Warm UpWarm Up What are some examples of living What are some examples of living

things?things? Describe the characteristics of Describe the characteristics of

living thingsliving things

Unit 2: ObjectivesUnit 2: Objectives Identify the levels of biological organization and Identify the levels of biological organization and

explain their relationshipsexplain their relationships Describe cell structure and its significance in Describe cell structure and its significance in

biotechnology research and product developmentbiotechnology research and product development Discuss the types of organisms researched and the Discuss the types of organisms researched and the

types of cells grown and studied in biotechnology types of cells grown and studied in biotechnology facilities plus the products with which they are facilities plus the products with which they are associatedassociated

Distinguish between the cellular organization of Distinguish between the cellular organization of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsprokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

List the four main classes of macromolecules and List the four main classes of macromolecules and describe their structure and functiondescribe their structure and function

Define genetic engineering and identify products Define genetic engineering and identify products created with this technologycreated with this technology

Explain the Central Dogma of Biology and its Explain the Central Dogma of Biology and its importance in genetic engineeringimportance in genetic engineering

Unit 2.1 Organisms and Their Components

• To manufacture biotechnology To manufacture biotechnology products, biotechnicians must work products, biotechnicians must work with organisms and their components.with organisms and their components.

• These are the “These are the “raw materialsraw materials” of ” of biotechnology.biotechnology.

Examples of “Raw Materials”Examples of “Raw Materials”• Molecule:Molecule: Antibody used to Antibody used to

treat patients with diseasestreat patients with diseases• Cell:Cell: Escherichia coliEscherichia coli ( (E. coliE. coli))• Multicellular organisms:Multicellular organisms:

• Frost resistant strawberry Frost resistant strawberry plantsplants

• Increase genetic diversity of Increase genetic diversity of endangered animalsendangered animals

Working in any area of Working in any area of biotechnology requires…biotechnology requires…

Understanding of the Understanding of the characteristics of life characteristics of life

Structures that compose Structures that compose organismsorganisms

Example: Example: Developing pesticide resistant soybean plantDeveloping pesticide resistant soybean plant

Understand normal soybean growth and factors that Understand normal soybean growth and factors that influence itinfluence it

Recognize normal stem, root, and flower Recognize normal stem, root, and flower development in soybeansdevelopment in soybeans

Understand chemical structure of pesticide Understand chemical structure of pesticide molecules and how these will interact with the cells molecules and how these will interact with the cells and tissuesand tissues

Development of antibiotics (Medical Development of antibiotics (Medical application)application)

Understand the behavior of the microorganismUnderstand the behavior of the microorganism Recognize the chemical structure of antibioticRecognize the chemical structure of antibiotic Interaction of antibiotic with receptors on Interaction of antibiotic with receptors on

microorganismmicroorganism

Content KnowledgeContent Knowledge

Minimum requirement:Minimum requirement: Basic biochemistry Basic biochemistry

Chemistry of living thingsChemistry of living things CytologyCytology

Cell biologyCell biology AnatomyAnatomy

StructureStructure PhysiologyPhysiology

FunctionFunction

The Living ConditionThe Living Condition

Living things include:Living things include: PlantsPlants AnimalsAnimals BacteriaBacteria Fungi Fungi ProtozoansProtozoans

Popular research organisms used in Biotech:Popular research organisms used in Biotech: Soy beans, cotton, fruit flies, worms, cows, Soy beans, cotton, fruit flies, worms, cows,

chicks, zebrafish, mice, rats, yeast and bacteriachicks, zebrafish, mice, rats, yeast and bacteria

The Living ConditionThe Living Condition

Characteristics of life:Characteristics of life: GrowthGrowth ReproductionReproduction Response to stimuliResponse to stimuli Breakdown of food Breakdown of food

molecules (respiration)molecules (respiration) Production of waste Production of waste

productsproducts

Levels of Biological OrganizationLevels of Biological Organization

Unicellular OrganismUnicellular Organism Organism composed of only ONE cellOrganism composed of only ONE cell

Example: Bacteria, algae, protozoansExample: Bacteria, algae, protozoans Use a microscope to view unicellular Use a microscope to view unicellular

organismorganism Biotech application: Biotech application: E.coliE.coli used in genetic- used in genetic-

engineering engineering experimentsexperiments

Levels of Biological OrganizationLevels of Biological Organization

Multicellular OrganismsMulticellular Organisms Cells of multicellular organisms are Cells of multicellular organisms are

grouped into functional units:grouped into functional units: Tissues are group of cells that function Tissues are group of cells that function

together (e.g. Muscular or nervous tissue)together (e.g. Muscular or nervous tissue) Organs are tissues that act together to form Organs are tissues that act together to form

a specific function in an organisma specific function in an organism

(e.g. liver and stomach)(e.g. liver and stomach)

Levels of Biological OrganizationLevels of Biological Organization

Atoms are the smallest unit of matterAtoms are the smallest unit of matter Atoms make up moleculesAtoms make up molecules

Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acidsCarbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids Molecules are the building block of cellsMolecules are the building block of cells Cells function in groups called tissuesCells function in groups called tissues Tissues function together in organsTissues function together in organs Organs make up the organ systemsOrgans make up the organ systems Organ systems work together in Organ systems work together in

multicellular organismmulticellular organism

CellsCells Smallest units of lifeSmallest units of life Contain smaller, nonliving Contain smaller, nonliving

units known as units known as organellesorganelles Cannot exist outside the cellCannot exist outside the cell Specialized microscopic Specialized microscopic

factories with specific jobsfactories with specific jobs Example: Mitochondrion create Example: Mitochondrion create

energy for the cellenergy for the cell Composed of molecules and Composed of molecules and

atoms (building blocks)atoms (building blocks) Too small to be seen with a Too small to be seen with a

conventional microscopeconventional microscope

In a cell…In a cell… Different kinds of Different kinds of

molecules are molecules are producedproduced SugarsSugars StarchesStarches ProteinsProteins Nucleic acidsNucleic acids LipidsLipids

Function of these Function of these molecules include:molecules include: Regulation of cell Regulation of cell

activityactivity StorageStorage TransportationTransportation

Many of these are part Many of these are part of the structure of of the structure of organelles.organelles. Proteins are the most Proteins are the most

common molecules of common molecules of cells.cells.

Example: Insulin from Example: Insulin from pancreas cells, growth pancreas cells, growth hormone from pituitary hormone from pituitary cellscells

VocabularyVocabulary Organism – a living cell Cell – the smallest unit of life that makes up all living

organisms Escerichia coli - a bacterium that is commonly used by

biotechnology companies for the development of products Multicellular – composed of more than one cell Cytology – cell biology Anatomy – study of the structure and organization of

living things Physiology – the processes and functions of living things Respiration – the breaking down of food molecules with

the result of generating energy for the cell Unicellular – composed of one cell Tissue – a group of cells that function together (eg,

muscle tissue or nervous tissue) Organ – tissues that act together to form a specific

function in an organism (eg, stomach that breaks down food)

VocabularyVocabulary Proteins – one of the four classes of macromolecules; folded, functional

polypeptides that conduct various functions within and around a cell (eg, adding structural support, catalyzing reactions, transporting molecules)

Eukaryotic/eukaryote – a cell that contains membrane-bound organelles

Protist – an organism belonging to the Kingdom Protista, which includes protozoans, slime molds, and certain algae

Organelles – specialized microscopic factories, each with a specific job in a cell

Mitochondria – membrane-bound organelles that are responsible for generating cellular energy

Sugar – a simple carbohydrate molecule composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

Starch – a polysaccharide that is composed of many glucose molecules Nucleic acid – a class of macromolecules that directs the synthesis of

all other cellular molecules; often referred to as “information-carrying molecules”

Lipids – one of the four classes of macromolecules; includes fats, waxes, steroids, and oils

Pancreas – an organ that secretes digestive fluids as well as insulin Hormone – a molecule that acts to regulate cellular functions

2.1 Review Questions2.1 Review Questions

Give an example of a plant that has been produced by biotechnology.

Knowledge of what other disciplines of science will improve the understanding of biotechnology?

Describe two characteristics of living things.

Which of the following is considered to be “alive”: organs, molecules, atoms, cells, or organisms?

Activity: Popular research organisms used Activity: Popular research organisms used in biotechnology/biomedical researchin biotechnology/biomedical research

Background: Background: Popular model organisms have strong Popular model organisms have strong

advantages for experimental research, advantages for experimental research, and become even more useful when and become even more useful when other scientists have already worked on other scientists have already worked on them, discovering techniques, genes them, discovering techniques, genes and other useful informationand other useful information

Activity: Popular research organism used Activity: Popular research organism used in biotechnology/biomedical researchin biotechnology/biomedical research

Instruction:Instruction: Each group will be required to research Each group will be required to research

on a model organismon a model organism Use the articles on “History of model Use the articles on “History of model

organism” & “Model organism” provided organism” & “Model organism” provided and internet research to learn about and internet research to learn about your model organism. your model organism.

You will be required to present and You will be required to present and teach the class about your selected teach the class about your selected model organism next class period. model organism next class period.

Activity: Popular research organism used Activity: Popular research organism used in Biotechnology/Biomedical Researchin Biotechnology/Biomedical Research

List of model organism:List of model organism: Fruit fly (Fruit fly (DrosopilaDrosopila)) Escherichia coli (Escherichia coli (E. coliE. coli)) MouseMouse RatRat ZebrafishZebrafish ChickenChicken Nematode (Nematode (Caenorhabditis elegansCaenorhabditis elegans)) Yeast Yeast

Activity: Popular research organism used Activity: Popular research organism used in Biotechnology/Biomedical Researchin Biotechnology/Biomedical Research

Discuss:Discuss: Background information Background information Types of biotech/biomedical research Types of biotech/biomedical research

performed using the organism performed using the organism Provide one or more specific exampleProvide one or more specific example

Reasons on why the model organism is Reasons on why the model organism is chosen for that particular type of chosen for that particular type of researchresearch

Activity: Popular research organism used Activity: Popular research organism used in biotech/biomedical researchin biotech/biomedical research

Poster or PowerPoint presentationPoster or PowerPoint presentation Rubric for presentationRubric for presentation Rubric for poster/PowerPoint slidesRubric for poster/PowerPoint slides