War of 1812

[Image source: http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.1812.html]

Causes of the War of 1812

• British interference with American shipping:

-impressment of American sailors

-seizure of American goods

• British support for Indians in the Northwest Territory

The Shawnee warrior Tecumseh

worked to rally Native Americans

to the common cause of repelling settlers moving

into the Northwest Territory.

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 191.]

His brother, the Prophet

Tenskwatawa, urged his

followers to return to their

traditional ways of life.

[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 190.]

An army led by General William Henry Harrison

defeated the Indians led by the Prophet at the Battle of Tippecanoe.

The War Hawks, people who favored war with Great Britain as a means to force them out of North America, were motivated by:

• land hunger

• impressment

• Indian atrocities

Speaker of the House,

Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky, was instrumental in

getting the United States to declare war on Great Britain.[Image source: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?

index=C000482]

He was assisted by Rep. John

C. Calhoun of South Carolina.

[Image source: http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/21gal.html]

The United States

Congress formally declared

war on 18th June 1812.

[Image source: http://www.iltrails.org/dow1812.htm]

Many Americans fatuously believed that Canada could be “liberated” and made a state of the United States.

The planned three-prong attack was actually executed in reverse-order, yielding disastrous results.

The American Fort Mackinac was captured before they received news

that war had been declared.

Tecumseh fought on the side of the British

and was given the rank of general.

The United States invaded Canada across

the Detroit River 12th July

1812.

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Hull.html]

As a result of ineptitude on the part of American General Hull, and

the use of psychological warfare on the

part of the British, Detroit

was surrendered.

One major reason for

Hull’s failure was that the bulk of his army was

composed of unreliable

militia.

The British quickly

capitalized on their initial

victories.

Prairie du Chien

Fort Dearborn

Prairie du Chien was an

important outpost in the fur trade of

the Northwest Territory.

General Hull ordered the evacuation of Fort Dearborn.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batmac.html]

The troops were ambushed 15th August 1812 as they marched around the southern end of Lake Michigan.

[Image source: http://www.chicagohs.org/AOTM/May98/may98fact1a.html]

The battle is remembered as the Fort Dearborn Massacre .

[Image source: http://www.chicagohs.org/AOTM/May98/may98fact1a.html]

The Territory of Illinois was left virtually

defenseless.[Image source: http://www.iltrails.org/1818map.htm]

[Image source: http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcumbe

r/ilctybnd/il1812.htm]

The Honorable

Ninian Edwards was the governor of the Illinois

Territory during the

War of 1812.

In 1813, General

William Henry Harrison

assembled an army and

invaded Upper Canada.

[Image source: http://jupiter.wvec.k12.in.us/battle/harrison.html]

In order to invade Canada, America first needed to establish naval

superiority on the Great Lakes.

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/eirie.html]

Commodore Perry’s victory in the Battle of Lake Erie 10th September 1813 paved the way for Harrison’s

invasion of Upper Canada.

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/declares.html]

Tecumseh was killed during the ensuing Battle of the Thames.

The American

offensive on the Niagara Frontier was successfully parried by the British.

American forces were defeated at the Battle of Queenston Heights

13th October 1812.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/qheights.html]

In April of 1813, American forces captured York, the capital of Upper

Canada, and burned it to the ground.[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/york.html]

One of the casualties was the

promising career officer

Brigadier General Zebulon

Pike.[Image source:

http://www.pikespeaktravel.com/essays/pike.html]

[Image source:

http://www.kcmuseum.com/explor05.html]

• http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/reference/maps/main.asp

During the winter of 1813-1814, the Americans succeeded in

training a professional army on the banks of the Niagara River.

[Image source: http://www.militaryheritage.com/1812.htm]

Brigadier General

Winfield Scott was largely responsible for training

the new American

army.

The American army succeeded in defeating the British at the Battle

of Chippewa 5th July 1814.

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/chippewa.html]

One of the reasons for this is because the British mistook the grey-clad

soldiers of Scott’s Brigade for militia.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/greyuniform.html]

The American victory was followed-up twenty days later with a victory at

Lundy Lane25th July 1814.

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Lundy.html]

The British attempted their own

three-prong strategy in 1814 in an effort to

bring the war to a swift

conclusion.

British victoriesAmerican victories

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Washington.html]

Francis Scott Key

• Francis Scoot Key was a lawyer who witnessed the bombing of Fort McHenry– During that time he

wrote the Star-Spangled Banner

– American forces were able to turn back British troops

The War of 1812

• Many Americans disagreed with this war an named it “Mr. Madison War”

• At the Hartford Convention New Englanders sent delegates to see if they could leave the nation– They did not leave, but there were

amendments put into the constitution giving them more power

The Americans

won the Battle of

Lake Champlain

in September 1814.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batplatts.html]

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Champlain.html]

The Treaty of Ghent was signed 24th December 1814.

[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Ghent.html]

The Battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty was signed.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batorleans.html]

General Andrew

Jackson’s victory at New

Orleans propelled him

to national prominence.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/jackson.html]

Results of War of 1812

• combatants return to pre-war borders

• psychological umbilical cord with Great Britain cut

• acceptance of America as a nation

• Panic of 1819

The Missouri Compromise

• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established that no state northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave state– Missouri was not covered by this because it

wasn’t northwest of the Ohio River – The North objected because they did not

want to increase the power of the South

The Missouri Compromise

• The South replied that the federal gov’t had no business dictating to states what they could and could not do

• In 1820 was signed to law slavery would be permitted in Missouri

• Maine would be admitted as a free state• Congress established the 36/30 line

Missouri Compromise

1. Slavery permitted in Missouri while Maine was carved out of Massachusetts

2. New states admitted north of 36-30 north would be free states