WARMUP:

Please have a seat and take out your Hot Zone books.

Agenda:1. Discuss Microbiology Quiz and Hot Zone (pt 1 quiz)2. Discuss Karyotypes3. Introduce Embryology 4. Hot Zone Reading Session (if time)

HWK:

Articles are due on Tuesday (be prepared for 3-4 open note quizzes)

Please work on the Review Sheet (this is on my teacher site)

Embryology Quest and Review Sheet due Tuesday

Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23

OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015

HONORS

WARMUP:Please have a seat and take out your Final Review Sheet and Answers (#10-19)

Agenda:1. Discuss Microbiology Quiz 2. Discuss Karyotypes3. Introduce Embryology 4. Final Review Session (time to get ahead on your hwk)

HWK:Final Review Packet- due TuesdayEmbryology Quest and Embryo Review Sheet due TuesdayLocate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23

OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015

ACADEMIC

Karyotypes

FEMALESMALES

23 pairs of chromosomes

How much DNA do we have?

23andMe

BrainPop-

Genetics

Klinfelters Syndrome

Males who have have an XXY pattern.

Physical development: Don’t make as much testosterone as other boys.Tend to be taller, less muscular body, less facial and body hair, and broader hips), larger breasts, weaker bones, and a lower energy level and infertility .

1 of every 500 males has an extra X chromosome, but many don’t have any symptoms.

KS

Downs SyndromeTrisomy 21, is a condition in which extra genetic material causes delays in the way a child develops, both mentally and physically. It affects about 1 in every 800 babies born in the United States.

Physically- flat facial profile, an upward slant to the eyes, small ears, and a protruding tongue.

Age 30 1 in 1,000 Age 351 in 400 Age 40 1 in 100.Downs

Turners SyndromeGirls with Turner syndrome are born with only 1 X or they are missing part of one X chromosome.

Girls with Turner syndrome are usually short in height (4 feet 7in.)Heart & kidney problems, over weight, learning disabilities, webbed neck, drooping eyelids and more…

affects about 1 in every 2,500 girls.Turners

Overview of Sexual Reproduction

• Sexual Reproduction is the combination of genetic information from 2 different organisms

• Increases diversity in a population

• Sex cells AKA germ cells or gametes• Created By Meiosis

• Meiosis is made up of 2 nuclear divisions:• Meiosis I – homologous

chromosomes separate• Meiosis II – sister chromatids

separate

Meiosis I

Interphase

Telophase I

Anaphase I

Metaphase IProphase I

Cytokinesis Images from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/meiosis/teloi.html

What happens here?? What happens here??

What type of cell am I??

Meiosis II Coming from Meiosis I

Prophase II

Metaphase II

Anaphase IITelophase II

CytokinesisImages from: http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/biocoach/meiosis/teloi.html

HUMAN GAMETES:

• The Human Gametes are…• Sperm – male (23 chromosomes)• Ovum (egg) – female (23

chromosomes)

• Gametes are made through a specialized form of meiosis…• Spermatogenesis – formation of

sperm• Oogenesis – formation of ova

• Gametes are made in the gonads…• Testes in males• Ovaries in females

MEIOSIS

2n=4

sex cell

diploid (2n)

n=2

n=2

meiosis I

n=2

n=2

n=2

n=2

sperm

haploid (n)

meiosis II

SPERM- 4 parts

1. Acrosome – holds powerful enzymes that help sperm enter egg cell

2. Nucleus – 23 chromosomes3. Midpiece – holds

mitochondria (provides energy)

4. Tail – 1 flagellum, allows sperm to ‘swim’

4

1

2

3

Spermatogenesis

This process begins in puberty, continues until death

Female AnatomyUTERUS

FALLOPIAN TUBE

OVARY

OVUM Large cell with a nucleus =23

chromosomes Large cytoplasm containing:

Yolk – will be the precursor for blood and reproductive cells, in organisms other than mammals the yolk provides the nutrients for the developing embryo

Organelles – most importantly the mitochondria

Cell membrane – Which contains the rest of the cell

Layer of jelly – surrounds the cell membrane and protects the ovum

Female Reproductive Organ

Fallopian tubes extend from the ovaries to the uterusThey provide the

pathway for ovum to reach the uterus

They are the site of fertilization

Uterus receives, retains, nourishes the fertilized ova

The ovaries are composed of sac-like structuresTheir job is to produce the ovum (eggs)

The Process of Oogenesis

A female is born with a total supply of ovum (eggs)

Ability to release eggs begins at puberty and ends at menopause

The Process of Oogenesis Only one primary oocyte goes through

meiosis at a time, this occurs once a month

If an egg is not fertilized it dies

WARMUP:

..

Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time

HWK:

Articles are due on Tuesday (be prepared for 3-4 open note quizzes)

Please work on the Review Sheet (this is on my teacher site)

Embryology Quest and Review Sheet due Tuesday

Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23

OBJECTIVES 1/16/2015

HONORS

WARMUP:

WARMUP:

..

Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time

HWK:

Final Review Packet- due Tuesday

Embryology Quest and Embryo Review Sheet due Tuesday

Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23

OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015

ACADEMIC

Steps From Fertilization to Birth Fertilization Zygote Cleavage Morula Blastula Implantation Gestation Gastrula Embryo Fetus

FertilizationFertilization or conception – ovum

and sperm combining Ovum has 48 hours from time released to

be fertilized If not fertilized they dissolve (menstruation

occurs)

Fertilization

At the same time, when a man ejaculates… About 300 million sperm are deposited in the

vagina Only about 300 thousand reach the top of the

uterus And only 300 make it to the top of the

Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place Sperm, have approximately 48 hours before

they die

Fertilization

Sperm breaks through layers meeting and fusing with the membrane surrounding the ovum

Sperm must burrow through layers of protective cells when they reach the ovum

The steps of fertilization

1. Sperm contacts jelly layer and the egg cell recognizes the proteins on sperm cell

2. Acrosome breaks and releases enzymes that break the jelly layer around the ovum

3. Sperm forms a tube that pushes to the cell membrane

4. Tube fuses with cell membrane5. Sperm nucleus moves into the egg, tail

stays behind6. Fertilization – officially occurs when the 2

nuclei fuse

FERTILIZATION Within ~20 seconds a reaction occurs to form

fertilization membrane – blocks additional sperm from entering the cell

Why would the entry of multiple sperm be bad?

FERTILIZATION

A new cell called the zygote has been formedDiploidWill enter mitosisGenetic material will be

copied millions of times and it will divide over and over again

WARMUP:

..

Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time

HWK:

Articles are due on Tuesday (be prepared for 3-4 open note quizzes)

Please work on the Review Sheet (this is on my teacher site)

Embryology Quest and Review Sheet due Tuesday

Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23

OBJECTIVES 1/16/2015

HONORS

WARMUP:

WARMUP:

..

Agenda:1. Finish Embryology2. Embryology Review Sheet 3. Hot Zone Reading Session with remaining time

HWK:

Final Review Packet- due Tuesday

Embryology Quest and Embryo Review Sheet due Tuesday

Locate your textbook- Due on Friday 1/23

OBJECTIVES 1/15/2015

ACADEMIC

Stem Cells Cells with the potential to develop into

many different cell types in the body. Stem cells are unspecialized (they do

not have a job in the body). Stem cells can divide and renew for long

periods of time.

CleavageZygote first divides after about 24

hours after fertilization = cleavage After 3 days a solid ball of cells form=the

morula Cells in the morula divide into hundreds of cells

and form a ring around a fluid filled cavity= blastocyst

The blastocyst embeds itself in the uterine lining - implantation

Fertilized eggCleavage – cell cycle without growth

Solid ball of cells

Hollow ball of cells AKA: blastula

Implantation (blastula implants in the endometrium of the uterus)

GestationPregnancy or

gestation begins at implantation

After implantation cells begin to differentiate or gradually change into specific cell types

The 9 month period of pregnancy is divided into three trimesters

Embryo Or Fetus?What’s the difference between an

embryo and a fetus?

Embryo Fetus

Less than 8 weeks oldOrgan systems formingLooks like a ball of cells

More than 8 weeks oldAll organ systems presentLooks like a tiny human

Gastrulation Gastrulation= the period of time when cells

differentiate into three major germ layers: Endoderm– digestive tract, respiratory

system, liver, pancreas Mesoderm – muscles, tissues, bones Ectoderm – skin, brain, nervous system

Results in a Gastrula= a hollow ball with 3 distinct germ layers

Important Membranes of the FetusAmnion- forms the amniotic sac

surrounds and protects developing embryo

Yolk sac – provides nutrition & site of formation of first blood & reproductive cells

Chorion- Surrounds all other membranesChorionic villi –forms the placenta

See figure 52-9

The Placenta The placenta

creates an area of exchange between the mother and baby Blood of mother

and baby never mix Constant exchange

of nutrients, gases, pathogens, drugs and other substances

Fetus is attached to the placenta by the umbilical chord

Spermatogonium

1* Spermatocyte

2* Spermatocyte

Spermatide

SpermM

ITO

SIS

ME

IOS

IS I

ME

IOS

IS I

I

DIF

FE

RE

NT

IAT

ION

Oogonium

1* Oocyte

2* oocyte

Spermatogonium

oogonium

Polar Body

Otid

Polar Body

Ovum

MIT

OS

IS

ME

IOS

IS I

ME

IOS

IS I

I

DIF

FE

RE

NT

IAT

ION

SPERMATOGENISIS:

OOGENISIS

Word Bank:differentiation,

meiosis I,mitosis,

meiosis II,sperm

spermatogonium 1* spermatocyte

spermatid, 2* spermatocyte

ovum,polar body, oogonium, 1* oocyte2* oocyte

First Trimester Month 1

Fertilization, Cleavage, Implantation, Gastrulation

HCG (hormone) is produced

Month 2 & Month 3 Nervous system is the

first organ system to form. Heart develops and

begins beating All other organ systems

begin to form. Placenta forms and the

umbilical cord connects mother and embryo.

First Trimester

Second Trimester Month 4, 5 & 6

Accessory organs form. (Nails,

eyelashes, eyebrows) Baby moves (can suck its

thumb, kick and punch) Doctors can tell if it is a

boy or girl Mother can feel baby

moving Skin is covered by soft hair lungs begin to develop

21 wks 28 wks

Second Trimester

Third TrimesterMonths 7, 8 and 9 Organs continue to

develop Starts to gain fat under

skin Size increases rapidly The immune system

develops Can sense light and

darkness and react to sounds

Labor will be triggered by the release of a hormone called oxytocin

36 wks

Labor Dilation

Oxytocin is released causing:Contractions to beginCervix to dilate

baby’s head pushed down amniotic sac bursts (water

breaks) Expulsion

Cervix is fully dilated (10cm) Contractions occur every 1-2

min. The child is delivered

Afterbirth The placenta (afterbirth) is

delivered

Premature Birth A baby can survive if born 23 weeks early (during

2nd trimester) Increased risk of developmental and medical

problems 1 in 10 babies are premature Causes:

Rupture of amniotic sac Certain infections Weak cervix (from previous pregnancy) Uterine abnormalities Previous premature delivery Substance abuse Malnutrition

Twins Monozygotic twins

They are genetically identical

Occurs when the fertilized egg splits completely in half during cleavage

Dizygotic twins Non-identical twins Occurs when two or

more eggs are released by the mother at a time and are fertilized by two different sperm cells

Fraternal TwinsIdentical Twins

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