Warm-up

Define the following termsCold War.Yalta ConferencePotsdam ConferenceIron CurtainContainmentDomino TheoryTruman Doctrine

Chapter 28 Post WWII and the Cold War

Cold War: An era of competition and confrontation between The U.S. and the Soviet Union. 1946-1990

Essentially for U.S. It was about containing communism.

Yalta Conference

After 1945 the Soviet Union and the U.S. try to rebuild Europe peacefully.

The disagreement was over how to run the elections of the post war Poland and the Balkans

The U.S. wanted free elections, The soviet Union wanted to institute a soviet sphere of influence.

Declaration of Liberated Europe

After the Yalta Conference both Britain's and the U.S. declared that the countries being liberated should be allowed to decide on their own government. As well as elect their own leaders.

Potsdam Conference.

1946 Germany collapsed and Truman replaced FDR

America wanted to industrialize GermanyRussia wanted to make it agricultural based.

Truman hinted at working Atomic bombe to force Russia to agree with industrialization of Germany after the war.

The Iron Curtain descends

Stalin sensing what he felt to be a betrayal began to set-up a set of Soviet satellite states from the Adriatic to the Baltic sea.

Germany which had been split into territories became the lynch pin

France Britain and America began to unify their territories and spread free elections

The Soviet pushed communism in the eastern block

Containment

The idea of containment was greed upon by then secretary of stat George C. Marshall Dean Acheson, and George Kennan

George Kennan and the Long Telegram

George Kennan was an ambassador to Moscow as tension began to sour.

The long telegram refers to 5,540 word telegram that explained his view on the Soviet Union

Kennan developed the idea of Containment which meant the U.S. needed to keep communism contained to the Soviet Union

Domino Theory

The idea of containment was based around the Domino theory.

Domino Theory: the idea that if communism could spread to the surrounding countries of USSR then it would eventually spread around the world.Essentially countries would fall to communism like dominos.

Atomic Conundrum

The U.S. only increased tension with their original use of the Atomic bomb.

It was originally kept a secret by the U.S. , Stalin only knew about the Manhattan project via espionage.

Truman Doctrine

The first test of containment came with a request from Britain who had been supporting the Greek government in a civil war.

He asked Congress for 400 million to try and free the area from the Soviet Union.

This action would lead the Truman Doctrine, were the U.S. would provide aid to any country facing oppression or opposing communism.QUIET DISKEY

Protecting the World

The U.S. would continue to implement policies in an attempt to protect against communism.

Marshall plan: Developed by secretary of state George C. Marshall the plan donated money to rebuild war torn Europe and Japan.

Originally was a gamble because the U.S. included Russia in those who would give aid.

NATO

As the Soviet Union blockaded off Berlin from the countries were looking for some security from the U.S.

NATO: stands for the North Atlantic Treaty Organization.

Twelve countries who agreed to militarily support any country attacked.

1st it committed the U.S. to the defense of Europe2nd The U.S. would honor this agreement, Dwight D.

Eisenhower was put in charge.

Germany

The decision came about to split Germany into four territories.

France , Britain, America, and the Soviet Union each controlled a section

The Soviet Union wanted Germany to pay reparations.

Put the U.S. and the Soviot Union at the brink of war

Berlin Airlift

To deal with the Soviet Union the U.S. merged their territories with their allies.

The Soviet Union decided to cut ties with Western Germany, almost preparing for an invasion.

The U.S. sent planes full of supplies to Western Germany to support them.

The Military Dimension

The government was looking to unite its military during cold war build up.

National Security Act: Established the department of defense. Headed by a civilian cabinet rank, presiding over the army, navy and air force.

Also created the Central Intelligence Agency(CIA)As well as the nation security councilFound great support in the fall of 1949 when the

soviets explode their first atomic bomb.

The Chinese Revolution

China formed a prominent communist party before world war II. Which was less active in order to stop the Japanese.

When WWII ended the party restarted and began to gain strength.

America provided the Chinese 2 billion dollars in aid to put down the Communists.

Unfortunately the funds were misspent and China fell to Mao and communism.

The Korean War

North Korea crosses over what is known as the 38th parallel.

Brings the U.S. forces lead by Douglas MacArthur into action.

U.S. and U.N. forces pushes the North Koreans to the border of China.

China feeling threatened attacks and pushes U.S. forces back to South Korea.

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1.What was the red scare, what was the cause of it?2. What does the term subversion mean?3. What is the loyalty review program? Who started it? Was it successful?4. What was the House Un-American activities committee? Who does it target?5.Describe events that revolved around Alger Hiss and the Rosenberg's.6.What is McCarthyism? Who did it target? How was it stopped?7.What is the McCarran Act?

The Red Scare

As the U.S. continues to try and stop the spread of Communism a spy defects on the Canadian border.

Lead to the second Red Scare.The Search for spies increased greatly as the

country began to fear a Communist subversion to weaken the U.S.

Loyalty Review

The program existed to screen government employees, in a n attempt to weed out spies.

Instead of calming Americans fears it only confirmed people fears of spies.

Un-American Activities

The director of the FBI J Edgar Hoover was not pleased with the simple screening of employees.

Hoover expanded the HUAC calling public hearings related to possible communists. The committee focused on the film industry many member of Hollywood testified against their friends and neighbors.

Alger Hiss

Hiss served as a diplomat in the Roosevelt administration. Hiss was accused by a another ember of the Administration Whittaker Chambers.

Upon testifying Hiss lied under oath committing the crime of perjury when he stated that he did not know Chambers.

The Rosenberg's

Believed to be Communist spies the Rosenberg's sold government secrets to the Soviets.After hearing testimony by scientist that had sold secrets the Rosenberg's were arrested.Both of the Rosenbergs were condemned to death.

McCarthyism

Joseph McCarthy was a senator that looking to fast track his career by taking advantage of the red scare.McCarthy became the head of the sub committee and built hearings based on flimsy evidence. This would damage the careers of possible opponents.The tactic was known as McCathyism

McCarran Act

Known as the internal security act

Made it illegal to conspire against the U.S. government.

Required all communist parties to publish the names of their members. Any communist sympathizers could be arrested.It was named after Senator Pat McCarren

Eisenhower comes to power

As Eisenhower entered the White House the Cold War was one of his Primary interests.

He believed that the war would not be won not just by military build up, but also economic build up.

Massive Retaliation

Roosevelt thought communism could not be contained with small battles.

Instead he believed in threatening to use Nuclear Weapons.

There critics to this idea calling it brinksmanship due to putting the world on the brink of war.

The end of a war and control of a crisis

By 1953 Eisenhower had decided to end the war in Korea, and signed a peace accord.

As China fell to the Communist the new soviet country began talks to invade Taiwan.

Eisenhower threatened to use nuclear weapons ending the crisis.

Covert Ops

Brinksmanship worked in only some scenarios.

Eisenhower decided to use the CIA or central Intelligence Agency to stop communism from growing in developing countries.

Many of these countries wanted to become communist because of imperialism and capitalism.

Warm-up

Take a seat and using your notes define the 13-16th Amendments

13th Amendment

The Thirteenth amendment: Outlaws slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, by the House on January 31, 1865, and adopted on December 6, 1865.

14th amendment

The Fourteenth Amendment: Its Due Process Clause prohibits state and local governments from depriving persons of life, liberty, or property without certain steps being taken to ensure fairness.

15th amendment

The Fifteenth Amendment: prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude"

16th amendment

allows the Congress to levy an income tax without apportioning it among the states or basing it on Census results.

Peace time blitz

• Post world war 2 even though the U.S. was fighting communism it is a great time of prosperity in the U.S.

During this time the U.S. built the federal high ways

TVs provided entertainment most familiesRock and Roll began to surface.

The Election of 1960

The presidency changes drastically as the sixties began due to the innovation of television.

It was estimated that 75 million watched the first ever televised debate.

Both parties had spent 6 million dollars in radio and television adds.

Who do you love?

Richard Millhouse Nixon

QuakerVice President under

EisenhowerFrom CaliforniaGrew up with financial

struggles

John F. Kennedy

CatholicYoung ,wealthyWar HeroFrom Massachusetts

Up for Debate

Portrayed himself as a cold warrior, who wanted to stop communism.

Wanted to boost the economy

Believed Kennedy's plan would boost inflation

Believed he was the only one with the foreign politics experience.

Portrayed himself as a cold warrior, who wanted to stop communism.

Wanted to boost the economy

Concerned with the missile gap, believed the U.S. lagged behind Russia in missile production

The result

It was Kennedy’s optimism and charisma that won out leading to his election.

Still the election was close as the country elected it’s youngest and first catholic President.

The New Frontier

The New Frontier

Upon entering the White House Kennedy proposed what would be known as the New Frontier

He hoped to increase aid to educationProvide health insuranceDevelop a department of Urban AffairsWin the space race

Successes

Kennedy was able to strengthen the economy through deficit spending.

Kennedy also focused on the rights of women with a Presidential commission. Eventually it would lead to the equal pay act.

The Warren Court

Besides Kennedy’s attempt to change society the supreme court changed the U.S. society in their rulings.

The most important dealt with what would be known as Due Process

Due process: means the law cannot treat individuals unfairly.

In class

We will be looking at two of the more important trials that occurred during the Warren court.

After reading through the case briefing in a group with the person next to you.

Explain if you think the court will rule for or against the person and why?

Gideon v. Wainwright

Between midnight and 8:00 a.m. on June 3, 1961, a burglary occurred at the Bay Harbor Pool Room in Panama City, Florida. Someone broke a door, smashed the cigarette machine and a record player, and stole money from a register. Later that day, a witness reported that he had seen Clarence Earl Gideon in the poolroom at around 5:30 that morning leaving with a wine bottle and money in his pockets. Based on this accusation alone, the police arrested him and charged him with breaking and entering with intent to commit petty larceny.

Gideon appeared in court and was too poor to afford counsel, Gideon was forced, therefore, to act as his own counsel and

conduct a defense of himself in court, emphasizing his innocence in the case. Nevertheless, the jury returned a guilty verdict, sentencing him to serve five years in the state prison.

From his prison cell at Florida State Prison, making use of the prison library and writing in pencil on prison stationery, Gideon appealed to the Supreme Court in a suit against the Secretary to the Florida Department of Corrections, H.G. Cochran .He argued that he had been denied counsel and, therefore, his Sixth Amendment rights, as applied to the states by the Fourteenth Amendment, had been violated.

Ruling

The Supreme Court Ruled

Escobedo vs. Illinois

Danny Escobedo was arrested and taken to a police station for questioning. Over several hours, the police refused his repeated requests to see his lawyer. Escobedo's lawyer sought unsuccessfully to consult with his client. Escobedo subsequently confessed to murder.

Ruling

JFK and Communism

Kennedy worked to make the military more flexible. He made it easier for Latin America to receive aid and developed the peace corps.

Kennedy felt the Eisenhower relied too much on Nuclear weapons. Kennedy instead increased funding to the special forces.

The President pushed for a build up in troops and conventional weapons.

Bringing assistance

In fighting Communism Kennedy focused on aid as much as military.

20 billion dollars was spent in an alliance with Latin America.

The money went to developing schools , housing and health care.

Peace Corps

Along with financial aid the President also developed programs to assist less fortunate countries.

The most memorable being the Peace Corps.

An organization that sent Americans to provide humanitarian services in less developed nations.

Space Race

1961 the Russian Cosmanaught Yuri Gagarin is the first person to orbit the earth.

Kennedy mad it a goal of the country to land a man on the Moon by the end of the decade.

July 16 1969 the Saturn V rocket launches and will land on the moon.

Bay of Pigs

1959 Fidel Castro overthrew Fulgencio Batista

He quickly established ties wit the Soviet Union and Nikita Khrushchev the Prime Minister, this was viewed as too close to home for many AmericansAs well creating drastic land reform and seizing U.S. businesses.

Bay Continued

Eisenhower authorized the CIA to train La Brigada to invade the Island.As Kennedy came into to power he authorized this movement.The group landed off a same island off the coast of Cuba called the bay of pigs.Kennedy cut air support to operation leading to it’s failure and Castro uncovering the plot

The Berlin Wall

Nikita Kruschev wanted to stop the Flood of Germans leaving East Germany.He demanded that the allied group of France Britain and the U.S. remove themselves.

Kennedy decided to remain firm and try to help the East GermansKruschev built a wall separating the two territories that would stand for the next 30 years.

Cuban Missile Crisis

The U.S. continued to take aerial surveillance of Cuba after the Bay of pigs failure.Eventually Kennedy announced to the world that the Soviet Union was placing nuclear weapons in Cuba. Kennedy pushed for a naval blockade to stop any other nuclear materials from entering CUba

Running the Blockade

If the soviet Union would have broken the Naval blockade created by the U.S. it could have possibly started a Nuclear war.

Eventually both sides agreed to remove missiles from Cuba and Turkey in a secret meeting.

Nuclear Test Ban Treaty

After the close destruction during the Cuban missile crisis both sides decide to start consider the Nuclear crisis.

The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. sign the nuclear test ban treaty: Which stopped the testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere.

The Kennedy Era Ends

Shortly after the passage of the test ban treaty Kennedy and his wife were visiting Dallas Texas.

As the motorcade was moved down the street President Kennedy was shot once in the throat and head

The believed gunman was Lee Harvey OswaldOswald would later be killed in

police custody

The Civil Rights Movement

The true start is December 1955 in Montgomery Alabama.

It was based around Rosa parks

News of parks arrest reached E.D. Nixon who was then head of the NAACPThe National Association Advancement Colored People.

Jim Crow Laws

Existed after Plessey ruling a series of laws know of Jim Crow Laws were put in place to continue segregation.

Theses were also known as de facto segregation.

The NAACP challenged these laws with Norris V. Alabama andMorgan V. Virginia

NAACP

The NAACP was constantly fighting to end segregation.

Their goal was to find a supreme court case that would make Segregation unconstitutional.They thought parks case could end segregation which was based around the idea od separate but equal.

The Democratic party also grew during the 1930’s relying on support from African Americans.

Standing up by sitting down

James Farmer and George Houser founded the Congress of Racial Equality. Or CORE They attempted to desegregate places, such as: department stores, and Restaurants.

They practiced Sit-ins to protest, they would sit down in public places until they were given service in the “Whites only Section”

Brown V.S. the Board of Education

The Case takes place in Topeka Kansas

It is based around a girl named Linda Brown

Brown was denied access to the local Public school due to being African American

The Courts Ruling

The NAACP pooled their money to Hire Thurgood Marshall for their legal defense of the case.

The Court Ruled that segregation was illegal because most establishments did not achieve the standard of separate but equal.

Essentially segregation would continue to deprive African Americans of status.

Johnson and the Great Society

That Sothern Style

War on Poverty

Kennedy had made plans to help the impoverished along with a civil rights bill.

Johnson continued the plans

Johnson had seen poverty first hand being a teacher in a poor area.

War on Poverty

By late 1964 Johnson passed the Economic opportunity act.

This bill went after what was believed to be the cause of poverty.

Inadequate public services, illiteracy, and unemployment.

Would lead to the establishment of VISTA: Put people with skills to work in impoverished areas.

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