IwanSulistyo

WarandPeaceh/p://mmimageslarge.moviemail-online.co.uk/6003_WarPeace-3.JPG

SiVisPacem,ParaBellum

2

The studyof “warandpeace”is part of “Security andStrategicStudies.”

3

4

Snyder, Contemporary Security and Strategy. 3rd Edn. (Basingstoke: Palgrave MacMillan, 2011), p. 3.

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SecurityStudies(EnglishSchoolorBri8shSchool);1980s–1990s-now•  Ithasalargerdefini/onandscopeofsecurity.•  Focusinglargelyonnon-militarythreats,non-state

actors,andvariousnon-tradi/onalsecurityissues.

StrategicStudies(AmericanApproach)Focusingmuchmoreonthemilitarythreatstostate,causesandconsequencesofwar;conductofwar.

WhatisWar?“Warisorganisedviolencecarriedonbypoli8calunitsagainsteachother.ViolenceisnotwarunlessitiscarriedoutinthenameofapoliPcalunit;whatdisPnguisheskillinginwarfrommurderisitsvicariousandofficialcharacter,thesymbolicresponsibilityoftheunitwhoseagentthekilleris.Equally,violencecarriedoutinthenameofapoliPcalunitisnotwarunlessitisdirectedagainstanotherpoliPcalunit;theviolenceemployedbythestateintheexecuPonofcriminalsorthesuppressionofpiratesdoesnotqualifybecauseitisdirectedagainstindividuals.”

6

HedleyBull,TheAnarchicalSociety:AStudyofOrderinWorldPoli/cs.3rdedn.(NewYork:Palgrave,2002),p.178.

War?

“WarismerelytheconPnuaPonofpolicybyothermeans.”–CarlvonClausewitz,OnWar[1832/1984:87)

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sustained,coordinatedviolencebetweenpoliPcalorganizaPons.sustained,coordinatedviolencebetweenpoliPcalorganizaPons.

“sustained,coordinatedviolencebetweenpoli/calorganiza/ons.”

•  “Warhasbeenapersistentpa/ernofinteracPonbetweenandwithinstatesandotherpoliPcalunitsformillennia.InitsmanyvariePes,itisprobablythemostdestrucPveformofhumanbehavior.Warkillspeople,destroysresources,retardseconomicdevelopment,ruinsenvironments,spreadsdisease,expandsgovernments,militarizessociePes,reshapescultures,disruptsfamilies,andtraumaPzespeople.PreparaPonforwar,whetherforconquestorforprotecPon,divertsvaluedresourcesfrommoreconstrucPvesocialacPviPes,anditocenunderminessecurityratherthanenhancesit.”[JackS.LevyandWilliamR.Thompson,CausesofWar(Chichester:JohnWiley&Sons,2010,p.1]

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•  “WarsarethemostdestrucPveofhumanacPviPes.TheenormoushumancostsofwarhavenotpreventedcountlessrepePPonsofthephenomenonthroughouthumanhistoryinallpartsoftheworld.AnesPmatedtwomillionpeoplelosttheirlivesontheba/lefieldsduringEurope’sThirtyYears’War(1618–1648),2.5millionduringtheFrenchRevoluPonandNapoleonicWars(1792–1815),7.7millioninWorldWarI(1914–1918),and13millioninWorldWarII(1939–1945).SuchesPmatesdonotevenincludethedeathandinjuryofcivilianpopulaPons,nordotheyadequatelyreflectthedevastaPoncausedbycivilwars(warswithinastate).ThegreatAmericanCivilWarof1861–1865,forexample,resultedinmoreAmericandeaths—600,000—thanallotherwarsfoughtbyAmericansfrom1776tothepresent,combined.”

9PaulR.ViopandMarkV.Kauppi,Interna/onalRela/ons:WorldPoli/cs.Fichedn.(Boston:Pearson,2013,p.296).

10h/p://media4.s-nbcnews.com/j/MSNBC/Components/Slideshows/_producPon/ss-100429-vietnam/ss-100429-vietnam-18.ss_full.jpg

•  “ThequesPon“Whydowarsoccur?”isnotallthatdifferentfromthequesPon“Whatfactorsaccountforpeace?”andinternaPonalrelaPonspracPPonersapplyvarioustheoriestomakepredicPonsoffuturepa/ernsortrendsininterstateconflict.Indeed,warandpeacecanbeviewedasoppositesidesofthesamecoin.”

PaulR.ViopandMarkV.Kauppi,Interna/onalRela/ons:WorldPoli/cs.Fichedn.(Boston:Pearson,2013,p.296).

PaulR.ViopandMarkV.Kauppi,Interna/onalRela/ons:WorldPoli/cs.Fichedn.(Boston:Pearson,2013,p.294).

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h/p://resources2.news.com.au/images/2011/06/17/1226076/917618-110617-korea-war-book-2.jpg

• WarinthematerialsenseàactualhosPliPes

• WarinthelegalornormaPvesenseà

12

HedleyBull,TheAnarchicalSociety:AStudyofOrderinWorldPoli/cs.3rdedn.(NewYork:Palgrave,2002),p.179.

13

HedleyBull,TheAnarchicalSociety:AStudyofOrderinWorldPoli/cs.3rdedn.(NewYork:Palgrave,2002),p.180.

WarandWarfare•  “Warisalegalconcept,asocialinsPtuPon,andisacompoundideathatembracesthetotalrelaPonshipbetweenbelligerents.Incontrast,warfarereferstotheactualconductofwarinitsmilitarydimension.WarfarebearsthecharacterisPc,evendefining,stampofviolence.StatesandotherpoliPcalcommuniPeswagewarfareinordertoprosecutetheirwars.However,thetwoconceptsarevitallydifferent,asthepast200yearsrevealwithstartlingclarity.”[ColinS.Gray,War,PeaceandInterna/onalRela/ons:anIntroduc/ontoStrategicHistory(NewYork:Routledge,2007,p.6]

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BelligerentsàanaPonorpersonengagedinwarorconflict,asrecognizedbyinternaPonallaw.

CivilWar?“warwithinastateandsocietyastwoormorefacPonscompeteforgovernmentalpowerandauthority.”

15P.R Viotti dan M.V. Kauppi, International Relations and World Politics, 5th edn, (New Jersey: Pearson, 2013, p. 298.

GenevaConven8on1949

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Just-WarTheory:JusadBellumandJusinBello

•  Just-WarTheoryà“Argumentsastotheacceptedcircumstancesinwhichstatescangotowarandconductwarfare.”–  jusadbellumà“LaPntermformoralcriteriaestablishingtherighttogotowar.”[hukumtentangkeabsahanPndakanperang]

–  jusinbelloà“LaPntermformoralcriteriaestablishingrightconductinwar.”[hukumyangberlakuuntuksituasisengketabersenjata,padasaatperang,hukumhumaniterinternasional]

17P.R Viotti dan M.V. Kauppi, International Relations and World Politics, 5th edn, (New Jersey: Pearson, 2013, pp. 318-319.

jusadbellum

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juscontrabellum(Hukumyangmelarangperang)

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h/p://www.un.org/sites/www.un.org/files/2015/08/24/9289211012835_cover_en.jpg

SanFrancisco,1945

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CONTENTPreambleChapterI:PurposesandPrinciplesChapterII:MembershipChapterIII:OrgansChapterIV:TheGeneralAssemblyChapterV:TheSecurityCouncilChapterVI:PacificSe/lementofDisputesChapterVII:Ac8onwithRespecttoThreatstothePeace,BreachesofthePeaceandActsofAggressionChapterVIII:RegionalArrangementsChapterIX:InternaPonalEconomicandSocialCo-operaPonChapterX:TheEconomicandSocialCouncilChapterXI:DeclaraPonregardingNon-Self-GoverningTerritoriesChapterXII:InternaPonalTrusteeshipSystemChapterXIII:TheTrusteeshipCouncilChapterXIV:TheInternaPonalCourtofJusPceChapterXV:TheSecretariatChapterXVI:MiscellaneousProvisionsChapterXVII:TransiPonalSecurityArrangementsChapterXVIII:AmendmentsChapterXIX:RaPficaPonandSignature

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StrategyandTacDcs

•  strategyà“planthatconnectscapabiliPes(ormeans)toendsorobjecPvessought.”

•  tacDcsà“themethodsorwayinwhichonetakesacPonsorconductsoperaPons.”

22P.R Viotti dan M.V. Kauppi, International Relations and World Politics, 5th edn, (New Jersey: Pearson, 2013, pp. 318-319.