warm-up scientific methods
TRANSCRIPT
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Warm-Up Scientific Methods
WK2
Lesson Objectives
By the end of this lesson, you should be able to:
• Describe how scientists perform experiments and gather data.
• Explain the importance of controlled tests in scientific investigations.
• Show how scientists communicate, share information, and support the importance of peer review.
• Describe the function of models in science, and recognize the
usefulness and limitations of models as representations.
Words to Know
Fill in this table as you work through the lesson. You may also use the glossary to help you.
conclusion the overall summary of the results of an investigation
and their meaning
control samplethe sample in a controlled experiment whose variables
do not change
controlled experiment an experiment in which only one variable is changed
data the information that results from a scientific
investigation
dependent variable a variable that is changed by another variable
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Warm-Up Scientific Methods
WK2 Words to Know
experimental sample
the sample in a controlled experiment in which one
variable changes
independent variable a variable that causes a change to another variable
model a representation of a result or idea
observationthe act of using your senses to recognize something;
a piece of information gathered using the senses or tools
peer review
evaluation done by scientists on the work and conclusions
of another scientist
qualitativea word describing subjective observations or data that
are not based on numbers or precise measurements
quantitative
a word describing objective observations or data that are
based on numbers or precise measurements
results the outcome of a scientific investigation
scientific inquiry
the process of using observations, investigations, and
experiments to learn about natural phenomena
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Scientific MethodsInstruction
Scientific Inquiry
Scientific inquiry is the process of using observations and experiments
to learn about natural events.
Summarize
Observe
HypothesizeExperiment
Question
Making Observations
Observation is the act of using your senses to gather information. An observation can also be a piece of information gathered using the senses or tools.
Qualitative : subjective, not
based on numbers
Temperature (°C) Pressure (psi)
10 42
20 44
30 46
40 48
Quantitative : objective, based on
numbers and measurements
Lesson Question What methods do scientists use to gather new knowledge?
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1Slide
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Scientific MethodsInstruction
4Slide
Asking a Question and Developing a Hypothesis
Remember that an investigative question can be structured like this:
What is the effect of X on Y?
And the hypothesis is often structured like this:
If . . . then . . . , because . . . .
Setting Up and Performing Experiments
Research and design experiment
Gather supplies Perform experiment
Record data
Data are pieces of information obtained and recorded during
an experiment.
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Scientific MethodsInstruction
7Slide
Summarizing and Displaying Data
The results of an experiment are the outcomes of a scientific
investigation.
Mass of Salt Added (g)
Boiling Temperature (°C)
0 100.0
25 100.4
50 100.9
75 101.2
100 101.8
125 102.2
98.599.099.5
100.0100.5101.0101.5102.0102.5
0 25 50 75 100 125Boi
ling
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)Mass of Salt Added (g)
Boiling Temperature of Water
Drawing Conclusions and Communicating Results
The conclusion of an investigation is a general summary of the results and what they mean.
Communicate results.
Sample conclusion: The data support the hypothesis. As more salt was added
to the water, the boiling temperature of the water increased . Therefore,
we can conclude that dissolving salt in water increases the boiling temperature of the water.
Draw a conclusion.
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Scientific MethodsInstruction
10Slide
Controlled Experiments
Controlled experiment – an experiment in which one variable is changed
Control sample – a sample in a controlled experiment with variables that do not change
Experimental sample – a sample in a controlled experiment in which one
variable changes
Types of Variables
The independent variable causes a change to another variable.
The dependent variable is changed by another variable.
98.599.099.5
100.0100.5101.0101.5102.0102.5
0 25 50 75 100 125Boi
ling
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
Mass of Salt Added (g)
Boiling Temperature of Water
What is the effect of X (independent) on Y (dependent)?
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Scientific MethodsInstruction
16Slide
Analyzing Experimental Data
Temperature (°C)
Pressure (psi)
10 30.4
20 31.9
30 33.5
40 35.0
50 36.6
In this example, we have temperature on our x-axis and pressure on our y-axis.
25
30
35
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Pres
sure
(psi
)
Temperature (°C)
Representing Results with Models
A model can be a:
• sample .
• idea.
• picture.
• equation.
• method.
• diagram.
Models help scientists present experimental results.
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Scientific MethodsInstruction
20Slide
Writing Lab Reports
A lab report includes:
• a question .
• a hypothesis.
• the materials needed for the experiment.
• the experimental procedure.
• an analysis of the results.
• a conclusion .
Peer Review
A peer review is an evaluation done by scientists on the work and
conclusions of another scientist .
Presentation of Data
Scientists may communicate results by presenting data to other individuals and/or scientists.
• Large setting
• Conference
• Small setting
• Poster session
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Summary
?
Scientific Methods
Lesson Question
?
Answer
(Sample answer) Experiments are performed by scientists to gather new knowledge. These experiments are based on hypotheses. The results that are obtained from the experiment are then concluded in the form of tables or graphs. These results are communicated through lab reports.
Performing Controlled Experiments
Controlled experiments are the experiments in which only one variable is changed.
Controlled experiments contain:
• an experimental sample .
• a control sample.
The variables in a controlled experiment may be:
• independent (cause another variable to change).
• dependent (changed by another variable).
Lesson Question What methods do scientists use to gather new knowledge?
2Slide
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Summary Scientific Methods
Summarizing and Communicating Experimental Results
Tables Graphs
Journal articles
PresentationsSummarize
andcommunicate
Models
reportsLab
Use this space to write any questions or thoughts about this lesson.
2Slide