warmup what are three reasons the mongol khanates after genghis khan fell apart? 1 2 3
TRANSCRIPT
Essay question for a test grade: next Thursday
Compare and contrast the political and economic effects of Mongol rule on TWO of the following regions:
China
Middle East
Russia
For Thursday
P. 348-354
2 pages of notes OR
Significance of terms: Yuan Empire Khubilai Khan Beijing Mandarin Cottage industries Mathematics
OPEN NOTES QUIZZES
ARE HAPPENING
CCOTs Essays on the AP test
2008: Analyze changes and continuities in commerce in the Indian Ocean region from 650 to 1750 CE
2009: Analyze continuities and changes in patterns of interactions along the Silk Roads from 200 BCE to 1450 CE
2012: Analyze continuities and changes in trade networks between Africa and Eurasia from 300 to 1450 CE
Annotated mapTest grade
Due Monday
Should look like it is being turned in for a test grade
You may make lists of religions, goods, and empires on a separate page that is stapled to the map.
Points are awarded for map accuracy and quality of information rather than decoration.
Sample Chart
Silk Road Trans-Saharan Indian Ocean Hanseatic League
Empires controlling
Religions that spread
Goods traded
OBJECTIVES
Interconnectedness of global trade pre-1450 Trade links from Greenland to Western Europe Western and Eastern Europe to Muslim World Muslim world to Sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia East Africa to India to SE Asia to East Asia Role of Central Asia in Trans-Eurasian trade Global Trade did not begin with the European maritime empires
Cultural diffusion resulted from trade Facilitated rise of Europe before 1450 Spread civilization to periphery of established cultures Spread religions and technology
Show influence of trade routes
THE POST-CLASSICAL CENTER
Muslim World was the trade center Muslim countries linked all continents The Hajj came to link all Muslims together Trade became associated with the Hajj, Muslim cities
Quran is VERY favorable to merchants Required fair, honest business practices Trusted merchants as Muhammad had been one
Exchanges not limited to goods Ideas including religion exchanged Technology exchanged Diseases exchanged Populations exchanged
ASIAN LAND TRADE ROUTES
Established during Han Dynasty by Nomads Chinese paid nomads tribute in silk, traded for horses Nomads traded silk, horses for glass, iron in West
Silk Roads Across Central Asia Terminals: Antioch (Syria) and Chang’an (China) Shorter trunk lines to India, Across Russia, to Africa
Products Silks, teas and porcelain from Guangzhou,China Woolen cloth, horses, and ivory from Central Asia Rubies, silver, pepper, and ebony from India Carpets, linen, brocade, ceramics, iron from Muslim world Wine, perfume, glass, silk, slaves, olive oil from Byzantines Furs, wood, amber, slaves, and grain from Kievan Russia
IMPORTANCE OF LAND TRADE
Spread Religions Islam to Central, Western Asia, China Buddhism to China, Korea, Japan Christianity to Russia, China, India
Technology diffused throughout Eurasia
Foodstuffs, germs, flora/fauna diffused
Mongolians kept trade routes open, working
Influenced European desire to get to China
Influence European desire to bypass Muslims
TRANS-SAHARAN TRADE
The Camel Made trade across desert possible Could carry great loads to trade
From West Africa Gold, ivory, slaves, exotic feathers, spices Male slaves carried goods, then sold
From Muslim North Africa Cloth, glass, metalwork, books Merchants, missionaries, travelers visited
AFRICAN TRADE NETWORKS
Gold, Slaves, Ivory, Feathers
Finished Goods, Iron Weapons, Books, Horses, Spices
SIGNIFICANCE OF TRANS-SAHARAN
AND EAST AFRICAN TRADE
Spread Civilization and Rise of Powerful African States Aided in the rise of West African Empires
Ghana, Mali, Songhai, Kanem-Bornu, Hausa people Swahili Culture blends Islam and Bantu elements
Swahili trading cities: Zanzibar, Pemba, Pate, Mogadishiu Zimbabwe
Central African Bantu kingdom
Links Cultures to Wider World Contact between the Mediterranean and Sahel Africa Linked East Africa to S.W. Asia and India Linked Forest West Africa to Sahel regions Linked Central Africa to East Africa
Provided most of Eurasia’s pre-Columbian gold, Islam’s slaves Spread Islam to West Africa
MARITIME TRADE ROUTES
Maritime Routes co-existed with land routes Often safer than land because fewer stops Seas nevertheless were not as forgiving as the land
Requirements to maintain Secure governments and states with agreements Merchant conventions for exchanges Elimination of piracy Good navigation technology, knowledge of the seasons Items with high profit margins to exchange Cities on coast with protected harbors link to land routes
Primary Geographic Areas North Sea, Baltic Sea, English Channel Mediterranean and its adjacent bodies of water Red Sea, Arabian Sea, and Persian Gulf Bay of Bengal, Straits of Malucca, East China Sea
IMPORTANT OF MARITIME ROUTES
Established cross-cultural contacts Exchanged ideas Furthered development of new ideas
Opened interiors to trade with coast Coasts often most developed New ideas, products spread inland
Caused rise of trading cities Port cities and entrepots grow into key cities Many became their cultures leading cities
Spread religions
Spread diseases
TRANS-ATLANTIC TRADE
Danish-Norwegian Empire Settled Faroes and Shetland Islands,Iceland, Greenland
Conquered parts Scotland, Ireland, England Created new states in Normandy, S. Italy, S.W. Asia
Products Furs, fish, and walrus ivory from Greenland Iron, wood, glass, and grain from Norway Wheat, wool, jewelry, leather from England, Ireland
Swedish state ruled Sweden, Finland Products
Iron, copper, wood, fish, grain from Sweden Wax, honey, skins, slaves, amber from Russia, Finland, Baltic
Established state in Russia Spread Christianity to Periphery lands Both later established ties to Hanseatic League
EUROPEAN TRADE ROUTES
European Revival around 1000 CE Cities began to rebuild, expand Church was a major supporter of this revival, expansion Many cities on pilgrimage routes Manufacturing arose again as did guilds Giant Fairs arose as merchants moved goods between cities
North Sea/Baltic Trade Routes Hanseatic League: Northern German cities Maintained factories, trading depots in neighboring lands Cloth, wines, fish, timber, salt, iron, amber, copper
Flanders and Low Countries: Brugges, Ghent Cities prospered under supportive nobles Came to specialize in woolens, wines, fine manufactures
Both Hansa and Venice had trading agreements with Flanders
MEDITERRANEAN TRADE
Cities: Constantinople, Alexandria and VeniceByzantine Empire Major terminus on the Silk Roads until 1206 Stole technology to raise silk from Chinese Provided a large market and stable currency for whole region
Venice Fine glass, woolens, cloth, wines from Europe Naval fleet (mude) was a middleman to transport goods Spices, silks, and other Asian goods to Europe from Muslim regions
Egypt The commercial centers between three continents Linked Europe, Africa, Middle East, Indian Ocean regions
Long distance trade handled by middlemen Jews between Europe and Muslim world Armenians, Nestorians between Muslim world and Asia
INDIAN OCEAN NETWORK
Not a united network but a series of routes Parts
Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Arabia Bay of Bengal to Straits of Malucca Malucca to South China Sea
One ethnic group dominated each zone Arabs in Western Indians in Central Chinese in Eastern
The largest peaceful zone of exchange of period Groups had no formal agreements but cooperated States kept piracy down to minimum Groups met at key entrepot cities to exchange items
Linked to Mediterranean and Silk Road by land routes
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE ROUTES
COFFEESLAVESIVORYHORSESSILKSGOLDSTEEL
CLOTHYARNSILKSINDIGOPEPPERGEMS
ANIMALSDRUGS
SILVERLACQUERSILK
PORCELAINSUGARLUXERIESTEA
EAST ASIA
China was central to East Asia China was economically self-sufficient During periods, trade in the nature of tribute
Ambassadors brought goods to Emperor Emperor sent out gifts
Trade arose with increased contacts Central Asian nomads demanded silk tribute Chinese demanded horses as tribute Nomads traded silk for finished goods in S. W. Asia Buddhist missionaries to China from India traded Spread of civilization to Vietnam, Korea, Japan, SE Asia Religious artifacts, luxuries often largest part of trade
SONG CHINA
Greatest period of Chinese trade Cities often based on trade Great interest in Chinese goods Coins, bank notes, banking Merchants obtain great influence
Hangchow was built on tradeChinese merchants active in Asia Porcelain, lacquer, paper Guns and gunpowder Silk
MONGOL EMPIRE
Mongol Empire united Central Eurasia Most lands of the Silk Road within empire Linked distant trading partners for first time in history
Mongols tolerated, trusted merchants Used foreign merchants for official business
Used as emissaries Often used to govern lands ruled by Mongols
Merchants protected by order of Khan Merchants could travel freely with permission
Exchanges Ideas Diseases especially the Black Death Technology especially gunpowder and fire arms
CHANGES & DISRUPTIONS
Challenges Mongol Empire destroyed most existing states
Constant warfare turned friends into enemies Newer technologies made war more disruptive
Black Death disrupted trading patterns Merchants spread disease, died first Cities, the basis of trade threatened, weakened
Rise of Gunpowder states in 15th century Guns formed great power; ships very different Destroyed nomads (Mongols), ended Silk Road Ottoman Turks monopolize SW Asian trade Portugal looks to end Venetian, Turk monopoly
MING CHINAMING CHINA
Ming Overthrew Mongols in China Reestablished traditional belief systems
Neo-Confucianism becomes state philosophy Merchants relegated to lower status Foreign contacts distrusted
Trade is limited as China is economically autarkic
Ming reestablish tributary status Tributary exchange of goods, gifts Sends out navy to reestablish system, search
Foreign trade limited to one port: Guangzhou
PORTUGUESE ATLANTIC TRADE
Early Portuguese exploration Establishes navigation school, trains sailors Seeks to break Muslim-Italian monopoly Establishes colonies at Maderia, Azores, Canaries
Create sugar plantation systems Eliminates natives Plants sugar Uses African slaves – precursor to New World acquisitions Begins switch of slaves to Middle East to slaves to Atlantic
Raids and contacts along West African coast Establishes contacts with Africans, trades for gold, slaves Strengthens resolve for water route to Asia
Vasco da Gama reaches Calicut