warm-up 1.name the 2 main organs of the nervous system. 2.draw and label the parts of a neuron
TRANSCRIPT
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Warm-Up
1. Name the 2 main organs of the nervous system.
2. Draw and label the parts of a neuron.
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Warm-Up
•Label the parts of the neuron below.
A
B
EF
C
G
D
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Warm-Up1. One neuron transmits a nerve impulse at 40
m/s. Another conducts at the rate of 1 m/s. Which neuron has a myelinated axon?
2. List the following in order:A. K+ channels open and K+ floods out of cellB. Membrane is polarized (resting potential)C. Neurotransmitters are released from vesicles into
synaptic cleftD. Na+ channels open and Na+ floods into cellE. Stimulus triggers membrane depolarization
3. What restores the resting potential of a neuron?
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The Nervous System
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Nervous System
•Master controlling and communicating system
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Basic Functions1.1. Sensory input Sensory input – gather information2.2. IntegrationIntegration – process and interpret
sensory input3.3. Motor output Motor output – response by muscles and
glands
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Organization
A.A. Central Nervous System (CNS)Central Nervous System (CNS)▫Brain & spinal cord▫Integrative and control centers
B.B. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)▫Nerves (spinal nerves, cranial nerves)▫Communication lines between CNS and rest of body▫Two Divisions:Two Divisions:
1.1. Sensory (afferent) DivisionSensory (afferent) Division: Sensory receptors CNS
2.2. Motor (efferent) DivisionMotor (efferent) Division: CNS effectors (muscles & glands)
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Motor Division
• Somatic nervous systemSomatic nervous system (voluntary) – control skeletal muscles
• Autonomic nervous systemAutonomic nervous system (ANS) (involuntary) – regulate smooth muscles, cardiac, glands▫Subdivisions: sympatheticsympathetic &
parasympatheticparasympathetic
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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue1.1. NeuronsNeurons (nerve cells) - transmit message
Anatomy:▫ Cell bodyCell body – contains nucleus; metabolic center▫ DendriteDendrite – fiber that conveys messages toward
cell body▫ AxonAxon – conduct nerve impulses away from the
cell body▫ Axon terminalsAxon terminals – end of axon; contain
neurotransmitters & release them▫ Synaptic cleft/synapseSynaptic cleft/synapse – gap between neurons
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Nervous TissueNervous Tissue2. Supporting cells (NeurogliaNeuroglia)CNSCNS: : astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells,
oligodendrocytesoligodendrocytes barrier between capillaries and neurons protect neurons immune/defense line brain and spinal cord cavities wrap nerve fibers produces myelin sheaths (covering)
PNSPNS: Schwann cells, satellite cells: Schwann cells, satellite cells surround large neurons protect & cushion
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• MyelinMyelin:: whitish, fatty material that covers nerve fibers to speed up nerve impulses
• Schwann cellsSchwann cells:: surround axons and form myelin sheath
• Myelin sheathMyelin sheath:: tight coil of wrapped membranes• Nodes of RanvierNodes of Ranvier: gaps between Schwann cells
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• GangliaGanglia: collections of cell bodies• Bundles of nerve fibers = tractstracts (CNS) or
nervesnerves (PNS)• White matterWhite matter: dense collections of myelinated
fibers• Gray matterGray matter: unmyelinated fibers & cell bodies
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It’s a Mad, Mad, Mad Neuron
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Classification of Neurons
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1. Functional Classification: direction nerve impulse is traveling
Sensory neurons
Motor neurons
Interneurons
carry impulses from sensory receptors to
CNS
carry impulses from CNS to muscles &
glands
connect sensory & motor neurons
Vision, hearing, equilibrium, taste, smell,
pain, pressure, heat
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2. Structural Classification: # processes extending from cell body
Multipolar Bipolar Unipolar
1 axon, several dendrites
1 axon, 1 dendrite
1 process
Most common (99%)
RareShort with 2
branches (sensory, CNS)
Eg. Motor neurons,
interneurons
Eg. retina, nose, ear
Eg. PNS ganglia
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Nerve Impulses
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Neuron Function
1.1. IrritabilityIrritability: ability to respond to stimulus & convert to nerve impulse
2.2. ConductivityConductivity: transmit impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands
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Exciting a Neuron:•Cell membrane at rest = polarizedpolarized
▫Na+ outside cell, K+ inside cell▫Inside is (-) compared to outside
•Stimulus excited neuron (Na+ rushes in) becomes depolarizeddepolarized
•Depolarization activates neuron to transmit an action potential action potential (nerve impulse)▫All-or-none response▫Impulse conducts down entire axon
•K+ diffuses out repolarizationrepolarization of membrane
•Na+/K+ ion concentrations restored by sodium-potassium pumpsodium-potassium pump (uses ATP)
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Resting membrane potential (-70mV)
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Gated Ion Channels (Na+ and K+)
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Depolarization
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• Saltatory conductionSaltatory conduction: electrical signal jumps from node to node along myelinated axon (30x faster!)
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Multiple Sclerosis (MS)•Autoimmune disease•Myelin sheaths destroyed reduced to
hardened lesions (scleroses)•Blindness, muscle weakness, speech
disturbance, urinary incontinence•Treatment: interferons, glatiramer (hold
off attacks)
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Nerve Conduction• Action potential
reaches axon terminal vesicles release neurotransmittersneurotransmitters (NT) (NT) into synaptic cleftsynaptic cleft
• NT diffuse across synapse bind to receptors of next neuron
• Transmission of a nerve impulse = electrochemical eventelectrochemical event
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Neuron Talk
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Neurotransmitters• 50+ identified• ExcitatoryExcitatory: cause depolarization• InhibitoryInhibitory: reduce ability to cause action
potential• Eg. acetylcholine, serotonin, endorphins
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Mouse Party
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NeurotransmittersNeurotransmitt
erNeurotransmitt
erActionAction Affected by:Affected by:
Acetylcholine muscle contraction botulism, curare (paralytic), nicotine
Dopamine “feeling good” cocaine, amphetamines
Serotonin sleep, appetite, nausea, mood, migraines
Prozac, LSD, ecstasy
Endorphins inhibit pain morphine, heroin, methadone
GABA main inhibitory NT alcohol, Valium, barbiturates
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Reflexes
•Rapid, predictable, involuntary responses to stimuli
1.Somatic Reflexes: stimulate skeletal muscles▫ Eg. jerking away hand from hot object
2.Autonomic Reflexes: regulate smooth muscles, heart, glands▫ Eg. salivation, digestion, blood pressure,
sweating
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Reflex Arc (neural pathway)
Five elements:1. Receptor – reacts to stimulus2. Sensory neuron3. CNS integration center4. Motor neuron5. Effector organ – muscle or gland
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Reflex ActivitiesPatellar (Knee-jerk)
ReflexPupillary Reflex
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Patellar (Knee-jerk) Reflex
Pupillary Reflex
• Stretch reflex• Tapping patellar
ligament causes quadriceps to contract knee extends
• Help maintain muscle tone, posture, & balance
• Optic nerve brain stem muscles constrict pupil
• Useful for checking brain stem function and drug use
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Flexor (withdrawal) reflex:painful stimulus withdrawal of threatened body part▫Pin prick
Plantar reflex:draw object down sole of foot curling of toes▫Babinski’s sign: check to see
if motor cortex or corticospinal tract is damaged
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Voluntary Reactions
•More neurons and synapses are involved longer response times
Reflex = Involuntary Reaction Voluntary Reaction
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Warm-Up
1. List and describe the 5 elements of a reflex arc.
2. List an example of a reflex.
3. What is the difference between a reflex and a voluntary reaction?
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Human Brain
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4 Major Regions
1. Cerebral Hemispheres
2. Diencephalon3. Brain stem4. Cerebellum
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1. Cerebral Hemispheres (Cerebrum)L & R hemispheresCorpus callosum: large fiber tract;
connects 2 hemispheresLobes: major regions (named for cranial
bones) ParietalParietal, frontalfrontal, occipitaloccipital, temporaltemporal
Gyri (gyrus) = elevated ridges of tissueSulci (sulcus) = shallow groovesFissures = deeper grooves, separate
large regions of brainMotor & sensory function: opposite
hemispheres
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Cerebral Cortex•Grey matter•“Executive suite” conscious mind
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Functions of the Major Lobes
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2. Diencephalon (interbrain)3 main structures:1.Thalamus: relay station for incoming info2.Hypothalamus:
A. Autonomic control center (heart rate, BP, digestion)
B. Emotional response (limbic system)C. Body temperature regulationD. Regulate food intakeE. Sleep-wake cyclesF. Control endocrine system pituitary gland at
base3.Epithalamus: pineal gland (sleep-wake cycle)
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Diencephalon
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3. Brain Stem
•Programmed, automatic behaviors for survival•3 regions:
1. Midbrain: vision, hearing, reflex2. Pons: breathing3. Medulla oblongata: heart rate, BP,
breathing, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneezing
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Brain Stem
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4. Cerebellum
•Balance, equilibrium, timing of skeletal muscle activity
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Protection of CNS•Meninges: connective tissue covering
CNS structures▫Dura mater (leathery outer), arachnoid
mater (web-like middle), pia mater (surface of brain)
▫Meningitis: inflammation of meninges; bacterial or viral infection
•Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF): watery cushion to protect NS from trauma▫Lumbar (spinal) tap – test for infection,
tumors, multiple sclerosis
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Meningitis
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Symptoms of Meningitis
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Treatment for Meningitis•Bacterial antibiotics•Herpes meningitis antiviral meds•IV fluids•Prevention: vaccines for bacterial
infections (HiB)
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Blood-Brain Barrier: endothelial cells in capillaries prevent substances from crossing into brain
NO:•Urea•Toxins•Proteins•White blood cells•Bacteria•Most drugs
YES:•Water•Glucose•Amino acids•Gases•Fat-soluble
substances•Some drugs:
anesthetics, alcohol, nicotine
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The Senses
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Special senses
• Smell• Taste• Sight• Hearing• “Touch” = temperature + pressure
+ pain of skin, muscles, & joints• Equilibrium (in the ear)
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Sensory Receptors•Large complex organs (eyes, ears)
•Localized clusters of receptors (taste buds, olfactory epithelium)
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Vision Tests
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Are the squares inside the blue and yellow squares all the same color?
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Bezold effect
The smaller squares inside the blue and yellow squares are all the same color.
They seem different (magenta and orange) because a color is perceived differently depending on its relation to adjacent colors (here blue or yellow depending on the outer square).
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Are the horizontal lines straight or crooked?
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Café Wall Illusion
The horizontal lines are straight, even though they do not seem straight. In this illusion, the vertical zigzag patterns disrupt our horizontal perception.
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Does Lincoln’s face look normal?
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Some neurons in the brain seem specialized in processing faces. Faces are usually seen upright. When presented upside down, the brain no longer recognizes a picture of a face as a face but rather as an object. Neurons processing objects are different from those processing faces and not as specialized. As a consequence these neurons do not respond to face distortions as well. This explains why we miss the weird eyes when the face is inverted.
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Can you see a baby?
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Illusory ContourThe baby’s head is on the left, the baby’s feet
are against the trunk of the tree on the right.Illusory Contour: a form of visual
illusion where contours are perceived without a luminance or color change across the contour
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How quickly can you say the color of the words below?
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Taste Tests
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Jellybean Test
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Flavor = taste + smell
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5 Types of Taste Receptors
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Aging
•After age 50, ability to smell and taste decrease
•Membranes lining nose become thinner & drier olfactory nerve deteriorate
•# taste buds decrease with age more difficult to detect sweet/salty foods taste more bitter
•As people age, their food tastes more bland eat less possible malnutrition
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Genetics of Taste
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PTC = phenylthiocarbamide
•Discovered in 1931 by when a DuPont chemist named Arthur Fox accidentally released a cloud of fine crystalline PTC in the lab.
•A nearby colleague complained of the bitter taste, while Dr. Fox tasted nothing.
•Fox continued to test the taste buds of family and friends, setting the groundwork for future genetic studies.
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Genetics of PTC Tasting•Gene for tasting PTC (Tas2r38) is located on Chromosome 7.
•PAV = taster (T), AVI = nontaster (t), AAV = another allele▫PAV-PAV = TT = very bitter▫PAV-AVI = Tt = somewhat
bitter▫AVI-AVI = tt = nontaster
•General Population: 70% Tasters, 30% Nontasters
TAS2R38
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Bitter tastes = Result of selection pressures?•Thiocynate Compounds (bitter taste)
found in broccoli, cauliflower, mustard family▫Tasters: avoid these foods in diet▫Nontasters: more varied diet, include
green leafy veggies•Thiocynates might inhibit thyroid
function tasters may have protection against thyroid diseases
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Bitter tastes = Result of selection pressures?
•Poisons = bitter taste▫Tasters: part of hunter-gatherer
societies?•Genetic Drift
▫Europeans: all 3 alleles (PAV, AVI, AAV)
▫Asians: AAV allele rare▫Native Americans: 98% have PAV
allele only
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Denver Museum of Nature and Science•Expedition Health: Genetics of
Taste Study•Purpose of Study:
▫Is ability to taste bitter compounds related to what foods you eat, your % body fat, and BMI?
▫Is your ability to taste bitter compounds related to your genetic ancestry?
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Substances related to PTC
•Thiourea (thiocarbamide) – very bitter!!!•Sodium benzoate – sweet, salty, bitter, no
taste▫Food preservative
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Family Pedigree
•Tasters:▫Supertasters
(TT)▫Tasters (Tt)
•Non-tasters (tt)