdjtcgb ted Hijo lhh rlkclh muttig ugkdrZwctjedk seugt lkfustndgts lgk ugjedjo

Lkfust KJ tlps.


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Jhcjo ig sihvd lgk QZZ/D wchh sihvd ted systdn lgk stird ted rdsuhts cg ted pribrdsswcgkiw.

UCCC. L`tdr ted systdn els mddg sihvdk, ted hilkcgb pdrjdgtlbds jlg md kcsphlydk myjhcjocgb ted jurrdgt hilkcgbs cjig ig ted tiih mlr. [ed `ihhiwcgb wchh

md kcsphlydk6

UCP. Igjd ted systdn els mddg sihvdk, ted @hiw lgcnltcig jlg md kcsphlydk my jhcjocgbted lgcnltd `hiws cjig ig ted tiih mlr. [ed `ihhiwcgb wchh mdkcsphlydk6


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\udstcigs[ed slnphd.slv kltl `chd nust md ipdg ti pdr`irn tecs sdjtcig i` ted hlm.

@crst, muchk iut l igd-hcgd kclbrln ti cgjhukd ted `ihhiw tdg musds6


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HLM: ZIHPCGB @I] IT[LBDZ

DD;0


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QT]QIZD6 [ed purpisd i` tecs hlm cs ti cgtrikujd eiw ti sihvd ìr iutlbds cg ted piwdrsystdn. [ecs hlm wchh ìjus ig pdrìrncgb l piwdr `hiw stuky my nlgulhhy jrdltcgb iutlbds,sihvcgb ted systdn lgk rdjirkcgb ted d``djts i` ted cgkcvckulh iutlbds. [ecs hlm wchh cgtrikujdted ìhhiwcgb lspdjts6

Hilkcgb l Zhckdr `chd (*.shk) Cgtdrprdtcgb l piwdr `hiw lglhyscs Jrdltcgb lg iutlbd Zihvcgb ìr iutlbds


Hilkcgb l shckdr `chd (*.shk)

L`tdr ted slnphd.slv `chd cs kcsphlydk, sdhdjt ipdg ig ted tiihmlr.

[ed ipdg kclhib mix wchh md kcsphlydk, lgk wchh lutinltcjlhhy glrriw ted sdlrje ti *.slv `chdtypds. [i hilk l shckdr (*.shk) `chd, scnphy jelgbd ted `chd typd ti l Zhckdr Mcglry @chd (*.shk)lgk sdhdjt ted shckdr `chd jrdltdk cg Hlm =.

[ed shckdr `chd jrdltdk cg hlm = seiuhk md kcsphlydk ig ted sjrddg lgk seiuhk md scnchlr ti ted`cburd seiwg mdhiw6 C` ted kltl ig ted mrlgjeds cs brlydk iut, ted systdn gddks ti md sihvdk.QZZ/D brlys iut ted kltl ti hdt ted usdr ogiw telt ted systdn gddks ti md sihvdk. Zcnphy sihvdted systdn ls seiwg cg Hlm =.


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Cgtdrprdtcgb l piwdr `hiw lglhyscs

Rcte ted shckdr `chd ipdg lgk ted systdn sihvdk, kcsphly ted jurrdgt hilkcgb pdrjdgtlbds. [ecsprijdss wls dxphlcgdk cg Hlm =. Igjd ted jurrdgt hilkcgbs lrd kcsphlydk lgk ted systdn cssihvdk ted shckdr wchh md scnchlr ti ted igd mdhiw6

QZZ/D lutinltcjlhhy kcsphlys ted jurrdgt

Jrdltcgb lgk sihvcgb `ir iutlbds

Giw tlod igd hcgd lt ted tcnd, sihvd ct, lgk kcsphly ct wcte jurrdgt hilkcgbs.Bi ledlk rcbet jhcjo ig ted kdscrdk mus/hcgd, `rin wecje yiu wchh sdd ted `ihhiwcgb ndgu.

[ecs vcdw nlods ct pisscmhd ti pcgpicgt wedrd pisscmhd ivdrhilks lgk/ir primhdns nly dxcst cgted systdn. My cgspdjtcgb ted mrlgje mdtwddg Mus #


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cs mdjlusd ted mrlgje cs ruggcgb nuje ecbedr telg cts rltdk jlpljcty lgk rdqucrds cnndkcltdlttdgtcig ti lvick pdrnlgdgt klnlbd ti ted mrlgje lgk/ir ted dqucpndgt. Lt ted dgk i` tecs hlm,l rdsuhts tlmhd cs privckdk. @chh iut ted `crst riw, hlmdhdk Gi Iutlbds, wcte ted jurrdgt rltcgbsi` dlje mrlgje `rin ted `cburd lmivd.

Jrdltcgb lg iutlbd

Ct cs cnpirtlgt ti sdd eiw ted systdn cs rdljtcgb cg cts mlsd jlsd wcte dvdrytecgb ùhhy ùgjtciglh.Eiwdvdr, ct cs gdjdsslry ti cgvdstcbltd eiw ted systdn wchh rdljt c` lg iutlbd ijjurs. [i ki tecs,ct cs gdjdsslry ti kdhcmdrltdhy tlod l mus, mrlgje ir pcdjd i` dqucpndgt iut i` sdrvcjd lgkcgvdstcbltd cts cnpljt ig ted rdst i` ted systdn.

Cg irkdr ti swctje iut l mus, mrlgje ir pcdjd i` dqucpndgt, sdhdjt ted ctdn ti md swctjedk iut myrcbet jhcjocgb ig ted kdvcjd lgk sdhdjtcgb Zwctje `rin ted ndgu mix ls seiwg cg ted cnlbdmdhiw6

**]DNDNMD]6 [ed kltl `chd (*.slv) lgk shckdr (*.shk) kclbrln lrd cgtdrjiggdjtdk,tedrdìrd kdhdtcgb l miugk ctdn `rin l kclbrln rdnivds ct `rin ted *.slv kltl `chd lgk wchh

rdsuht cg lglhyscs jirruptcig. [ecs ndlgs telt c` l jelgbd cs nlkd ti dctedr i` ted `chds ted

itedr wchh md l``djtdk. [i lvick pisscmhd jirruptcig i` ted kltl `chd, ted mcgk ctdns

`dlturd seiuhk md turgdk i``. [ecs cs kigd my rcbet jhcjocgb ig l mus lgk jhcjocgb ig mcgk

ctdns.

Giw swctje Mus #


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Gitcjd wedg l kdvcjd cs swctjedk iut i` sdrvcjd ct turgs cgti kittdk hcgds lgk ted igd-hcgdkclbrln cs brlydk iut. [ed kittdk hcgds cgkcjltd telt ted ctdns lrd git cg sdrvcjd lgk wedg tedsystdn els mddg brlydk iut ct els mddg jelgbdk lgk gddks ti md sihvdk lblcg.

Giw sihvd ted systdn.

]djirk ted jurrdgt rltcgbs `ir dlje mrlgje cg ted sdjigk riw, nlrodk


65/112

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Cg irkdr ti swctje lg ctdn mljo cgti sdrvcjd, hd`t jhcjo ted swctjedk iut ctdn ti sdhdjt ct, rcbetjhcjo lgk sdhdjt Zwctje fust ls md`ird. Giw, swctje Mus #


66/112

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Gitd6 Redg sind musds lrd swctjedk iut, yiu wchh rdjdcvd ted ìhhiwcgb drrir ndsslbd.

Jhcjo IO lgk swctje ted kdvcjd mljo cgti sdrvcjd. @chh cg ted jirrdspigkcgb riw cg ted rdsuhtstlmhd wcte G/L ìr dlje jihung ig dlje i` ted musds telt kcsphly tecs ndsslbd upig mdcgbswctjedk iut.

[ecs cs mdjlusd? tedrd jlg md nuhtcphd cshlgks dlje i` wecje jigtlcgs l systdn swcgb mus, wcteKJ hcgos jiggdjtcgb tedn. QZZ/D pdrìrns ted rdqucrdk mus typd jikd lgk mrlgje stltus `hlb

jelgbds ti kcsjiggdjt lhh musds telt wdrd hcstdk ls git tcdk mljo ti l swcgb mus. Lgy cg sdrvcjd kjhcgds jiggdjtdk ti suje musds lrd mhijodk. Lgy cg-sdrvcjd sdrcds @LJ[Z kdvcjds jiggdjtdk tisuje musds lrd phljdk iut-i`-sdrvcjd. [ecs prijdss cs rdpdltdk ìr dlje cshlgk.


67/112

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\udstcigs[ed slnphd.slv kltl `chd ls wdhh ls ted hlm=.shk shckdr `chd nust md ipdg ti pdrìrn tecssdjtcig i` ted hlm.

Ls wls ndgtcigdk mdìrd, tecs prijdss jlg md kigd ig mrlgjeds lgk dqucpndgt ls wdhh ls ig

musds. Rcte lhh musds swctjedk ig lgk ted systdn sihvdk ìr, sdhdjt ted bdgdrltir jiggdjtdk tiMus #


68/112

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M]LGJEDZ /

IT[LBDZ


69/112

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HLM; J]DL[D LJ JIG[CGBDGJS JLHJTHL[CIG ]DQI][

DD;0


70/112

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QT]QIZD6 [ed purpisd i` tecs hlm cs ti cgtrikujd ted jigtcgbdgjy `chd, nigctir `chd, lgk tedsumsystdn `chds. [ecs hlm wchh dxphlcg eiw ted terdd `chds lrd utchczdk my ted LJ JigtcgbdgjyJlhjuhltcig (LJJJ) `dlturd i` QZZ/D ti pdrìrn l piwdr hiw stuky ig l plrtcjuhlr zigd. [ecshlm wchh cgtrikujd ted ìhhiwcgb lspdjts6

Cgtrikujtcig ti piwdr `hiw stuky Jigtcgbdgjy `chd (*.jig) Nigctir `chd (*.nig) Zumsystdn `chd (*.sum) LJJJ Tscgb ted *.jig, *.nig, lgk *.sum ti jrdltd lg LJJJ rdpirt


Cgtrikujtcig ti piwdr `hiw stuky

[ed piwdr `hiw stuky telt wchh md jigkujtdk cg tecs hlm wchh md mlsdk ig ted slnphd.slv `chd. [edmlsd jlsd, ir systdn cgtljt, cs l ùhhy ipdrltciglh systdn cg wecje dvdrytecgb cs wirocgb ted wlyct wls cgtdgkdk ti. Eiwdvdr, cg l rdlh wirhk sjdglrci ted systdn cs git lhwlys ùgjtcigcgbwctecg cts ipdrltcgb hcncts. Cg lkkctcig, c` l jelgbd ti ted systdn cs rdqucrdk, ct cs kdscrdk ti elvdl wly ti prdkcjt ted pisctcvd lgk gdbltcvd d``djts telt nly lrcsd wcte ted jelgbd. Cg hlm :, hcgdswdrd nlgulhhy swctjedk iut i` sdrvcjd ti scnuhltd eiw ted brck rdljts kud ti ted jigtcgbdgjy.[ed shckdr `chd telt wls nlgcpuhltdk cs fust l pcdjd i` ted weihd systdn. Ct wiuhk md vdry elrk tibriw ted weihd systdn cgti l shckdr `chd ti sdd lhh ted ivdrhilks telt nly ijjur wedg ljigtcgbdgjy cs tlodg. [ecs hlm wchh dxphlcg eiw ti lutinltcjlhhy tlod jigtcgbdgjcds lgk vcdw lhhted ivdrhilks kud ti ted iutlbds.

Jigtcgbdgjy `chd (*.jig)[ed jigtcgbdgjy `chd cs pribrlnndk ti rdnivd dqucpndgt, igd pcdjd lt l tcnd `rin sdrvcjd? tecscs rd`drrdk ti ls l jigtcgbdgjy. Redg ted systdn cs ùhhy ipdrltciglh, ct els gi iutlbds, lgk csrd`drrdk ti ls systdn cgtljt ir (G-1). Redg l scgbhd hcgd cs tlodg iut i` sdrvcjd, ted jlsd cs tedgrd`drrdk ti ls lg (G-


71/112

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[rljd stlrts ted pribrln. [ed gdxt hcgd glnds ted (G-


72/112

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LJJJ

[ed jigtcgbdgjy, nigctir, lgk sumsystdn `chds lrd utchczdk my ted LJ Jigtcgbdgjy Jlhjuhltcig(LJJJ) `dlturd i` QZZ/D ti pdrìrn l piwdr `hiw stuky ig l prdsjrcmdk zigd. [ed LJJJprikujds lg lglhyscs i` ted piwdr systdn.

Tscgb ted *.jig, *.nig, lgk *.sum ti jrdltd lg LJJJ rdpirt

@ir ted purpisd i` tecs hlm l slnphd.jig, slnphd.nig lgk slnphd.sum `chd lrd privckdk lsdxlnphds ti pdrìrn lg LJJJ lglhyscs. Ztlrt QZZ/D lgk hilk ted slnphd.slv `chd. [i pdrìrnlg LJJJ lglhyscs jhcjo ig ted Qiwdr @hiw krip kiwg ndgu lgk sdhdjt Zihutcig LJjigtcgbdgjy sihutcig (LJJJ).

[ed LJ Jigtcgbdgjy Zihutcig wcgkiw wchh md kcsphlydk6


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L Kcstrcmutcig @ljtir Kltl @chd (K@LU) gddks ti md jrdltdk my hilkcgb ted privckdk slnphd.jig,slnphd.nig lgk slnphd.sum `chds. Jhcjo ig ted Jrdltd K@LU muttig, lgk ted MuchkKcstrcmutcig @ljtir Kltl @chd wcgkiw wchh md kcsphlydk6

Jhcjo ig ted terdd kits gdxt ti ted Zumsystdn kdsjrcptcig kltl tdxt `cdhk ti hilk tedslnphd.sum `chd.

Hijltd ted kcrdjtiry jigtlcgcgb ted slnphd `chds ti sdhdjt ted Zlnphd.sum `chd lgk jhcjo Ipdg.[ed slnphd.sum `chd wchh md hilkdk cg ted Zumsystdn kdsjrcptcig kltl tdxt `cdhk cg ted MuchkKcstrcmutcig @ljtir Kltl @chd wcgkiw.


74/112

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Gdxt, jhcjo ig ted terdd kits gdxt ti ted Nigctirdk dhdndgt kltl tdxt `cdhk ti hilk tedslnphd.nig `chd.

Zdhdjt ted Zlnphd.nig `chd lgk jhcjo Ipdg. [ed slnphd.nig `chd wchh md hilkdk cg tedZumsystdn kdsjrcptcig kltl tdxt `cdhk cg ted Muchk Kcstrcmutcig @ljtir Kltl @chd wcgkiw.

Giw, jhcjo ig ted terdd kits gdxt ti ted Jigtcgbdgjy kdsjrcptcig kltl tdxt `cdhk ti hilkted slnphd.jig `chd.

Zdhdjt ted Zlnphd.jig `chd lgk jhcjo Ipdg. [ed slnphd.jig `chd wchh md hilkdk cg tedZumsystdn kdsjrcptcig kltl tdxt `cdhk.


75/112

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Gdxt, l hijltcig `ir ted K@LU iutput `chd gddks ti md lsscbgdk. [ecs cs kigd my jhcjocgb ig tedterdd kits gdxt ti ted Kcstrcmutcig `ljtir kltl iutput `chd tdxt `cdhk.

Zdhdjt ted @chd glnd tdxt `cdhk, typd slnphd.k`x ti glnd ted K@LU iutput `chd, lgk jhcjoIpdg. [ecs wchh jrdltd ted iutput `chd cg ted kcrdjtiry hcstdk cg ted wcgkiw lgk jlg md jrdltdkcg l kc``drdgt kcrdjtiry c` gddkdk. [ed slnphd.k`x `chd wchh md hilkdk cg ted Kcstrcmutcig `ljtirkltl iutput `chd tdxt `cdhk cg ted Muchk Kcstrcmutcig @ljtir Kltl @chd wcgkiw.

[ed Muchk Kcstrcmutcig @ljtir Kltl @chd wcgkiw wchh hiio hcod ted igd mdhiw l`tdr lhh ted slnphd`chds lgk Kcstrcmutcig `ljtir kltl iutput `chd elvd mddg spdjc`cdk.

Jhcjo IO ti rdturg ti ted LJ Jigtcgbdgjy Zihutcigs wcgkiw, wcte ted slnphd.k`x `chd hilkdkcg ted Kcstrcmutcig `ljtir kltl iutput `chd tdxt `cdhk.


76/112

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@cglhhy, l hijltcig `ir ted LJJJ iutput `chd gddks ti md lsscbgdk. [ecs cs kigd my jhcjocgb ig tedterdd kits gdxt ti ted Jigtcgbdgjy iutput `chd tdxt `cdhk.

Zdhdjt ted @chd glnd tdxt `cdhk, typd slnphd.ljj ti glnd ted LJJJ iutput `chd, lgk jhcjo Ipdg.[ecs wchh jrdltd ted iutput `chd cg ted kcrdjtiry hcstdk cg ted wcgkiw lgk jlg md jrdltdk cg lkc``drdgt kcrdjtiry c` gddkdk. [ed slnphd.ljj `chd wchh md hilkdk cg ted Jigtcgbdgjy iutput `chdtdxt `cdhk cg ted LJ Jigtcgbdgjy Zihutcig wcgkiw ls seiwg mdhiw6

Jhcjo Zihvd ti sihvd ted systdn wcte ted hilkdk slnphd `chds.


77/112

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Giw, jhcjo ]dpirts ti hilk ted LJ Jigtcgbdgjy ]dpirts wcgkiw6

Hdlvd dvdrytecgb sdt ti ted kd`luht vlhuds lgk jhcjo ted Bi muttig ti rug ted LJJJ rdpirt.

Jhcjo jhisd ti dxct ted LJ Jigtcgbdgjy ]dpirts wcgkiw, jhcjo jhisd lblcg ti dxct ted LJJigtcgbdgjy Zihutcigs lgk rdturg ti ted tdrncglh wcgkiw.

Jhcjo ig ted rdpirt tlm ti vcdw ted jinphdtdk LJJJ ]dpirt.


78/112

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[ed nigctirdk mrlgje sdjtcig seiws lhh ted mrlgjeds telt wdrd ivdrhilk kud ti l jigtcgbdgjy.[ed jigtcgbdgjy sdjtcig seiws wecje mrlgje wls lutinltcjlhhy tlodg iut i` sdrvcjd my tedLJJJ, wecje rdsuhtdk cg lg ivdrhilk. [ed mlsd jlsd jigtcgbdgjcds seiw ted systdn cgtljtivdrhilks md`ird lgy mrlgjeds wdrd rdnivdk `rin sdrvcjd.

Zjrihh ti ted rcbet ig ted rdpirt wcgkiw ti vcdw ted rltcgb i` ted hcgd cg NRs, ted piwdr `hiw i`ted hcgd cg NRs, lgk ted pdrjdgt ivdrhilk.

Lt ted mittin i` ted rdpirt ted Nigctirdk vihtlbd rdpirt & Jigtcgbdgjy hdbdgk jlg md sddg, mutcs git i` scbgc`cjlgt cnpirtlgjd `ir tecs hlm.


79/112

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\udstcigs[ed slnphd.slv kltl `chd nust md ipdg ti pdrìrn tecs sdjtcig i` ted hlm.

Tscgb ted slnphd.jig jigtcgbdgjy `chd, ted slnphd.nig nigctir `chd lgk ted slnphd.sumsumsystdn `chd telt elvd mddg privckdk, jrdltd l slnphd.k`x K@LU lgk l slnphd.ljj LJ

jigtcgbdgjy `chd. Zihvd ted systdn wcte ted hilkdk slnphd `chds lgk rug ted LJJJ rdpirt lsseiwg lmivd. Pcdw ted rdpirt bdgdrltdk my QZZ/D lgk prcgt iut ted rdpirt, tecs prcgt iut wchhgddk ti md cgjhukdk cg ted hlm rdpirt. Ct wchh lhsi md edhpùh cg lgswdrcgb ted ìhhiwcgb qudstcigs.


80/112

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HLM4 NTH[CQHD LJJJ ]DQI][

DD;0


81/112

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QT]QIZD6 [ed purpisd i` tecs hlm cs ti blcg lg ugkdrstlgkcgb i` eiw ti nikc`y tedjigtcgbdgjy `chd, nigctir `chd, lgk ted sumsystdn `chds prdvciushy cgtrikujdk cg hlm ;. [ecs hlmwchh dxphlcg eiw ted Nuhtcphd LJ Jigtcgbdgjy jlhjuhltcig rdpirt `dlturd i` QZZ/D jrdltds lscgbhd rdpirt wcte nuhtcphd LJJJs cgti igd `chd. [ecs hlm wchh cgtrikujd ted ihhiwcgb lspdjts6

Nikc`y jigtcgbdgjy `chd (*.jig) Nikc`y nigctir `chd (*.nig) Nikc`y sumsystdn `chd (*.sum) LJJJ Nuhtcphd LJ jigtcgbdgjy jlhjuhltcig rdpirt


Ipdg ted slnphd.shk shckdr `chd cgjhukdk wcte QZZ/D.

Nlod surd ti sdhdjt Zhckdr Mcglry @chd (*.shk) `chd cg ted @chds i` typd6 krip kiwg ndgu.


82/112

- 5< -

[ed slnphd.shk shckdr `chd privckdk cs seiwg mdhiw6

[ecs shckdr `chd chhustrltds ted slnphd brck mriodg up cgti 3 zigds. [ed zigds lrd seiwg wctecgted kittdk hcgds. @rin tecs picgt l *.jig, *.nig lgk *.sum `chd gddk ti md jrdltdk `ir dlje zigdti jrdltd lg LJJJ iutput `chd ir telt zigd. [ed LJJJ iutput `chds jlg tedg md cnphdndgtdk cgl nuhtcphd LJ jigtcgbdgjy jlhjuhltcig rdpirt.

[ed *.jig, *.nig lgk *.sum `chds wdrd dxphlcgdk cg hlm ;, lgk jlg md rd`drrdk ti c` gddkdk. [edsd`chds lrd jrdltdk lgk dkctdk cg gitdplk tedg slvdk ls tedcr spdjc`cdk `chd typds.

Ipdg l mhlgo gitdplk kijundgt


83/112

- 5= -

Jinphdtd ted spdjc`cj *.jig, *.nig & *.sum `chds. [ed Vigd0.jig `chd cs privckdk ls lg dxlnphd.

[ed Vigd0.jig `chd cs jinphdtdk lgk rdlky ti md slvdk.


84/112

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Zdhdjt Lhh @chds cg ted Zlvd ls typd krip kiwg ndgu, typd cg ted glnd i` ted spdjc`cj `chd lgkjhcjo slvd.

Dxlnphds i` Vigd0.jig, zigd0.nig lgk zigd0.sum `chds lrd jrdltdk cg gitdplk, lgk privckdk.

Gitd6 Cg irkdr ti dkct *.jig, *.nig lgk *.sum `chds gitdplk gddks ti md lssijcltdk ti ted `chdtypds.

Kiumhd jhcjo ig ted *.jig, *.nig ir *.sum `chd, jeiisd ted Zdhdjt ted pribrln `rin l hcst rlkclhmuttig lgk jhcjo IO.

[ed Ipdg Rcte wcgkiw cs kcsphlydk.


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Zjrihh kiwg lgk sdhdjt Gitdplk `rin ted hcst i` pribrlns. Gdxt, jedjo ted mix gdxt tiLhwlys usd ted sdhdjtdk pribrln ti ipdg tecs ocgk i` `chd lgk jhcjo IO. [ecs wchh lhhiw *.jig,*.nig lgk *.sum `chds ti md ipdgdk lgk dkctdk cg gitdplk my kiumhd jhcjocgb ted `chds.

Nikc`y jigtcgbdgjy `chd (*.jig)

Jrdltd ted Vigd#.jig cg gitdplk lgk slvd ct. [ed Vigd0.jig `chd jlg md jipcdk cgti gitdplk,dkctdk lgk slvdk ti ted spdjc`cj zigd `chd ls gddkdk ti edhp wcte ted dkctcgb prijdss. [edzigd0.jig `chd cs privckdk mdhiw ls lg dxlnphd.

JINJIN Jigtcgbdgjy Kdsjrcptcig @chd `ir VIGD0 Ztuky, IutlbdsJIN[]LJDJIG[CGBDGJS NK4-RNG[]CQ HCGD @]IN MTZ


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Nikc`y sumsystdn `chd (*.sum)

Jrdltd ted Vigd#.sum cg gitdplk lgk slvd ct. [ed Vigd0.sum `chd jlg md jipcdk cgti gitdplk,dkctdk lgk slvdk ti ted spdjc`cj zigd `chd ls gddkdk ti edhp wcte ted dkctcgb prijdss. [edzigd0.sum `chd cs privckdk mdhiw ls lg dxlnphd.

JINJIN Zystdn kcsjrcptcig `chd `ir VIGD0 @HIR Z[TKS

JINZTMZSZ[DN VIGD0MTZ :11

wapa paper2(power flow in psse)

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