war of 1812 [image source: gfeldmeth/lec.1812.html]
TRANSCRIPT
War of 1812
[Image source: http://home.earthlink.net/~gfeldmeth/lec.1812.html]
Causes of the War of 1812
• British interference with American shipping:
-impressment of American sailors
-seizure of American goods
• British support for Indians in the Northwest Territory
The Shawnee warrior Tecumseh
worked to rally Native Americans
to the common cause of repelling settlers moving
into the Northwest Territory.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 191.]
His brother, the Prophet
Tenskwatawa, urged his
followers to return to their
traditional ways of life.
[Image source: America - Pathways to the Present, page 190.]
An army led by General William Henry Harrison
defeated the Indians led by the Prophet at the Battle of Tippecanoe.
The War Hawks, people who favored war with Great Britain as a means to force them out of North America, were motivated by:
• land hunger
• impressment
• Indian atrocities
Speaker of the House,
Representative Henry Clay of Kentucky, was instrumental in
getting the United States to declare war on Great Britain.[Image source: http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?
index=C000482]
He was assisted by Rep. John
C. Calhoun of South Carolina.
[Image source: http://www.npg.si.edu/exh/brady/gallery/21gal.html]
The United States
Congress formally declared
war on 18th June 1812.
[Image source: http://www.iltrails.org/dow1812.htm]
Many Americans fatuously believed that Canada could be “liberated” and made a state of the United States.
The planned three-prong attack was actually executed in reverse-order, yielding disastrous results.
The American Fort Mackinac was captured before they received news
that war had been declared.
Tecumseh fought on the side of the British
and was given the rank of general.
The United States invaded Canada across
the Detroit River 12th July
1812.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Hull.html]
As a result of ineptitude on the part of American General Hull, and
the use of psychological warfare on the
part of the British, Detroit
was surrendered.
One major reason for
Hull’s failure was that the bulk of his army was
composed of unreliable
militia.
The British quickly
capitalized on their initial
victories.
Prairie du Chien
Fort Dearborn
Prairie du Chien was an
important outpost in the fur trade of
the Northwest Territory.
General Hull ordered the evacuation of Fort Dearborn.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batmac.html]
The troops were ambushed 15th August 1812 as they marched around the southern end of Lake Michigan.
[Image source: http://www.chicagohs.org/AOTM/May98/may98fact1a.html]
The battle is remembered as the Fort Dearborn Massacre .
[Image source: http://www.chicagohs.org/AOTM/May98/may98fact1a.html]
The Territory of Illinois was left virtually
defenseless.[Image source: http://www.iltrails.org/1818map.htm]
[Image source: http://www.rootsweb.com/~ilcumbe
r/ilctybnd/il1812.htm]
The Honorable
Ninian Edwards was the governor of the Illinois
Territory during the
War of 1812.
In 1813, General
William Henry Harrison
assembled an army and
invaded Upper Canada.
[Image source: http://jupiter.wvec.k12.in.us/battle/harrison.html]
In order to invade Canada, America first needed to establish naval
superiority on the Great Lakes.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/eirie.html]
Commodore Perry’s victory in the Battle of Lake Erie 10th September 1813 paved the way for Harrison’s
invasion of Upper Canada.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/declares.html]
Tecumseh was killed during the ensuing Battle of the Thames.
The American
offensive on the Niagara Frontier was successfully parried by the British.
American forces were defeated at the Battle of Queenston Heights
13th October 1812.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/qheights.html]
In April of 1813, American forces captured York, the capital of Upper
Canada, and burned it to the ground.[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/york.html]
One of the casualties was the
promising career officer
Brigadier General Zebulon
Pike.[Image source:
http://www.pikespeaktravel.com/essays/pike.html]
[Image source:
http://www.kcmuseum.com/explor05.html]
• http://www.ancestry.com/search/rectype/reference/maps/main.asp
During the winter of 1813-1814, the Americans succeeded in
training a professional army on the banks of the Niagara River.
[Image source: http://www.militaryheritage.com/1812.htm]
Brigadier General
Winfield Scott was largely responsible for training
the new American
army.
The American army succeeded in defeating the British at the Battle
of Chippewa 5th July 1814.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/chippewa.html]
One of the reasons for this is because the British mistook the grey-clad
soldiers of Scott’s Brigade for militia.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/greyuniform.html]
The American victory was followed-up twenty days later with a victory at
Lundy Lane25th July 1814.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Lundy.html]
The British attempted their own
three-prong strategy in 1814 in an effort to
bring the war to a swift
conclusion.
British victoriesAmerican victories
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Washington.html]
Francis Scott Key
• Francis Scoot Key was a lawyer who witnessed the bombing of Fort McHenry– During that time he
wrote the Star-Spangled Banner
– American forces were able to turn back British troops
The War of 1812
• Many Americans disagreed with this war an named it “Mr. Madison War”
• At the Hartford Convention New Englanders sent delegates to see if they could leave the nation– They did not leave, but there were
amendments put into the constitution giving them more power
The Americans
won the Battle of
Lake Champlain
in September 1814.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batplatts.html]
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Champlain.html]
The Treaty of Ghent was signed 24th December 1814.
[Image source: http://www.multied.com/1812/Ghent.html]
The Battle of New Orleans was fought after the treaty was signed.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/batorleans.html]
General Andrew
Jackson’s victory at New
Orleans propelled him
to national prominence.
[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/~war1812/jackson.html]
Results of War of 1812
• combatants return to pre-war borders
• psychological umbilical cord with Great Britain cut
• acceptance of America as a nation
• Panic of 1819
The Missouri Compromise
• The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 established that no state northwest of the Ohio River could be a slave state– Missouri was not covered by this because it
wasn’t northwest of the Ohio River – The North objected because they did not
want to increase the power of the South
The Missouri Compromise
• The South replied that the federal gov’t had no business dictating to states what they could and could not do
• In 1820 was signed to law slavery would be permitted in Missouri
• Maine would be admitted as a free state• Congress established the 36/30 line
Missouri Compromise
1. Slavery permitted in Missouri while Maine was carved out of Massachusetts
2. New states admitted north of 36-30 north would be free states