Warm Up-Genetics• K-W-L: Chromosomes

Warm Up• Write the question and an answer below.

Also draw a Punnett square to support your answer.

• Can 2 blue-eyed parents have a green-eyed child?

Meiosis

• Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for reproductive cells in which the number of chromosomes in the cell is reduced to half.

Inheriting Traits

• Eye color, nose shape, and many other physical features are some of the traits that are inherited from parents.

• An organism is a collection of traits, all inherited from its parents.

11GeneticsGenetics

Inheriting Traits• Heredity is the passing

of traits from parent to offspring.

11GeneticsGenetics

What is genetics?

• Genes are on chromosomes and control an organism’s form and function.

• Alleles are the different forms of a trait that a gene may have.

11GeneticsGenetics

What is genetics?

• Genetics is the study of how traits are inherited through the interactions of alleles.

11GeneticsGenetics

Mendel—The Father of Genetics• Gregor Mendel began

experimenting with garden peas in 1856.

• Mendel recorded the first study of how traits pass from one generation to the next.

11GeneticsGenetics

Mendel——The Father of Genetics

• Mendel was the first to trace one trait through several generations.

• Mendel was also the first to use the mathematics of probability to explain heredity.

11GeneticsGenetics

Dominant and Recessive Factors

• Dominant alleles are traits that always show up.

11GeneticsGenetics

• Recessive alleles are traits that only show up when there is not a dominate allele present.

Click image to view movie.

Punnett Squares

• How could you predict what the offspring would look like?

11GeneticsGenetics

• A Punnett square is a handy tool used to predict possible traits of offspring.

Click image to view movie.

Punnett Squares

• In a Punnett square, letters represent dominant and recessive alleles.

11GeneticsGenetics

Punnett Squares 11

GeneticsGenetics

• An uppercase letter stands for a dominant allele.

• A lowercase letter stands for a recessive allele.

Punnett Squares

• The genotype of an organism shows the organism’s genetic makeup.

11GeneticsGenetics

• The phenotype of an organism shows how an organism looks and behaves as a result of its genotype.

Alleles Determine Traits

• A homozygous organism is an organism with two alleles that are the same.

11GeneticsGenetics

• A heterozygous organism is an organism that has two different alleles for a trait.

Sex Determination

• Females produce only X chromosomes & males produce either an X or a Y chromosome.

22Genetics Since MendelGenetics Since Mendel

• XX=Female; XY=Male

Pedigrees Trace Traits

• A pedigree is a visual tool for following a trait through generations of a family.

22Genetics Since MendelGenetics Since Mendel

• Males are represented by squares and females by circles.

Using Pedigrees

• A pedigree is a useful tool for a geneticist.

22Genetics Since MendelGenetics Since Mendel

• When geneticists understand how a trait is inherited, they can predict the probability that a baby will be born with a specific trait.

Heterozygousor

Homozygous D/R1. tt

2. Ff

3. GG

4. Hh

5. nn

• Make the following crosses, draw a Punnett square, and a T-chart of genotypes & phenotypes with percentages of the phenotypes.

Freckles are dominant over no freckles.

F=freckles

f=no freckles

6. FF & ff

7. Heterozygous & Homozygous dominant

8. Heterozygous & no freckles

Adam Smith married Eve Jones. Adam had blue eyes and Eve had brown. They had 5 children: Austin, Gina, Molly, Susie, and Randy. Austin and Molly had blue eyes and Gina, Susie, and Randy had brown.

9. Complete a pedigree for this family.

10. List the genotype and phenotype for each family member

11. If Austin Smith married Jill Nall who has blue eyes then what would the genotype and phenotype ratios be for their kids?

Warm Up-Pedigree

• Rick was married to Peggy and they had four kids, Judy, Johnny, Julie, and Jose. Judy eventually got married to Mike and Jose married Michelle. Johnny and Julie still have not married. Judy has 2 a son and a daughter, Roy and Joy. Jose only has a son named Mark.

• Draw a pedigree for this family.

Master Race (Superior Race)

• The overwhelming majority of Slavic population according to the Nazi secret plan Generalplan Ost were to be removed through expulsion, enslavement and extermination from East-Central Europe. Nazis eventually decided to exterminate (largely by starvation) the Poles and most other Slavic people who, along with the Jews and Gypsies, were defined as untermenschen, and a danger to the "Aryan" or Germanic übermenschen master race. A small percentage of people living in Eastern Europe who were deemed by Nazis to be descendants of Germanic settlers, were seen as sufficient subjects for Germanisation.

Adolf & Eva

The Pops• Purple= Boy(XY) or Girl(XX)• Yellow= Freckles(F) or No Freckles(f)• Orange=Tall(T) or Short(t)• Red= Dimples(D) or No Dimples(d)• Aqua= Brown Hair(B) or Blonde(b)• Green= Green Eyes(G) or Blue Eyes(g)

The Pops• Name• Genotype• Phenotype

Genotype Phenotype

Gender

Freckles

Height

Dimples

Hair Color

Eye Color