War and Peace War and Peace Chapter 5Chapter 5

How did military events and How did military events and their consequences contribute their consequences contribute to the foundations of Canadato the foundations of Canada

SuperpowerSuperpower

A country that is more powerful than all other A country that is more powerful than all other countries. countries.

Superpowers dominate world affairsSuperpowers dominate world affairs Today the United States is a Super PowerToday the United States is a Super Power In the 1700’s France and England were rival In the 1700’s France and England were rival

superpowerssuperpowers

France and England France and England AT WAR!AT WAR!

France and England were often in war. They both France and England were often in war. They both wanted the same thing…more territories and wanted the same thing…more territories and power.power.

The Seven Years War The Seven Years War

Perspectives on WarPerspectives on War

Halifax MerchantHalifax Merchant

““If our navy can If our navy can defeat the French, defeat the French, we will have a we will have a much larger much larger market for our market for our goods. Should I be goods. Should I be planning to set up planning to set up a business in a business in Quebec City?”Quebec City?”

Perspectives on WarPerspectives on War

Canadien HabitantCanadien Habitant

““If the English If the English come here, will we come here, will we be forced to give be forced to give up our livelihoods, up our livelihoods, homes, rights, homes, rights, language, and language, and religion?”religion?”

Perspectives on WarPerspectives on War

Mi’kmaq womanMi’kmaq woman

““We have lived We have lived peacefully with the peacefully with the Acadians. The British Acadians. The British have been our have been our enemy since they enemy since they raided to enslave us. raided to enslave us. If the British come, If the British come, will they take our will they take our land?”land?”

Perspectives on WarPerspectives on War

Mohawk trapperMohawk trapper

““We have a strong We have a strong alliance with the alliance with the French. Will we French. Will we have to defend have to defend them in this war? them in this war? What is war going What is war going to mean for the fur to mean for the fur trade?”trade?”

Perspectives on WarPerspectives on War

Acadian FarmerAcadian Farmer

““Why can’t both Why can’t both sides just leave us sides just leave us in peace? Why do in peace? Why do we have to choose we have to choose to support one side to support one side or the other?”or the other?”

Background to WarBackground to War

Seven Years war 1756Seven Years war 1756 Almost a World War (Europe, India, Carribean, Almost a World War (Europe, India, Carribean,

Africa)Africa)

The French PerspectiveThe French Perspective Established in North Established in North

America (1750)America (1750) Huge colonyHuge colony The heart of New France The heart of New France

was Quebecwas Quebec These colonists saw These colonists saw

themselves as Canadians themselves as Canadians not Europeansnot Europeans

Felt Secure with Quebec Felt Secure with Quebec and Louisbourgand Louisbourg

Canadiens?Canadiens?

Canadiens: Canadiens:

Francaphone citizens of Quebec. Francaphone citizens of Quebec.

Francaphone: A person who’s first Francaphone: A person who’s first language is French. language is French.

The English PerspectiveThe English Perspective English colonists English colonists

outnumbered French outnumbered French colonistscolonists

Most lived in the 13 Most lived in the 13 coloniescolonies

Wanted to move into Wanted to move into the interior (Ohio the interior (Ohio Valley)Valley)

Wanted control of Wanted control of Atlantic fisheriesAtlantic fisheries

Wanted St. LawrenceWanted St. Lawrence Navy was huge Navy was huge

FrenchFrench

Strengths Strengths

1.1. Most powerful army Most powerful army in Europein Europe

2.2. Strong fortresses at Strong fortresses at Louisbourg, QuebecLouisbourg, Quebec

3.3. Many First Nation Many First Nation alliancesalliances

Eg Mi’qmac,Mohawks,Eg Mi’qmac,Mohawks,Wendat, AlgonquinWendat, Algonquin

WeaknessesWeaknesses

1.1. Dependant on France Dependant on France for suppliesfor supplies

2.2. Huge territory to Huge territory to defenddefend

3.3. Single entry to Single entry to colony (St Lawrence)colony (St Lawrence)

4.4. Military government Military government officials who couldn’t officials who couldn’t agree on defencesagree on defences

English English

StrengthsStrengths

1.1. Most powerful navy Most powerful navy in Europe.in Europe.

2.2. Prosperous colonies Prosperous colonies in New England 13 in New England 13 that provided that provided supplies.supplies.

3.3. Haudenosaunee Haudenosaunee alliesallies

WeaknessesWeaknesses1.1. army not used to army not used to

guerrilla forest guerrilla forest warfarewarfare

2.2. Major challenges to Major challenges to capture fortscapture forts

3.3. Constant bickering Constant bickering among the 13 among the 13 coloniescolonies

War Rumblings in the WestWar Rumblings in the West

War started out in Ohio valley led by a Major War started out in Ohio valley led by a Major George Washington. He lost a battle but later the George Washington. He lost a battle but later the English would send in more forces. English would send in more forces.

French knew Indian style warfareFrench knew Indian style warfare

British were determined to rid North Americans of British were determined to rid North Americans of the French. They sent more ships, soldiers and the French. They sent more ships, soldiers and money.money.

Prelude to WarPrelude to WarThe AcadiansThe Acadians

The Acadians were the The Acadians were the descendants of the French descendants of the French and farmed the shores of and farmed the shores of the Bay of Fundy. the Bay of Fundy.

By 1710 Acadia was under By 1710 Acadia was under British control. Britain British control. Britain changed the name to Nova changed the name to Nova Scotia and let the Acadians Scotia and let the Acadians live in Peace. live in Peace.

Acadian Way of LifeAcadian Way of Life

1750 10 000 Acadians 1750 10 000 Acadians farmed. Many married farmed. Many married and mixed with the and mixed with the Mi’qmaq. Most were Mi’qmaq. Most were catholic and french catholic and french speaking. They fished speaking. They fished and farmed. and farmed.

Caught in the MiddleCaught in the Middle

Britain wanted to Britain wanted to populate Nova Scotia populate Nova Scotia with English settlers. with English settlers.

They were worried the They were worried the Acadians would side Acadians would side

with the French in war with the French in war even if they swore to even if they swore to

the British Crown. the British Crown.

English UltimatumEnglish Ultimatum

““Acadians….you must swear your Acadians….you must swear your loyalty to the English Crown! Swear loyalty to the English Crown! Swear your loyalty or lose your land!”your loyalty or lose your land!”

British GeneralBritish General

“ “ We do not want war. We wish to We do not want war. We wish to remain neutral and in peace!”remain neutral and in peace!”

Acadian Farmer Acadian Farmer

The Great DeportationThe Great Deportation The Governor of Nova Scotia LawrenceThe Governor of Nova Scotia Lawrence

““The French inhabitants of the province shall be removed out The French inhabitants of the province shall be removed out of the country as soon as possible.” British soldiers of the country as soon as possible.” British soldiers attacked the Acadian villages and rounded them up at attacked the Acadian villages and rounded them up at gunpoint. They broke up families and forced them to board gunpoint. They broke up families and forced them to board ships bound for distant lands. They burned homes and ships bound for distant lands. They burned homes and churches. They destroyed farms and drove off animals.churches. They destroyed farms and drove off animals.

Most Acadians were deported to New England colonies. Some Most Acadians were deported to New England colonies. Some sent to the caribbean, France or England. Many made it to sent to the caribbean, France or England. Many made it to Louisiana. Most died of disease, drowning or starvation. Louisiana. Most died of disease, drowning or starvation.

Quote from Colonel John WinslowQuote from Colonel John WinslowBritish Army Office during the DeportationBritish Army Office during the Deportation

““The whole of French people were drawn together in a group. I The whole of French people were drawn together in a group. I then ordered Captain Adams to lead away the young men then ordered Captain Adams to lead away the young men to the ships. I ordered the prisoners to march. They all to the ships. I ordered the prisoners to march. They all answered they would not go without their fathers. I told answered they would not go without their fathers. I told them no was a word I didn’t understand.them no was a word I didn’t understand.

The King’s command had to be obeyed. I told them to use The King’s command had to be obeyed. I told them to use harsh means, but there was no time for talking and delay. I harsh means, but there was no time for talking and delay. I ordered the troops to fix their bayonets and march toward ordered the troops to fix their bayonets and march toward the french. Then started praying, singing and crying. Along the french. Then started praying, singing and crying. Along the way the women and children were on their knees the way the women and children were on their knees begging and crying!”begging and crying!”

The Struggle for CanadaThe Struggle for Canada

Three pronged approachThree pronged approach

LouisbourgLouisbourg Ohio ValleyOhio Valley QuebecQuebec

LouisbourgLouisbourg

Spring 1758Spring 1758 Huge force of ships surrounded fortHuge force of ships surrounded fort Starved them outStarved them out French surrendered French surrendered

Onward to CanadaOnward to CanadaWithout LouisbourgWithout Louisbourg

English could attack QuebecEnglish could attack Quebec

FrenchFrench

General MontcalmGeneral Montcalm 16 000 soldiers16 000 soldiers Stone fortressStone fortress

EnglishEnglish General WolfeGeneral Wolfe 200 ships200 ships 9000 soldiers9000 soldiers 18 000 sailors18 000 sailors

Standoff on the Plains of AbrahamStandoff on the Plains of Abraham

French and British bombed each French and British bombed each other for 9 weeks.other for 9 weeks.

Wolfe came up with plan.Wolfe came up with plan. Take to the cliffs and surprise attackTake to the cliffs and surprise attack

And waited just outside the city gates.And waited just outside the city gates.

The BattleThe Battle

At the fort Montcalm had 6000 soldiers, including At the fort Montcalm had 6000 soldiers, including 300 Indian allies. The British had 4400 300 Indian allies. The British had 4400 professional soldiers. Reinforcements hadn’t professional soldiers. Reinforcements hadn’t arrived to help the french. arrived to help the french.

Montcalm had to decide..wait or fight.Montcalm had to decide..wait or fight.

He fought and emerged. After 15 minutes of He fought and emerged. After 15 minutes of slaughter the French turned and fled. 1300 slaughter the French turned and fled. 1300 soldiers were dead and it was the bloodiest battle soldiers were dead and it was the bloodiest battle on Canadian soil. on Canadian soil.

French lose Quebec!French lose Quebec!

British took over Quebec cityBritish took over Quebec city

Remaining French Soldiers fell back to MontrealRemaining French Soldiers fell back to Montreal

First Nation allies didn’t want to fight.First Nation allies didn’t want to fight.

Sept 1760 French surrendered in Montreal.Sept 1760 French surrendered in Montreal.

New France was now British territory. New France was now British territory.

First Nations and the WarFirst Nations and the War First Nations deeply involvedFirst Nations deeply involved France and Britain signed a France and Britain signed a

treaty in 1763 and gave North treaty in 1763 and gave North America to Britain.America to Britain.

Minewewh was a chief to Minewewh was a chief to the Ojibwa people. He told the Ojibwa people. He told the British.the British.

““Although you have Although you have conquered the French, you conquered the French, you have not conquered us. have not conquered us. We are not your slaves. We are not your slaves. These lakes, woods, These lakes, woods, mountains were left to us mountains were left to us by our ancestors. They are by our ancestors. They are our inheritance, and we our inheritance, and we will part with them to will part with them to none.”none.”

Pontiac’s WarPontiac’s War

Odawa chief Odawa chief Attacked British to get them out of Attacked British to get them out of

Ohio ValleyOhio Valley 1763 attacked Detroit1763 attacked Detroit Wanted French to help but already Wanted French to help but already

surrenderedsurrendered

The Treaty of Paris, 1763The Treaty of Paris, 1763

Surrender of Montreal 1760Surrender of Montreal 1760 Ended conflictEnded conflict France gave up QuebecFrance gave up Quebec Kept Guadeloupe in the Caribbean and the Kept Guadeloupe in the Caribbean and the

French Island of St. Pierre and MiquelonFrench Island of St. Pierre and Miquelon

OptionsOptions

Eviction: Deport the CanadiensEviction: Deport the Canadiens

Assimilation: Pressure the Canadiens Assimilation: Pressure the Canadiens to give up language and religion and to give up language and religion and become Britishbecome British

Accommodation: Leave them alone Accommodation: Leave them alone with their religion, language, with their religion, language, customscustoms

Royal ProclamationRoyal Proclamation

They did not want to evict They did not want to evict Canadiens, however they Canadiens, however they did want to assimilate did want to assimilate them. them.

1763 King George the III of 1763 King George the III of England signed Royal England signed Royal Proclamation. Proclamation.

Terms of Royal ProclamationTerms of Royal Proclamation

New France turns into province of Quebec.New France turns into province of Quebec. Quebec became smaller.Quebec became smaller. The interior was set aside for First Nations.The interior was set aside for First Nations. A system of British laws and courts replaced A system of British laws and courts replaced

French system.French system. Civil government replaced with military Civil government replaced with military

government.government. Government appointed by Britain.Government appointed by Britain. Catholic Church loses tithe (tax)Catholic Church loses tithe (tax)

Royal ProclamationRoyal ProclamationA Quote from King George IIIA Quote from King George III

““There has been many frauds and abuses by There has been many frauds and abuses by taking lands away from the Indians. Many have taking lands away from the Indians. Many have been prejudice for our own interests and the been prejudice for our own interests and the Indians are not happy. In order therefore to Indians are not happy. In order therefore to prevent any injustices in the future that no one prevent any injustices in the future that no one buy anymore lands from the Indians.”buy anymore lands from the Indians.”

HOW DOES KING GEORGE III ENGAGE IN ACTIVE HOW DOES KING GEORGE III ENGAGE IN ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP? WHAT REASONS DOES THE KING CITIZENSHIP? WHAT REASONS DOES THE KING GIVE FOR PROTECTING FIRST NATIONS LANDS?GIVE FOR PROTECTING FIRST NATIONS LANDS?

Quebec Act of 1774Quebec Act of 1774

Attempts to turn Quebec into a colony with British Attempts to turn Quebec into a colony with British identity fails. So they come up with the Quebec Act.identity fails. So they come up with the Quebec Act.

Terms Terms

1.1. Quebec was expandedQuebec was expanded

2.2. Many Native lands went back to QuebecMany Native lands went back to Quebec

3.3. French language rights recognizedFrench language rights recognized

4.4. Seigneural system kept in placeSeigneural system kept in place

5.5. Catholics given freedom of religionCatholics given freedom of religion

6.6. French civil law French civil law

7.7. Catholic church was able to tithe and hold Catholic church was able to tithe and hold propertyproperty

The Beginning of a Bilingual The Beginning of a Bilingual CanadaCanada

The Quebec Act expanded the size of The Quebec Act expanded the size of the colony to include the Great Lakes the colony to include the Great Lakes and Ohio Valley. This was prime fur and Ohio Valley. This was prime fur trading country.trading country.

What might the colonists in the What might the colonists in the Thirteen Colonies think about this?Thirteen Colonies think about this?