warm up (take out your homework)
DESCRIPTION
Warm Up (take out your homework). Draw 5 boxes Draw the process of mitosis in each phase, and describe what is happening to the DNA in each phase. Interphase . Early Mitosis. Mid- Mitosis. Late Mitosis. Final Product. Assessment. Next Class: Growth and Development. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Warm Up (take out your homework)
• Draw 5 boxes
• Draw the process of mitosis in each phase, and describe what is happening to the DNA in each phase
Interphase EarlyMitosis
Mid-Mitosis
LateMitosis
FinalProduct
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Assessment
• Next Class: Growth and Development
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Development: Growth & Differentiation Essential Questions
• How are the bodys tissues and organs formed?
• How can developmental problems lead to cancer?
• How are technologies like stem cell therapies and cloning organisms related to developmental processes?
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Todays Objectives
• Describe the role of differentiation in the development of a multicellular organism.
• Describe the process that leads to differentiation of cells in a multicellular organism.
• Review key concepts of the unit so far (growth & differentiation)
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Concept Review
Development
Growth
Mitosis
Differentiation
Inside Influences
Outside Influences (Induction)
Senescence
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Vocab
• Zygote: a fertilized egg
• Phenotype: the observable traits of an organism
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Readings: Coordinating GrowthDifferentiation and the Expression of Genetic Info
1) What might happen if too little cell division takes place? – Injuries go unrepaired
2) Too much?– A tumor can develop
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2) Most of us go through every stage in the same sequence.
So what?
So clearly there is some pretty good coordination of development going on.
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3) What are the two possible explanations for why all cells with the same DNA don’t do the same thing?
**DIFFERENTIAL GENE EXPRESSION**– Environments inside the cells differ. A substance in
one part of the cytoplasm ends up in one daughter cell and not the other. This may change the activity of the genes in that cell.
– Something outside the cell differs. A nearby cell may affect its neighbor’s gene expression.
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4) Define induction and give an example.An outside influence on differentiation that occurs when a group of cells can cause a neighboring group of cells to differentiate in a certain way.
Example: eye tissue developmentSweat glands, teeth, limbs, and feathers
* See graphic
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5) Why are we not 4 Foot wide brains?
-Different cell types use different parts of their genetic material
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6) How do environmental influences affect gene expression ?-Although all cells have the same genes, environmental influences inside and outside the cell cause certain genes to turn on and others to turn off.
*Active gene is transcribed to mRNA for protein synthesis
*Inactive gene is not transcribed
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VOCAB GAME
• Try to get your partner to guess the vocabulary word by giving him or her the definition.
Development Differential Gene ExpressionGrowth InterphaseDifferentiation MitosisInduction Senescence
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Concept Review
Development: Continuous permanent
changes from fertilization to death
Growth: Increase in number of cells
Mitosis: Cell division
Differentiation: Changes in structure and function of cells
Inside Influences Outside Influences (Induction)
Senescence: Aging leading to an
irreversible loss in function
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Growth• Growth is a key
component of development in which a multicellular organism increases in size due to an increase in the number of cells.
• Mitosis produces an increase in the number of cells during development.
(http://geneticssuite.net/files/Cell%20multiplication.jpg)
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The Cell Cycle – Life of a Cell
• Interphase– Accounts for 90% of the life cycle of a cell– Cell metabolism is active, the cell grows and DNA isreplicated before the cell divides
• M Phase– Consists of Mitosis (division of the nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
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Mitosis results in how many daughter cells?
A) 1B) 2C) 3D) 4
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How do the daughter cells of mitosis compare with the parent cell genetically?
A) differentB) sameC) some parts are different, some parts are the
sameD) I’m not sure
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DNA packaging in a eukaryotic cell
• DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form chromatin fibers. Chromatin is the form in which genetic material takes during interphase.
• Chromatin further condenses into a chromosome during the M phase of the cell cycle.
(http://www.tutorvista.com/biology/types-of-chromosomes)
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Chromosome Structure• A duplicated chromosome
consists of two sister chromatids (present during prophase and metaphase of mitosis)
• Sister chromatids are joined at a centromere– Which is an attachment point
for spindle fibers during mitosis
• A chromosome consists of one chromatid after sister chromatids are pulled apart during mitosis
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Chromososmes are present in a condensed, visible (under the microsccope) form during
A) All parts of the cell cycleB) Interphase onlyC) Mitosis onlyD) I’m not sure
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Interphase • Includes:
• Growth of cell• Metabolism is active• DNA is replicated• “Spaghetti Stage”
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Early Mitosis
• Chromosomes Condense• Nuclear envelope
(membrane) disintegrate• Centrosomes migrate to
poles• Spindle fibers appear
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Mid-Mitosis
• Chromosomes line up along the equator (middle) of the cell
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Late Mitosis
• Sister chromatids separate
• Spindle fibers pull chromosomes to poles
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Final Result: 2 identical daughter cells
• Chromosomes go to separate poles
• Chromosomes unwind• Nuclear envelope
reforms• Cytokinesis
(cytoplasm division) is completed
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2.1.
4.3.
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Differentiation• During development,
differentiation is the process by which cells become specialized. In other words, cells become structurally and functionally different.
• Different cell types express (make proteins from) different genes within the DNA sequence of the nucleus.
(http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2006/12/from_two_cells_to_many_cell_di.php)
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How does differentiation occur?• During development of an embryo, both the
internal environment of cells and the external environment of cells within the embryo differs.
• This causes individual cells within the embryo to turn certain genes on and others off.
• Genes become turned on when they are transcribed into mRNA for protein synthesis.
• Different cell types produce certain proteins that are specific to the functioning of that cell type.
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T-R-I summarizationsDraw two 4-squares on one sheet of paper
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T-R-I summarizations
Topic: Growth Restriction
Illustration Non-illustration
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T-R-I summarizations
Topic: Differentiation Restriction
Illustration Non-illustration
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Written Response
• Write a one paragraph response to the following question:– Explain the relationship between mitosis and
growth that occurs during development
– Remember: more depth = higher grade
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Four-Two-One
• Test prep for next class– Differentiation
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Written Response
• Write a one paragraph response to the following question:
–Compare and contrast growth, differentiation, and senescencel
–Remember: more depth = higher grade