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Early Early Western Western

CivilizationsCivilizations: :

Maya, Maya, Aztec, Inca Aztec, Inca

CivilizationsCivilizations

At about 1000 B.C., people in the At about 1000 B.C., people in the Western Hemisphere began to live in Western Hemisphere began to live in villages and develop distinctive villages and develop distinctive cultures. cultures.

Olmecs Olmecs (before 1200 BC and died off around 400 (before 1200 BC and died off around 400

BC)BC)- Earliest people - Earliest people withoutwithout records. records.

- Carved giant stone heads and objects - Carved giant stone heads and objects of of jadejade. .

- Divided by social classes and - Divided by social classes and worshiped a god represented by a worshiped a god represented by a jaguar. jaguar.

- Practice human - Practice human sacrificesacrifice. Culture . Culture disappeared abruptly. disappeared abruptly.

Zapotecs (300 BC)Zapotecs (300 BC)

--FarmingFarming

-Polytheistic with temples -Polytheistic with temples

-Developed -Developed calendarcalendar and system of and system of writing writing

Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following with your partner the following

questions.questions. A. Several of these early American A. Several of these early American

civilizations come up with their civilizations come up with their version of calendars. What version of calendars. What information are they using to make information are they using to make the calendars? the calendars?

B. Why are their calendars different?B. Why are their calendars different?

Mayas (before BC 200 – 800 Mayas (before BC 200 – 800 AD)AD)

- Ceremonial centers with steep - Ceremonial centers with steep pyramidspyramids with advance architectural techniques with advance architectural techniques

- Studied astronomy, predicted solar - Studied astronomy, predicted solar eclipses and devised a calendar eclipses and devised a calendar

- Developed counting system based on 20 Developed counting system based on 20 and zero. Writing system and librariesand zero. Writing system and libraries

used elaborate temples (monuments) and sports courts.

- Lived in villages and - Lived in villages and farmedfarmed

- Ruling class practiced - Ruling class practiced self-mutilationself-mutilation and the society practiced human and the society practiced human sacrifice.sacrifice.

-Around 800 A.D., Maya civilization -Around 800 A.D., Maya civilization began to declinebegan to decline

-Culture was stratified or “spread out”

Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following with your partner the following

questions.questions. A. What reasons might civilizations A. What reasons might civilizations

turn to sacrificing humans? turn to sacrificing humans?

B. Why would these sacrifices by done B. Why would these sacrifices by done in, on or around a pyramid? in, on or around a pyramid?

Aztecs (1250 AD)Aztecs (1250 AD)

-Began as -Began as wandering wandering warriorswarriors, fighting , fighting for whoever would for whoever would pay them. pay them.

-Priests instructed -Priests instructed the Aztecs to the Aztecs to settle where they settle where they saw a sign: an saw a sign: an eagle sitting on a eagle sitting on a cactuscactus devouring devouring a snake. a snake.

-They saw the sign and built a city there -They saw the sign and built a city there named named TenochitilanTenochitilan..

-Pyramid temples for human -Pyramid temples for human sacrificesacrifice

-They used the inventions of tribes they -They used the inventions of tribes they conquered and traded with (conquered and traded with (diffusiondiffusion))

-learned to use metals, weaving, pottery -learned to use metals, weaving, pottery making, the first calendar, and math. making, the first calendar, and math.

-Learned to farm on chinampas: floating -Learned to farm on chinampas: floating artificial artificial islandsislands in their many lakes. in their many lakes.

-Used canals and aqueducts-Used canals and aqueducts-Aztecs society was dominated by the -Aztecs society was dominated by the

militarymilitary which was the most which was the most prestigious thing an Aztec could be prestigious thing an Aztec could be apart of. apart of.

Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following with your partner the following

question.question. A. The Aztecs were a very war-like A. The Aztecs were a very war-like

civilization. What other examples of civilization. What other examples of their behavior can you give to their behavior can you give to support this statement? support this statement?

Incas (1428-1572 AD)Incas (1428-1572 AD)

-Capital Cuzco “City of the Sun”-Capital Cuzco “City of the Sun”

-Religion was based on worship of the -Religion was based on worship of the sunsun. .

-Built fortresses, irrigation systems and -Built fortresses, irrigation systems and laid paved laid paved roadsroads. .

--PackedPacked animals carried goods. animals carried goods.

-Maintained -Maintained storehousesstorehouses of food to prevent of food to prevent famines. famines.

-Established a -Established a schoolschool system that taught Inca system that taught Inca religion and language, Quechua. religion and language, Quechua. No system of writing but they practiced accounting and developed a decimal system.

- Advanced in Advanced in medicinemedicine, including Anesthetics and , including Anesthetics and brain surgery brain surgery which were always being improved.

- Created a recording keeping system called quipu – knotted strings

Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following with your partner the following

questions.questions. A. Why might storing food be an A. Why might storing food be an

advancement in civilization?advancement in civilization?

B. Why were the Incas a people who B. Why were the Incas a people who worshiped the sun? worshiped the sun?

Spanish Exploration Spanish Exploration

In 1519, with 600 men, Hernando In 1519, with 600 men, Hernando CortesCortes defeated the Aztec ruler Montezuma defeated the Aztec ruler Montezuma and captured the city of Tenochitilan, and captured the city of Tenochitilan, today Mexico City, with its population today Mexico City, with its population of more than 200,000. Cortes and his of more than 200,000. Cortes and his troops had horses and troops had horses and gunsguns, which , which were unknown to the Aztecs. The were unknown to the Aztecs. The population rapidly declined. population rapidly declined.

In 1533, Francisco In 1533, Francisco PizarroPizarro led an led an expedition of 180 men and 27 horses expedition of 180 men and 27 horses into the heart of the Inca Empire in into the heart of the Inca Empire in South America. He defeated the Inca South America. He defeated the Inca and claimed their empire for the and claimed their empire for the Spanish crown. Spanish crown.

Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following with your partner the following

question.question. A.A. How were the Spanish, under How were the Spanish, under

Cortes, able to overtake such the Cortes, able to overtake such the war-like civilization of the Aztecs?war-like civilization of the Aztecs?

However, it was not only the However, it was not only the weaponsweapons and and horseshorses the Spanish brought to the the Spanish brought to the New World. The Spanish brought with New World. The Spanish brought with them them diseasesdiseases including malaria, including malaria, smallpox, and measles for which the smallpox, and measles for which the people of the New World had no people of the New World had no immunities. In some places, as much as immunities. In some places, as much as 90% of the native population died as a 90% of the native population died as a result of contracting these diseases. result of contracting these diseases.

B. According to the graph, what impact B. According to the graph, what impact of Exploration explains the decline of of Exploration explains the decline of the native population during the 16c. the native population during the 16c.

The Spanish married the natives and The Spanish married the natives and their offspring were called their offspring were called mestizosmestizos. . Although they were often the largest Although they were often the largest portion of the colonial population they portion of the colonial population they were usually at the bottom of the social were usually at the bottom of the social ladder. ladder.

The greatest single need of the Spanish The greatest single need of the Spanish conquerors was labor. People were conquerors was labor. People were forced to work in the mines and on forced to work in the mines and on the ranches. The crown devised a the ranches. The crown devised a system called system called encomiendaencomienda. A . A nobleman was given a large grant of nobleman was given a large grant of land and with the land came the right land and with the land came the right to force the native people who lived to force the native people who lived on the land to on the land to workwork for the nobleman. for the nobleman.

This system eventually led to the virtual This system eventually led to the virtual annihilation of several native groups. annihilation of several native groups. With the failure of the With the failure of the encomienda encomienda system, slaves from system, slaves from AfricaAfrica were were introduced into the Spanish colonies to introduced into the Spanish colonies to supply the need for supply the need for laborlabor. From the . From the mid-sixteenth century on, mid-sixteenth century on, AfricansAfricans constituted a large portion of the constituted a large portion of the laboring population. laboring population.

Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss Go to your read-a-long page. Discuss with your partner the following with your partner the following

question.question. C. Why don’t the native peoples in C. Why don’t the native peoples in Latin America make good slaves for Latin America make good slaves for the Spanish?the Spanish?

Put it all together. Put it all together. Discuss the following and Discuss the following and

complete with your partner:complete with your partner:

Put it all together. Put it all together. Discuss the following and Discuss the following and

complete with your partner:complete with your partner: