warm-up 11/3 & 7 1. what is it called when one plate goes under another plate? 2. what is it...
TRANSCRIPT
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Warm-up 11/3 & 71. What is it called when one plate goes
under another plate?2. What is it called where two plates
separate?
3. What is one thing you know about volcanoes?
4. What is one thing you would like to know?
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Plate Boundaries
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Remember: Earth Structures
LithosphereAsthenosphere
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Remember: Plate Tectonics1. Plates are moving in different directions at different
speeds.
2. Movement caused by convection in asthenosphere.
Plate boundary = place where two plates meet.
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Plates and BoundariesTwo types of plates:1. Oceanic Plates 2. Continental Plates
Three types of boundaries:1. Collide2. Separate3. Slide past
Fault – Border of plate boundaries
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Convergent Boundary
Plates collide3 types based on types of crust
colliding1. Continental-continental
◦Create mountains◦Examples
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Convergent BoundarySubduction zone
◦More dense plate is pulled under (subducted)
◦Crust is melted down, produces magmaMagma rises to form volcano2 boundaries
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Convergent Boundary2. Oceanic-oceanic
◦Older plate is subducted (more dense)◦Subduction forms trench◦Example
3. Continental-oceanic◦Oceanic is subducted◦Creates: Trenches Volcanoes
◦Example
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Explosive Eruptions
Rare ◦Total number:
DestructiveProduce
◦Debris◦Ash◦Gas
Pyroclastic Flow
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Pyroclastic FlowsLarge amount of
material produced in small amounts of time
Temperatures greater than 700 deg. Celsius
Faster than a hurricane
Lahar
Deadly
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Divergent BoundaryPlates separate
◦Space fills with magma◦Creates new crust◦Pushes old out
2 boundary types
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Divergent Boundary
1. Continental-Continental or on Continental Plate
◦ Creates rift valley May become lake Examples
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Iceland
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Divergent Boundary
1. Oceanic-Oceanic◦ Spreading center◦ Mid-ocean ridge◦ Majority of Earth’s volcanoes
Non-explosive
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Nonexplosive Eruptions Most common
Produce◦Calm lava flows◦Huge amounts of
lava
Shape our world◦Islands in the
Pacific◦Sea floor
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Hand-Signals…Show me:
1. Convergent boundaries = Collide
2. Divergent boundaries = Dividing
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Check for understandingIs the following picture:1. Convergent boundary2. Divergent boundary
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Check for understandingIs the following picture:1. Convergent boundaries2. Divergent boundaries
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Check for understandingIs the following picture:1. Convergent boundary2. Divergent boundary
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Warm-up 11/101. How are convergent and divergent
boundaries similar? 2. Give a current example of a
convergent boundary and what is being formed there.
3. What type of plate boundary is seen here How do you know?
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Hot Spots
PhenomenonTheories
◦Mantle plumes◦Cracks in crust
Far from boundary◦Examples
Appear to move over time
◦Why?
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Warm-up 11/11-12What type of boundary creates mountains? Be specific.
Radiometric dating is _________ dating.Which layer of the Earth is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates?
The half-life of plutonium is 6530 years. A sample contains .39% of the original amount of plutonium. How many half-lifes have passed and how old it it?
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Transform BoundariesPlates slide past each other No creation or destruction of crustNot a smooth movement
Earthquakes!
San Andres Fault
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EarthquakesWhat are they? What is it like?SeismologistWhere?
◦Plate boundary◦Occur at or create
faults◦Varying depths◦Focus
Epicenter
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How are earthquakes measured?
Richter scale◦ Strength
(magnitude)◦ Measuring ground
motion◦ Used by the media
Moment magnitude◦ More precise◦ Measures the
energy released◦ Measured at the
epicenter◦ Used by scientists
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Largest Recorded Earthquakes
Recent earthquakes Tracker
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Imaging of Earthquake Waves
Seismograph◦Measures and records local movement
◦3 main waves1. P wave2. S wave3. Surface
waves
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Earthquake Waves
P waves◦ First detected◦ Back-and-forth
S waves◦ Side-to-side◦ Slower, arrive later
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Surface◦Rolling◦Side-to-side◦Close to surface
◦Slowest◦More destructive
Aftershocks
Foreshocks
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Finding the EpicenterDistance vs. time
graph is constant◦Closest has
smallest time difference
Measure time difference on local seismograph◦Compare to graph◦Find distance
Repeat for multiple locations
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Finding Epicenter continued…
Use distances found
Draw a circle from each site
Overlap = epicenter
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Warm-up1. Which type of plate boundary do you think has the greatest impact on society? Justify your answer.
2. If the S wave of an earthquake arrives at 10:45 am and the P wave arrives at 10:55 am, how far are you from the epicenter?
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Earthquake Hazard Map
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Earthquake PredictionNot exactSeismic gaps
◦Area of fewer earthquakes
◦Likely location of future earthquake
◦Used to predict 1989 San Francisco
Past frequency
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Destruction from EarthquakesLiquefaction
◦ Mixing soil with underground water
◦ Sinkholes LandslidesFire
◦ Broken gas and electrical lines
◦ Lack water to fight
Building and highway damage
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Hand-Signals…Show me:
1. Convergent boundaries = Collide
2. Divergent boundaries = Dividing
3. Transform boundaries = Slide
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What type of boundary is this?
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TsunamiHow?
◦Displacement of a large volume of water
◦CausesMassive waves
◦Wavelength◦Height◦Period
Impacts coastline◦Wave slows◦Increases in
height
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Tsunami warning system
Only a few a yearMost recent (major)
◦Indonesia (Dec. 2004)
◦Japan (Mar. 2011)Seiche
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Ring of Fire