Warring City-StatesWarring City-StatesCh. 5 section 2 pg. 115Ch. 5 section 2 pg. 115

But First- A ReviewBut First- A ReviewWhy didn’t the Greeks unite under a single Why didn’t the Greeks unite under a single government?government?Mountains separated themMountains separated themGreece also consisted of many islands- Greece also consisted of many islands- How many?How many?14001400Did the Trojan War really exist?Did the Trojan War really exist?YesYesWhy don’t we know much about the period Why don’t we know much about the period of decline in Greece?of decline in Greece?No written recordNo written recordWho wrote the epics, The Iliad and the Who wrote the epics, The Iliad and the Odyssey?Odyssey?HomerHomer

Greek civilization experienced a Greek civilization experienced a period of decline during the Dorian period of decline during the Dorian periodperiodAfter many centuries, Dorians and After many centuries, Dorians and Mycenaeans identified less with Mycenaeans identified less with culture of their ancestors and more culture of their ancestors and more with local city-statewith local city-stateBy 750 B.C. Greeks saw the rise of By 750 B.C. Greeks saw the rise of powerful city-statespowerful city-states

Rule and Order in Greek City-Rule and Order in Greek City-StatesStates

Polis (city-state) was the main Polis (city-state) was the main political unit in Ancient Greecepolitical unit in Ancient GreeceMade up of a city and surrounding Made up of a city and surrounding countryside (between 50-500 sq countryside (between 50-500 sq miles)miles)20,000 or less residents and men 20,000 or less residents and men would gather at the agora (public would gather at the agora (public center) or an acropolis (fortified center) or an acropolis (fortified hilltop) to conduct businesshilltop) to conduct business

Greek Political StructuresGreek Political StructuresCity states adopted different political City states adopted different political structures.structures.Monarchy- kings or monarchs rule Monarchy- kings or monarchs rule the governmentthe governmentAristocracy- government ruled by few Aristocracy- government ruled by few land owning noblesland owning noblesOligarchy- government ruled by a Oligarchy- government ruled by a few powerful peoplefew powerful peopleDirect Democracy- rule by the peopleDirect Democracy- rule by the people

New Kind of ArmyNew Kind of Army

Weapons made of bronze were Weapons made of bronze were expensive, and only the wealthy expensive, and only the wealthy could afford to arm themselvescould afford to arm themselves

Iron was more common, cheaper and Iron was more common, cheaper and harder than bronze- soon ordinary harder than bronze- soon ordinary citizens could afford to arm and citizens could afford to arm and defend themselvesdefend themselves

PhalanxPhalanxCitizens were expected to defend the Citizens were expected to defend the polispolisFoot soldiers called hoplites (named Foot soldiers called hoplites (named after the body shield, the hoplon) after the body shield, the hoplon) stood side by side, holding a spear in stood side by side, holding a spear in one hand, and a shield in anotherone hand, and a shield in anotherFearsome formation called phalanx, Fearsome formation called phalanx, was most powerful fighting force in was most powerful fighting force in ancient worldancient world

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=McwmRQUTfKk

SpartaSpartaLocated in Located in southern part of southern part of Greece known as Greece known as the Peloponnesusthe Peloponnesus

Nearly cut off from Nearly cut off from rest of Greece by rest of Greece by Gulf of CorinthGulf of Corinth

Built a military Built a military statestate

Sparta conquered neighbor Messenia Sparta conquered neighbor Messenia in 725 B.C. and took over landin 725 B.C. and took over landMessenians became helots- slightly Messenians became helots- slightly higher than slaves to Spartanshigher than slaves to Spartans600 B.C. helots revolted and 600 B.C. helots revolted and outnumbered the Spartansoutnumbered the SpartansSpartans barely beat the helots and Spartans barely beat the helots and scared them into creating a strong scared them into creating a strong governmentgovernment

Spartan GovernmentSpartan Government

Two kings led SpartaTwo kings led Sparta– 1 king handled military1 king handled military– 1 king took care of domestic matters1 king took care of domestic matters

A council of EldersA council of Elders– Made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60Made up of 28 male citizens over the age of 60– Proposed laws and served as a criminal courtProposed laws and served as a criminal court

An assemblyAn assembly – Included all male citizens over 30Included all male citizens over 30– Elected 5 ephorsElected 5 ephors

Made sure the kings stayed within the lawMade sure the kings stayed within the lawElected for a 1 year termElected for a 1 year term

– Controlled the education of SpartansControlled the education of Spartans

Spartan SocietySpartan SocietyLife centered around Life centered around military trainingmilitary trainingAt age 7, boys left At age 7, boys left home and moved into home and moved into military barracksmilitary barracksAt age 20, man was At age 20, man was able to wed, but still able to wed, but still lived in barracks for lived in barracks for another 10 years, another 10 years, remained on active remained on active duty another 20 duty another 20 years and could years and could retire when he was retire when he was 6060

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jEItBM1dc9o&feature=related v=jEItBM1dc9o&feature=related

Spartan WomenSpartan WomenSpartan girls put Spartan service above Spartan girls put Spartan service above family and lovefamily and love

didn’t receive military training but would didn’t receive military training but would wrestle, run an play sportswrestle, run an play sports

they ran the household and raised children they ran the household and raised children as men were away serving in the militaryas men were away serving in the military

Didn’t have the right to vote, but had Didn’t have the right to vote, but had more rights than other city-state womenmore rights than other city-state women

Their best value was seen as producing Their best value was seen as producing Spartan soldiersSpartan soldiers

From 600- 371 From 600- 371 B.C. Sparta had B.C. Sparta had the most the most powerful army in powerful army in Greece, but had Greece, but had no individual no individual expression or expression or appreciationappreciation

AthensAthens

Athens Builds a Limited DemocracyAthens Builds a Limited Democracy

Athens north of SpartaAthens north of Sparta

Outlook and values very different than Outlook and values very different than SpartaSparta

An ambassador from the city-state of An ambassador from the city-state of Corinth once compared Athens and Corinth once compared Athens and Sparta “ Sparta has the strongest Sparta “ Sparta has the strongest army in Greece, but they are too army in Greece, but they are too cautious and lack imagination and cautious and lack imagination and curiosity. Athens was eager to learn curiosity. Athens was eager to learn new ideas because they were new ideas because they were educated to think and act as free educated to think and act as free people”people”

Athens Athens

After a power struggle with rich and After a power struggle with rich and poor, Athens defeated the idea of a poor, Athens defeated the idea of a civil war by creating a democracy- a civil war by creating a democracy- a rule by the citizensrule by the citizens

Only free adult males counted as Only free adult males counted as citizenscitizens

Women focused on cooking, cleaning Women focused on cooking, cleaning and motheringand mothering

ReformsReforms

Common people opposed aristocrats Common people opposed aristocrats running the government and stopped running the government and stopped an attempt of nobles establishing a an attempt of nobles establishing a tyrannytyranny

Demanded a written code of lawsDemanded a written code of laws

Draco, a Greek lawmaker, drafted Draco, a Greek lawmaker, drafted the first code that was mainly about the first code that was mainly about contracts and property ownershipcontracts and property ownership

546 B.C. Solon, a well liked statesman, 546 B.C. Solon, a well liked statesman, gets full power to reform the lawgets full power to reform the law

Solon allows all citizens to participate and Solon allows all citizens to participate and debate in policiesdebate in policies

Solon responsible for overseas trade profit, Solon responsible for overseas trade profit, but ignored land reforms, causing fighting but ignored land reforms, causing fighting between rich landowners and poorbetween rich landowners and poor

508 B.C. Cleisthenes is the leader of 508 B.C. Cleisthenes is the leader of Athens and creates a full democracyAthens and creates a full democracy

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uLyW5UYPYYs&feature=related v=uLyW5UYPYYs&feature=related

The Persian WarsThe Persian Wars

Danger of helot revolt= Sparta Danger of helot revolt= Sparta becoming a military statebecoming a military state

Danger of civil war= Athens creates Danger of civil war= Athens creates a democracya democracy

Greatest danger of all- invasion of Greatest danger of all- invasion of Persian armiesPersian armies

Persian wars- wars between Greece Persian wars- wars between Greece and Persian empireand Persian empire

Persian WarsPersian Wars

Began in Ionia, on Began in Ionia, on coast of Anatoliacoast of AnatoliaGreeks long been Greeks long been settled there, but settled there, but Persians conquered Persians conquered the areathe areaIonian Greeks Ionian Greeks revolted, Athens revolted, Athens sends ships and sends ships and soldiers to aid soldiers to aid themthem

Persian King Darius Persian King Darius defeated the rebels defeated the rebels and vowed to and vowed to destroy Athens in destroy Athens in revenge revenge

Remember him?He’s the bodyguard who killed the king!

In 490 B.C., Persian In 490 B.C., Persian fleet carried 25,000 fleet carried 25,000 men across the men across the Aegean Sea and Aegean Sea and landed on plain NE landed on plain NE of Athens called of Athens called MarathonMarathon

Darius greeted by 10,000 Athenians Darius greeted by 10,000 Athenians arranged in phalanxesarranged in phalanxesGreeks charge at Persians who wore Greeks charge at Persians who wore light armor and lacked training in this light armor and lacked training in this type of combat- no match for Greek type of combat- no match for Greek phalanxphalanxAfter several hours, Persians retreat, After several hours, Persians retreat, casualties 6,400 Persians, 192 casualties 6,400 Persians, 192 Athenians Athenians

The MarathonThe MarathonAthenians win battle, Athenians win battle, but city of Athens but city of Athens stood defenselessstood defenselessSend young man Send young man named Pheidippides named Pheidippides to run to Athens and to run to Athens and give them the give them the message of the message of the victory, and not give victory, and not give up the city without a up the city without a fightfightSprinted from Sprinted from Marathon to Athens, Marathon to Athens, 25 miles25 miles

And now you know…And now you know…Pheidippides Pheidippides delivered his delivered his message, “Nike”, message, “Nike”, collapsed, and then collapsed, and then dieddied

His heroic run His heroic run inspired officials at inspired officials at the 1896 Olympic the 1896 Olympic Games in Athens to Games in Athens to add a 26-mile add a 26-mile marathon to their marathon to their competition competition

Nike means victory

More about the Persian WarMore about the Persian WarGreek army quickly set off to Athens Greek army quickly set off to Athens to prepare and wait for another to prepare and wait for another attack from the Persiansattack from the PersiansPersians sailed away in retreatPersians sailed away in retreat10 years later, Persian empire who 10 years later, Persian empire who vowed to destroy Athens, invades vowed to destroy Athens, invades again.again.Darius now dead, son Xerxes Darius now dead, son Xerxes assembles enormous invasionassembles enormous invasion

Greeks really divided- some say let Greeks really divided- some say let them burn Athens and get it over them burn Athens and get it over with, some fought with Athens, some with, some fought with Athens, some city-states even fought on the city-states even fought on the Persian sidePersian side

Xerxes army met no resistance as it Xerxes army met no resistance as it marched down the eastern Greek marched down the eastern Greek coastcoast

But when Xerxes came to a narrow But when Xerxes came to a narrow mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 mountain pass at Thermopylae, 7000 Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked his Greeks including 300 Spartans blocked his way way

Fought for 3 days, then Xerxes found a secret Fought for 3 days, then Xerxes found a secret path around cliffspath around cliffs

Spartans stayed to fight fearing defeat, while Spartans stayed to fight fearing defeat, while other Greeks retreatedother Greeks retreated

All 300 Spartans were killedAll 300 Spartans were killed

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqXb3PKuYeo&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OqXb3PKuYeo&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqzX8nIbOAs&feature=relatedhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqzX8nIbOAs&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xqzX8nIbOAs&feature=relatev=xqzX8nIbOAs&feature=relate

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Meanwhile, Meanwhile, Athenians decide Athenians decide best way to defend best way to defend city is to fight at city is to fight at seaseaPosition Greek fleet Position Greek fleet near island Salamis near island Salamis in a narrow channelin a narrow channelXerxes send ships Xerxes send ships to block both ends to block both ends of channel, but of channel, but ships to big and ships to big and couldn’t maneuver couldn’t maneuver wellwell through through channelchannel

Greek ships drove their rams through Greek ships drove their rams through the wooden hulls of the Persian fleet, the wooden hulls of the Persian fleet, puncturing the warshipspuncturing the warships1/3 of Xerxes fleet sank1/3 of Xerxes fleet sankSpartans defeated the rest of Persian Spartans defeated the rest of Persian Army at a third battle on the plain of Army at a third battle on the plain of PlataeaPlataea

Consequences of Persian WarsConsequences of Persian Wars

Greek city-states feel a new sense of Greek city-states feel a new sense of confidence and freedomconfidence and freedom

Athens leads an alliance of 140 Greek Athens leads an alliance of 140 Greek cities called the Delian League, ending the cities called the Delian League, ending the threat of future attacks from Persiathreat of future attacks from Persia

Athens enters a “Golden Age”Athens enters a “Golden Age”

AssignmentAssignment

On page 119, do #2 and #3On page 119, do #2 and #3

*Don’t forget the headlines for #2!*Don’t forget the headlines for #2!

Use a separate sheet of paperUse a separate sheet of paper

Due todayDue today