Seé amochtli ipah itapalchahjkuiloskehj iiiIn weyikaltamachtiloyan Max Planck tein kimati wejkaw semanawaknehjneminihj

Tokay

Tein witza / osoh nemilil wejkaw taishmatianihj/ osoh

tein moo tekitmashtihjtok

Nijin Amochtli iii ashkah:

Itech tayekojmej

In nemilil wehjkawtamachtil-tilmehj

Teishmatilis: Weyikaltamachtiloyan Max Planck tein Kimati Wejkaw

Tahjkuilol: Christina Warinner

Tahjkuilol tapalewianihj: Jessica Hendy

Okseki tapalewianihj:

Zandra Fagernäs

Jessica Hendy

Allison Mann

Åshild Vågene

Ke Wang

Christina Warinner

Tajtoltaishkepak itech nahuatlahjtoli:

Régulo Arroyo Guzmán

Rodrigo Barquera

Nijin itapalchajkuilol amochtli moo chihjchiwak kemehj se tekitltamachtilis itech in

tanemilil ishpetanilis.

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Akonimej tehjuanIn nemilil wejkaw taishmatianihj tein taatemowahj wan kikwihj semiyankuik tekitilmehj ipah kima-tiskej kenin nehjnenkej too wejakaw takamehj wan siwamej.

Itech in tekitl-Kaltachialis …Ihjkuak moo itah nojon wehjkaw DNA, in tamaatianij kipiahj ikahj tekitiskej “kalijtik iistak”, wan moo taliliskej taataman tahsal, maapitkahj wan iimetspitkahj ipah maj amoh ihjtakaw-is ikahj yankuik DNA in wejkaw tekitl tlen kikololohjkej. In tamaatianihj kikwihj miak teposmehj ipahj kiishma-tiskehj in wehjkaw tekitl.

Itech milahjIn nemilil wejkahw taishmatianij tekitihj semi iwan ikahj wejkawtaishmatianij ipah tahjtashkuaskej wan kololoskehj tensaikahj ipah satepan kiitaskej kalijtik tekitlKaltachialis. Nijin tekitl weli yeskih miketltookalis, kii kololowahj wejkawtepalkatl, kiishmatij okuilomimehj kampa kiin tamotaah-j(tahjsoltamotalis) oso kii shejshelowaj temomosh ipah kahjsiskej tetltaselotl.

Tepospatawak

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tlaltachkualisIn nemililwejkawtaishmatinij nejnemij itech nochih in semanawak ipah kii matiskehj too wejkawneskayotl. Wan amo seyohj kikwi tajtachkualis teposmej, itech oksekih xolalmehj kikuwij osoh moo neki taataman tepostekitilmej. Kemej kampa nojon sekih weyi tepemej kiin tokaytiahj Himalayas, in wejkawtaishmatianij moo tajtaniliaj yekpanoltilis wan tepetl tejhkoltilisteposmej.

Samdzong, Nepal

ISHNECHTILIS

Omimehj wan tlanwan

Okuilomimej

Kawalis itech tepalkatl

Teénesh tlantih

¿Tonih tii moo mashtiahj?In nemililwejkawtaishmatinij kikuwi kaltamach-tiloyan ishmatilis wan yankuikmatilis ipah tanankiliskehj takan kin matajtoltiahj nojon tein moo wejkaw panoltihjyah. Ikahj yankuik yek teposmehj welis see kahjsis wan see kimatis miak ishmatilis ikahj see tzikitzin ahjshilis omitl,see tlantli osoh see tepalkashitl.

Yej nojon mahjyah tishtih tein moo chiwa itech in tlanwan, wan yehjwasan tein moo chiwah mahjyah tetl ijkuak tion yoltokej. In teneshtlantih kikewa tzikitzin okuilimej wan takual ikahj nojon see welih kimatis toon kuayahj wan kenin yetoyahj itech niin nemilis.

Tii welihj tiik matiskej tonih kuayahj wan in tomintapatalis tein panok ikaj in okuilomimej machtilis. Noo kualtiaj ipah see kiitas iwan nojon tiltiktekol tein monotza radiocabono* ipah oksepa see kichiwas in anahuak kemej ashtopah katka.

Takualkawalis itech in tepalkamej welis kipias tazelotl wan okuil chika-wayotl, semih tzikitzitzin kemej talnesh in chiawak tein kuiahj ipah moo takualchiwaskej. In taishmatilis ikahj nochih nijin tekitl tein moo chiwah welih tech palewis ipah tiik matiskej kenin takualchiwayahj wan kenin takuayahj nojon wejkaw sholalmej.

In omimehj wan in tlanwan kipiahj taish-matilis tlen monotsa DNA wan see kikui ipah see kimatis wan see moo mashtis kenin katkahj nojon wejkawsholalmehj kenin kisayahj wan nejnemiahj kansikawin wan see kii matis kenin katkahj, nii in ishtololomej itapal wan noo in tzontli, wan noo ijkon niin neskayotlkepalis. In tanwan tein nojon mikehj itech see weyikokolistli kipiah nojon kiliahj DNA ipah see kimatis ton kokolisioh kinkuik.

Kampa witzah In too neskayotlIn wejkaw DNA tech palewiahj ipah tii kin ishhmatiskej nen too wejkaw ikniwan: in neandertales.

Ipah ishmatilis in tlanwan in omimej wejkawkayomej tein panokehj, welihj tii kishmatihj kenin nemiahj too wejkaw tatmehj wan kenin tii moo kepkehj kemej ashcan tii ishnesij.

Neskayotlnejnemilis

Wehjkawia Onkayahj seki takamej tein kiniliayah neandertales wan nochi mikehpoliwhjkehj cempowal wan makuil Ome cen-zontli wan mahjtlahktli cempowal shiwhjmej, seyohj ikahj in DNA moo kawak wan nemiok itech in takamej tein amoh africanos.

¿Tiik matiah…?

Tamachiwalis ikahj radiocarbono

In tamachiwalis ikahj radiocarbon see yektekitl tein welih sekikui wan see kimatih kanachih shiwmehj kipiahj in okuilimehj wan I taseliotl tein wejka-wmikehj ashtopah 40 000 shiwmehj.

In radiocarbono osoh 14C monotza isótopo wan iliwistik ii ashka carbon tein kii pipinahj in taselotl wan nochi koutahjkiloyan iwan nojon kichiwahj kiliahj fotosíntesis. In okuilimej kii tinalanahj in radiocarbono in ihjtiyohj ihjkwak kikuwahj taselotlshi-witl. In radiocarbono wetzih ihjkwak panowahj in tonalmehj. Ihjkuwak see kii tamachiwah in 14C itech see wehjkaw taishtalilis, weli see kimatih kemanian yoltoyah nojon okuilin.

¿Tiik matiah…?

40 ml302010

Ishmatilis in ishnechtilis:Tekitikej:Tonih ishnechtilis:Tonal::

Wejkawh nehjnemianihjIn wehjkawh DNA tein see kahjsii itech in omimehj wan in tanwan weli see kikui ipah see kiiyekchijchiwas oksepa in wejkawh ohjti kampa nehjnenkehj in takamehj. Ijkwak kii manelowahj ikaj nojon tein kishtijkej kiliahj isótopos, wan noo ikahj nojon tamachiwalis ikahj kiliahj radiocarbono osoh nojon tamachiwalis ikahj isótopos de estroncio wan oxígeno, nojon nehjnemilis weli see kishmatih itech in ehjekatl wan in tonalmehj.

Kayomehj Escitas, tatahjkoh altepetl (Asia central) tepos kayomehj,

700 shiwhjmehj ashtopah Cristo

In wehjkaw panolis TakualIn tamaatianihj kikwihj see tepostzikitzintachialonihj ipah kahjsiskej tziktz-in takual tein moo kawak itech in tepalkatl cashmej osoh conmej wan itech tanwan. In taishtamatilis yej nijinkej kahjsilis tein kiniliahj “microfó-siles” tech iliahj katiehj katkah niin takual tein kii masewayahj wehjkaw mayas nepa Mesoamerica itech kipias 2 000 shiwhjmej.

Tlaol fitolito

Xochikostikayotl

Momoshtik teyoh

Tishtietl

Copán, HondurasMaya clásico

shiwitl 300 DC

KoujhtahjkaltakepalisKachi 10 000 shiwhjmehj, in anawaknemianihj moo tatokiahj wan kin pianij tapialmehj ipah kii kahjsiskej tensaikahj tein kinekij. Ikahj pewkej iwan in tapialmehj wan kinkwuiahj ipah tatilanaskehj wan ipah kinkishtiliskehj niin chichiwalistakatl, nakatl wan niin kuetash.

In tapialmehj kemehj in kuakuehjmej pewkehj ikahj nojon kiniliahj bisontes europeos(noo kiin iliayahj uros) see weyi kuakuwehj ikahj ashkan amoh nemiok, moo polohj. In tapialmej wehjkaw tachialis witsa kampa nee monotza Anato-lia ashkan Turquía.

¿Tiik matiah…?

See Chiawak chikawalis

Chichiwalhjis-takatl

takualkayotlAmoh see kimati kahjkuin ishneskehj in chichiwalhjis-takatl takual, in nemililwejka-wtaishmatinij tekititokej iwan see chiwalis moo notza tishtih espectometría ipah kahjsiskehj in chikawak chiawak tein kipiah in chichi-walhjistakatl itech telwehjkaw tanwan wan ihjkon kii yekchi-waskehj in weyitlahjtoltapow-al tein nojon kiliahj takualmej chichiwalhjistakatl.

Cawallo

Oveja

Cabra

Yak

Kuakuwehj

Lactobacillus

Leuconostoc Lactococcus

Staphylococcus

MongoliaMiak tapialmehj wan okuiltapialmehj nemihj itech Mongolia couhjtahjmilahj, yehj nijinke-hj cawallos, kuakuehjmej, okseki taataman kuakuehmehj, cabras, ovejas, renos wan camellos. In tapialtapewanij kii chihjchiwaj takual ikahj in chichiwalhjistakatl tein kite-makahj nijin tapialmehj.

Tzikitzin okuilimehj tein kipiah in chichiwalistakatlIn tzikitzin okuilimehj nojon tein kintokaytiahj bacterias wan levaduras, kichiwa see telkuali tekitl tein kualtiahj ipah takualyotl kemehj yogur, mantequilla, queso, ihjkon kemehj okseki takualyotl tein amoh kachi tii kishmatihj tein kiin tokaytiahj: aaruul (cuajada) wan airag (achichik cawallo chichiwalistakatl) de Mongolia.

Chichiwalistakatl takualmehjIn takualyotl chichiwalhjistakatl semi tel kuali ipah in Mongolia kayomehj. In tateemolis wehjkawmashtilis tech kawah mahj tiik matikan ikahj nijin tachihjchiwal semih wehjkaw walahjtok ipah 3500 shiwhjmej takuitapan.

Wehjkaw kokolismehjIn omimehj, tanwan, tish tantli kewa kuali taishmatilis ii nenkehj wejhkaw kayomehj niin yolkualimachilis. See taishnechtilis, in ADN wan chiawak chikawayotl tein moo ahjsí itech in tishtantli techiliah keyehj pewak in nojon kiliahj gingivitis wan noo ikahj keyehj ihjtakawihj in tanwan.

Omne BonumIn Omne Bonum kiliahj see weyi amatl osoh amoshtli tein kii kewa nochi in tanemilil wan wejkawyah kihjkuilohjkej itech nojon makuilpowali shiwhjmehj XIV wan kewah ishmatilis kampa nee analsholalmehj monotza Europa tahjkoshi-whjtilis wan moo kewah kalihj-tik in Amochkali Real Británica.

Ihjyotiltatashis wan palannakatlkokolisIn Ihjyotiltatashis wan palannakatlkokolis kin pewaltiah sekih tziquitzitzi-nokuilimehj tein monotzahj: Mycobacterium tuberculosis wan Mycobacteri-um leprae. In omen kokolismehj, welihj kii ihjtakoskehj in omimehj wan in ADN tein moo kawa ihjtik in omiyoh kiin palewiah in ishtamatianihj ipa kichihjchiwaskej oksepah in wejka kokolismehj tapoawalistahjtolih.

In CocoliztliYehj nijin se kokolis tein amoh kishmatiahj in Meshicayomehj (aztecas) wan ihjkon kii tokaytihjkej. Wan kiin miiktihj 60% wan 90% sholalkayomehj nee 1545 wan 1550 satepan Cristo (S.C). Yekinok, in ADN tein kipiah nijin monotza Salmonella enterica Paratiphy C kiishmatkehj osoh kahsikehj itech nin tanwan tein nojon moo mikilihjkej ikahj nojon kokolis.

Sawat kokolisIn tiltiksawatkokolis kii pewaltiah in tziquitzinokuilin tein kiliahj: Yersinia pestis, moo moyawmahjmawah ikahj kokolisiohj tekpinmehj tein kipiahj in kimichimehj. In anawakneminihj tein kiin tepinihjkehj nijin tekpimehj moo mahjmawa ikahj see tiltiksawatkokolis tein monotza peste bubónica. Nijin sawatkokolis yehj ii tahjatakol in Tiltik Mikilis itech in shiwhjmej (1346-1353 S.C.) wan tatamik ikahj mikilis aachi tahjkoh weyisholal Europa.

Dr. SchnabelIn tapahjtihjkej tein kin itayahj in sawatcocoyanihj itech in shiwhmehj XVII moo ishtalil-iayahj xayakamej tein ishtama-tewahj tzontecontotomehj ipah moo palewiskiahj mahj amoh kin ahjsiskiah in amokualiehjekatl.

Mycobacterium leprae

Salmonella enterica

Tahjkuilol itech motepanowahNijin meshikatltahjkuilol tein kihjkuilohjkej itech 1550 kite-makah tahjtoltapowal wan teeiliah kenin see kimachiliah ikahj in kokolistli: totonik,sawat cocomehj wan miak estlikisalis.

Wehjkakayomehj MicrobiomasMoo nakayotl kionchantiahj telmiakehj tzikitzitzin okuilnakayomehj tein moo notzahj bacterias, wan sen oloch mo sentilahj moo tokaytiahj micro-bioma. Niin tzikitzintzin okuilnakayomehj tein monotzahj bacterias tein nemihj itech moo ihjtikyotl mits palewiahj ipah in yektakualis wan noo ipah mits chikawaltiskej ipah mahj amoh nenkahj tii kokolispewas. In tzikitzitzin okuilnakayomehj tein nemihj itech moo kuetash mits palewiahj ipah tietos tii chipawak, in tzikitzitzin okuilnakayomehj tein nemihj itech moo ten no mits palewiahj ipah amoh tii kokolispewas.

Helicobacter pylori

Bifidobacterium

Prevotella

Nemih itech too ihjtikyotl wan tech ihjtik xokoliah wan noo kii palan-tiahj in ihjtikkuetahjshkol

Kin palewiah in konemehj ihjkuak tayihj chichiwalis takatl.

Kii chihjchiwah in kuetashkol takualyotl

Kii ihjtakawia nochih in takual tein see kikuaTeepalewiah ipa mahj

ihjtakawui in takualpashtli

¿Tiik matiah…? In tamaatianihj kii ishmashtiahj ikahj in tishtitanwan wan ikahj wehjkawkuitatl ipahj kahjsiskej wehjkaw microbiomas wan ihjkon kii yekmatiskehj keyehj ongakehj kokolismehj.

Faecalibacterium

Treponema

Porphyromonas

TaololowanihjIn taololowanihj, noo see kin ishmati kemehj tatamotkehj—kololowanihj, kikwahj kowhjta-takual wan niin takualyotl moo patátiw kemehj panowa in shiwitl.

Achtopá pewaskiah in milahjtaatookalis, kipias achichihj 10 000 shiwhmehj nochi in anawak-neminihj itech in tlali katkahj taololowanihj.

In ashkan taololowanihj kipiahj see ihjtikmicro-bioma telpatawak kachi tein okseki neminihj tein yetokehj weyisholalmehj kampa ongak tepostakualchihjchihjwhjkej.

TepossholalmehjIn tepossholalmehj kionkwihj wan kikwahj milahj taseliotl wan in takualchiwalis seyohj yehjwasan sekih tepitzin kalteposmehj kionmatihj kiichiwaskej..

In tepostekitl, in kewalis wan ipah amoh ihjtakawais in takual, nijin taachiwalis semi kistokehj ipah mahj amoh ihjtakawis tein kititaaniahj wejkah kampa okseki kuaskehj.

In weyi sholalteposkayomehj tein ashkan nemihj kipiahj kachih tepitzin nii ihjtikmicro-bioma, tein kiin chiwa mahj kachi nenkensan moo posawkokolis pewakan.

Hadza Siwatl wan pilkonetl, Tanzania

Analshinolasiwatl, EEUU

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Nijin tekitl chihjchiwtok ikahj In weyikaltamachtiloyan Max Planck tein kimati wejkaw semanawaknehjneminihj..

Tajtoltaishkepak itech nahuatlahjtoli: Régulo Arroyo GuzmánRodrigo Barquera

Itech tayekojmej

In Weyikaltamachtiloyan Max Planck tein Kimati Wejkaw Semanawaknehjneminihj

RÉGULO RODRIGO

ALLIE

ASHJESSIE KE

TINA

ZANDRA

¡Shi moo mashtih kenin in wejkawtaishmatianij (arqueólogos) wan in nemilil wejkaw taishmatianihj (bioarqueologos) sentekitihj ipah tanankiliskeh ihjkuak kiin matahjtoltiskehj kenin moo panoltihj too wehjkaw anawaknehjnemianihj! Tii mits yolewah towan shioj ipah tiik matis tiakonimehj wan tonih tiik chiwahj, kampa pewak in too neskayotnemilis iwan kampa ehjok in weyitiltiksawatkokolis. Shion moo machtih kenin onkayahj wehjkawnehjnemialis wan in tamachiwalis ikahj radiocarbon. Shikonmatih kenin In tamaatianihj kii yekchihjchiwahj oksepah in wehjkaw takualmehj tein pewa ikahj tzikitzin momochtiktakualyotl tein amoh see kitah ikahj ishtololomehj. Shion tatemoh kenin moo chihjchiwkehj in takualchichiwalistakatl wan kenin in tanemilil moo ahjsi takuitapan itech nijinkehj takualmehj. Shion tatemoh itech in kokoliskayotl wan in wehjkawkokolismej tein panokehj wan shii kahjsi in too wehjkaw nemilil microbioma.