Warm-up

Can you correct the following citations? Write your corrections down on a piece of paper.

1.Huckleberry Finn, as the narrator of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, begins the novel by claiming that “Mr. Mark Twain [ . . . ] told the truth, mainly.” (Mark Twain, page 1, chapter 1).

2. Edna Pontellier’s full understanding of her self-determinism is shown when she acknowledges that she doesn’t “want anything but my own way (Chopin 112).”

Warm-up: Citations1. Huckleberry Finn, as the narrator of The

Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, begins the novel by claiming that “Mr. Mark Twain [ . . . ] told the truth, mainly” (Twain 1).

2. Edna Pontellier’s full understanding of her self-determinism is shown when she acknowledges that she doesn’t “want anything but my own way” (Chopin 112).

Persuasive Rhetoric and Argumentation

Pieces of an Effective Argument

A Claim- a clear statement of a position on an issue (think thesis)Eating at McDonald’s is unhealthy, and

parents should not let their children eat there.

Support- uphold the claim in the form of reasons and evidence that include three elements:Grounds: Evidence- Eating at McDonald’s creates obesity. Warrant: Assumption/Connection to

evidence and your argument; what makes it warranted/justified- All people who are obese have health issues.

Backing: Facts to back up the grounds- Because 55% of American children are obese, healthcare costs have skyrocketed.

Pieces of an Effective ArgumentCounter Arguments- Presents, anticipates, and

refutes opposing views; shows why other opinions are wrongSome say that eating at fast food establishments in

moderation does not lead to obesity, but the food itself is full of preservatives, fats, and additives which are unhealthy and lead to greater healthcare costs.

Logic- A sound, logical argument and effective language

Conclusion- sums up the reason and call for actionAs shown, fast food is a large contributor to the

obesity problem in America; the government must ensure the health of its citizens by outlawing unhealthy, fast food.

1. Identify the claim, grounds, warrant, and backing.

1. Claim: People should smoke Lucky Strike Cigarettes.

2. Grounds: Lucky Strike Cigarettes taste good.

3. Warrant: All consumers want the best tasting products.

4. Backing: Research done by The Research Laboratory of The American Tobacco Company and other independent research companies.

What is RHETORIC?

Persuasive Rhetoric Is….

The art of using language to argue and convince others to adopt a position or act in a certain way.

Arguments generally use...

Deductive Reasoning- -General to specific -Deduce (determine) conclusion from

evidence providedInductive Reasoning- -Specific to general -Infer a broader idea based on previous

examples

3 Basic Persuasive Techniques

Logos- Appeals to the

Logic- Facts and data

Pathos- Appeals to the

Emotions

Ethos- Appeals to

Credibility of speaker or Moral character of audience

Logos- Is it Logical?The appeal to the BRAIN using LOGIC,

FACTS, and DATA Information to support the persuasive claim.

Ethos- Is it credible?

Appealing to the values, moral standards, and credibility of the person who is trying to gain respect and trust from the audience.

Pathos- Is it Emotional?A majority of arguments in the popular press are heavily dependent on appealing to your emotions.   

 

See if you can figure out the AppealGum

http://youtu.be/xAVALXH9nxUPepsi Commercial

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=40DykbPa4LcOld Spice

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=owGykVbfgUESarah Mcglaughlin

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gspElv1yvcMcDonalds

http://youtu.be/OtWRCIkFl00Dove Commercial

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iYhCn0jf46UCheerios

http://youtu.be/aARf-XwDGFg?list=PL-Oprv9fueW2lG-LtaZbwe0WWkcncJTSU

Other Rhetorical Devices to Recall...Rhetorical question: obvious answer – “Should we be judged on appearance or rather the

content of our convictions?”

Antithesis: Contrasting ideas are expressed in a grammatically

balanced statement. “Give me liberty or give me death”

Repetition: Use of same word or phrase for emphasis

Parallelism: A pattern from line to line

Logical FallaciesErrors in Logical Thinking…Circular Reasoning- Supporting the statement by repeating the statement in different wordsNon Sequitur- A conclusion that does not follow logically from the “proof” offered to support itHasty Generalization- A conclusion drawn from too little evidence or from evidence that is biasedOvergeneralization- Statement that is too broad (signal words: all, none, everyone, etc.). Stereotypes fall into this category.False analogy- Trying to compare items/concepts that are too different or unlike in a significant way.

*See page R22 in your textbook if needed.

Logical Fallacies *See page R22 in textbook.

Name Calling- Personal AttackFalse Cause- Thinking something is the cause

of something else just because one event happened first.

Either/Or- Giving only two options (“You’re either with us or against us!”)

Evading the issue- Avoiding the argument’s central point by presenting evidence that is not necessarily relevant.

PropagandaIs a form of

communication aimed at influencing the attitude of the community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument.

Persuasive Appeals in Media

Commercial advertising is one of the most powerfully persuasive forces in today’s world!

So…How do they persuade you?Think of specific examples and what made them work.

Common propaganda techniques Common propaganda techniques often used in advertisingoften used in advertising

SloganRepetitionBandwagonTestimonial Emotional AppealExpert Opinion

Slogan:Slogan: ““Can you hear me now?Can you hear me now?””

A catchy phrase or statement often used to sell a service or a product.

BandwagonBandwagonA statement suggesting that everyone is

using a specific product, so you should tooPersuading people to do something by

letting them know others are doing itGives impression that you will be left out if

you don’t do what ad is trying to persuade you to do

Example: “See why so many women have switched?” (Shampoo advertisement)

Why are these examples of Why are these examples of Bandwagon?Bandwagon?

Testimonial Testimonial works because you feel like you can trust the words works because you feel like you can trust the words of an expert or someone who is famous.of an expert or someone who is famous.

Expert OpinionExpert Opinion

Ads using scientific sounding language to make a product seem more effective.

Appeals to the audience’s intellect“Four out of five dentists

recommend this toothpaste….”“Studies show that….”

Quick Review 1Quick Review 1SloganRepetitionBandwagonTestimonial Expert Opinion

Quick Review 2What are the 3 main Persuasive Appeals?

What are some Rhetorical Devices that we can look for in Persuasive speeches?

List some fallacies…

What does a good argument need?

Death Row Argument1. Who is Roland Williamson? Who is Anthony Porter?

Who is William Brennan? 2. What claim is the ad making?3. What evidence do the ad-writers use to support their

claim?4. What is the purpose of this ad? What, in other words,

did the ad-writers hope to achieve? 5. What are some possible objections or counterclaims

that could be raised in responding to this ad? By whom might these objections and counterclaims be raised?

6. Hypothesize whether or not the claim is effective for the intended audience and why it might be?

The Parking TicketYou work at Carolina Place Mall. You’re

working very hard saving money for college. On January 11, you went to work, despite a freak snow storm. You pulled into a parking spot, covered in snow. You return, 8 hours later to a melted parking lot only to discover your car has been towed. Upon investigation, you discover that the snow covered a handicapped parking spot with a picture and blue lines painted on the ground, but no sign. You paid $250.00 for the tow and have been given a $500 ticket.