war and strife

7/30/2019 WAR AND STRIFE

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Why is there war?

Question?


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Assumpsions

State exist in an anarchic world and there is no

international supreme authority, no centralized

government empowered to manage or control the

actions of individual elite, sovereign state, or eveninternational organizations.

State prepares to protect it self, within building a

strong industrial base, constructing armaments,

mobilizing a military. Hence increasing militarycapacity of state make insecurity on the part of

others. It is called Security Dilemma


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How can

Insecuritymanaged in the

world?

Question


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LIBERAL APPROACH

1. The Collective Security Ideal

Concept that aggression against a state should bedefeated collectively because aggression againstone state is aggression against all.

Basic Assumptions :

1. wars are prevented by restraint of military action

2. Aggressor must be stopped

3. The Aggressor is always wrong

4. Aggressor know the international community willact against


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Collective Security does not always work, because :1. A lack of commitment on the part of other states

and an unwillingness of the international

community to act in concert

2. Fundamental differences in both state interests

and ideology

3. Problematic nature of its assumptions :

Can the aggressor always be easily identified? Is the aggressor always morally wrong?


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1. Arm Control and Disarmament

The logic : fewer weapon means greater security

Arm Control :

Agreements among states to restrict the research,manufacture, or deployment of weapon systemand certain types of troops

Disarmament :

The policy of eliminating a states offensivesweaponry, may occur far all classes of weapons orfor specified weapons only.


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Arm Control Agreements :1. In 1972, US and SU agreed not to use ballistic

missile defense as a shield against a first strike by

the other on Anti Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty.

2. In 1972 and 1974 US and SU agreed to restraintthe growth of their strategic weapon with

Strategic Arms Limitation Talk (SALT) I and SALT II.

But due to the SU invasion of Afganistan in 1979,

the SALT II was never ratified by the US senate.

3. In 1968, NPT was negotiated at the UN


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REALIST APPROACH

1. Balance of Power

an International system in which states enjoyrelatively equal power and keep it that way sono one state is able to dominate theinternational system.

Balancing the Power by :

1. Externally, make ALLIANCESExp.NATO and Warsaw Pact.

2. Internally, by increasing their Own military andeconomic capabilities to counter potential

threatening enemies


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The Advantage of Balance of Power as techniquefor managing insecurity:

Compatible with the nature of man and that of the

state, which is to act to protect self-interest by

maintaining ones power position relative to other.

Limitation of Balance of Power :

its inability to manage security during periods offundamental change.


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2. Deterrence

the policy of maintaining a large military force and

arsenal to discourage any potential aggressor fromtaking actions, states commit themselves to punish onaggressor state.

Basic assumptions :

1. Decision maker are rational

2. The threat of destruction from warfare is large

3. Alternatives to war are available

Limitation of Deterrence :

1. Not all top decision maker are rational

2. The cost of war for nuclear-weapon state against

non nuclear-weapon may not be unacceptable.


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LIBERAL AND REALIST APPROACH

1. Peacekeeping

First-Genaration Peacekeeping :

Multilateral institution such UN seek to contain

conflict between two states through third-party

military forces to prevent the escalation ofconflicts and to keep the warring parties apart

until the dispute can be settled.

Second-Genaration Peacekeeping :Respond to civil war and domestic unrest, much

of it stemming from the rise of ethnonationalismby taken on a range both militery and non-

military functions.


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