wash inaugural new constitution and government take effect on april 30, 1789. washington begins his...
TRANSCRIPT
Wash inaugural
•New Constitution and Government
take effect on April 30, 1789.
•Washington begins his
presidency in New York City and alternates between there
and Philadelphia.
•Capital city at this time was
New York City.
•New Constitution and Government
take effect on April 30, 1789.
•Washington begins his
presidency in New York City and alternates between there
and Philadelphia.
•Capital city at this time was
New York City.
Precedents are models, Precedents are models, examples or influences other examples or influences other
Presidents would followPresidents would follow
What to call the President? Mr. President
President sets their own personal style
Cabinet appointed by President and advises him
precedents
VP has no official duties
President acts independent from Congress
Congress relies on the advice of the President
Served 2 terms and stepped aside for someone else
Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
Department of State-----Foreign affairs•Thomas Jefferson----Secretary of State
cabinet
Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government
Cabinet advises the President and heads up an agency of the government
Department of Treasury---Financial affairs•Alexander Hamilton—Secretary of the Treasury
Department of War-------------------Military affairs•Henry Knox----Secretary of War
General- Attorney ---------------------Legal affairs•Edmund Randolph---Department of Justice
Postmaster General-------------------Postal system•Samuel Osgood
1. FREEDOM of Religion, Press, Speech, Assembly, Petition
2. RIGHT TO KEEP AND BEAR ARMS
3. No QUARTERING of soldiers in peacetime
4. NO UNREASONABLE SEARCH and SEIZURE
5. PROTECTION of ACCUSED
6. RIGHT TO A SPEEDY, PUBLIC TRIAL BY JURY
7. TRIAL BY JURY IN CIVIL SUITS
8. NO EXCESSIVE FINES or CRUEL PUNISHMENT
9. POWERS RESERVED TO THE PEOPLE
10. POWERS RESERVED TO THE STATES
FirstFirst 10 Amendments10 Amendments to theto the Constitution in 1791Constitution in 1791
Rights and freedoms won in Rights and freedoms won in the Revolution are preserved the Revolution are preserved
and protected…and protected…
•Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson played a valuable role in the beginning of our nation. valuable role in the beginning of our nation.
•Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our Both were visionaries and influenced the direction our country would go economically, politically and socially. country would go economically, politically and socially. •President Washington was stuck in the middle of these President Washington was stuck in the middle of these two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.two men as they argued over our country’s beginnings.
John Jay first Chief Justice
of the Supreme Court
•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court
•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South
•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.
•President Washington appoints 6 President Washington appoints 6 justices to the Supreme Courtjustices to the Supreme Court
•3 from North and 3 from South3 from North and 3 from South
•Judiciary Act of 1789Judiciary Act of 1789, Congress , Congress created lower courts to assist the created lower courts to assist the Supreme Court.Supreme Court.
Foreign Debt
$11,710,000Federal Domestic Debt
$42,414,000
State Debt
$21,500,000
CustomDuties
(Tariffs)
ExciseTaxon
Whiskey
Misc.Revenue
Congress & Sec. of Congress & Sec. of Treasury Alexander Treasury Alexander Hamilton solve debt Hamilton solve debt
problems:problems:
•Pay off $80 million debt
•Excise tax: Taxes placed on manufactured products
•Tariff: a tax on imports
•Establish good credit with foreign nations
•Create a national bank with a national currency
•Raise money for govt backed by gold silver
Compromise with Thomas Jefferson called the Assumption Act led to the creation of
Washington, D.C.
HAMILTONHAMILTON•Safe place to deposit and
transfer money
•Provide loans to government and state banks
•A national currency---$$$$$
•An investment by people to buy stock into US bank
•Constitution did not forbid a national bank….Loose
construction of Constitution
•National debt good for country
JEFFERSONJEFFERSON•Against the Constitution
•State banks would collapse
•Only wealthy could invest in bank and would control bank than control the government
•Hurt the common man
•Strict construction…If it is not mentioned in the Constitution than there can’t be a national
bank.
•Against a national debt
BUS
whiskeymap
Whiskey RebellionWhiskey Rebellion
Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed
this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……
Whiskey Rebels refused to pay the excise tax that was passed by Congress and signed into law by President Washington….Believed
this tax was unfair because it was taxing their income……
•Farmer’s revolt in Farmer’s revolt in western western
Pennsylvania.Pennsylvania.
•Refused to pay Refused to pay Hamilton’ s excise Hamilton’ s excise
tax tax
•Believed it was an Believed it was an unfair tax.unfair tax.
•Were called the Were called the ““Whiskey RebelsWhiskey Rebels””
•Issue at hand was Issue at hand was testing the power of testing the power of the new Constitutionthe new Constitution
Outcome:Outcome:
•Demonstrated to the Demonstrated to the people that this new people that this new
constitution was constitution was powerful enough to powerful enough to put down domestic put down domestic
rebellions, rebellions, “mobocracy”“mobocracy”
•Showed the power of Showed the power of the national the national governmentgovernment
President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the President Washington reviews 13,000 troops of the Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland, Western Army assembled at Fort Cumberland,
Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.Maryland, to crush the Whiskey Rebellion.
Whiskey
Federalist BeliefsFederalist Beliefs(former Anti-Federalists)(former Anti-Federalists)
Democratic-Democratic-RepublicansRepublicans
Leader
Appealed to
Alexander HamiltonJohn Adams
Thomas JeffersonJames Madison
Manufacturers, merchants, wealthy and educated….Favored seaboard cities
Farmers and Planterscommon manFavored the South and West
Ideas of Government
Strong government over statesLoose ConstructionLoose Construction of Constitution
•Implied powersImplied powersWealthy and educated involvedLimit freedoms of speech & pressPreferred govt. similar to a king
State’s rights over National Govt.Strict constructionStrict construction of Constitution
•Expressed/Enumerated powersExpressed/Enumerated powersCommon man but educatedBill of Rights is sacredLesser government the better
DomesticPolicy
Supported National Bank—BUSSupported excise taxNational debt good for countryNational govt. assume state debtsTariffs should be high
Against National Bank—BUSAgainst excise tax Against National debtStates pay their own debtsTariffs should be low
ForeignPolicy
Opposed French RevolutionWanted war with FrenchFavored the British
Supported French RevolutionOpposed war with FrenchFavored the French
political
•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete
•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours
•Began in 1790’s, unfair taxation and inequality---worldwide crisis•Overthrow King Louis 16th and Marie Antoniete
•similar to King George•Americans believed we should help the French----similar to ours
•France goes to war against European kings
•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British
•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war
•France goes to war against European kings
•France requested US ships to block West Indies from the British
•President Washington declared Neutrality and ordered Americans to avoid this war
•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie
Antoniette in 1793.
•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French
Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.
•Executions of King Louis the 16th and Marie
Antoniette in 1793.
•Begins “Reign of Terror” during French
Revolution where 40,000 opponents of the new govt. were beheaded.
farewell
Whereas it appears that a Whereas it appears that a state of state of warwar exists between Austria, exists between Austria,
Prussia, Sardinia, Prussia, Sardinia, Great BritainGreat Britain and the United Netherlands, of and the United Netherlands, of the one part and the one part and FranceFrance on the on the
other; and the duty and other; and the duty and
interest of the U.S. require, that they should interest of the U.S. require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a pursue a conduct friendly and impartial conduct friendly and impartial
toward the belligerent powers.toward the belligerent powers.
farewell
•President Washington’s response to the French was to President Washington’s response to the French was to warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and warn Americans to stay out these European conflicts and
remain remain neutral neutral or avoid. or avoid.
•Why?Why?
I have therefore thought fit by these I have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the presents to declare the disposition of the
U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid U.S. to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those Powers respectfully; and towards those Powers respectfully; and
to exhort and to exhort and warn the citizens of the warn the citizens of the U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and U.S. carefully to avoid all acts and
proceedings whatsoeverproceedings whatsoever, which may in , which may in any manner tend to contravene such any manner tend to contravene such
disposition….disposition….April 1793April 1793
•Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) Most Americans (Jefferson and Paine) were upset with Washington’s Neutrality. were upset with Washington’s Neutrality.
•Washington’s Washington’s NeutralityNeutrality decision was decision was based on the long term U.S. self interest.based on the long term U.S. self interest.
•Preserve and protect the infant nationPreserve and protect the infant nation
Thomas Paine On Thomas Paine On Washington’s NeutralityWashington’s Neutrality
““And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship And as to you, sir, treacherous in private friendship (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of (for so you have been to me, and that in the day of
danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be danger) and a hypocrite in public life, the world will be puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an puzzled to decide, whether you are an apostate or an
importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, importer; whether you have abandoned good principles, or whether you ever had any.”or whether you ever had any.”
•British made neutrality difficult: maintained trading posts on US soil, sold firearms to
Indians.•Collaborated with
Indians to check US expansion to
frontier.
Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain
•President Washington faced several
Indian problems.
•British were British were supplying the supplying the
tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition
to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.
•Washington sent General
“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat
the Indian tribes.
•President Washington faced several
Indian problems.
•British were British were supplying the supplying the
tribes with arms tribes with arms and ammunition and ammunition
to attack US to attack US settlers.settlers.
•Washington sent General
“Mad Anthony” Wayne to defeat
the Indian tribes.
War in the Old Northwest Territory
War in the Old Northwest Territory
Treaty of Greenville • (1795) gave USA right to settle
most of Ohio • First formal recognition of Indian
sovereignty over land not ceded by treaty
Map 13 of 45
Conflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with BritainConflicts with Britain
• British expected Americans to defend French West Indies, so attacked US merchant ships, seizing about 300– Impressed and imprisoned American sailors.
• Jeffersonians called for war• Federalists resisted (financial system).
France began impressing our ships and sailors
because of our Neutrality Proclamation.
France upset because we violated the Franco
American Treaty of 1778.
impressment
ImpressmentImpressment An act of kidnapping An act of kidnapping a ship, its contents, a ship, its contents,
men and forcing men and forcing them into your navythem into your navy
• To avoid war, Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to London (1794).
• Jeffersonian’s concerned about Jay’s loyalty.
• Hamilton feared war with England, secretly supplied British with US bargaining strategy.
Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty
Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty
• British remove forts from US soil
• Allowed US to negotiate separate treaties with
Indian tribes
• Opened westward expansion for US settlers.John Jay is burnt in
effigy because Americans believed he sold out to the British.
Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty
• British agree to pay some damages, but required US to pay old debts on pre-
Revolution accounts.
• Jeffersonian’s felt treaty was surrender to Britain,
betrayal of South (who had debts).
• Did not stop impressment.
John Jay is burnt in effigy because
Americans believed he sold out to the British.
Jay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s TreatyJay’s Treaty
• Jay’s Treaty gave life to new Democratic-Republican party, tarnished Wash.’s popularity.
• Spain, fearing US-British alliance, gives US free use of Mississippi, disputed territory north of FL.
Picnkneys
Pinckney’s Treaty: Spain gave US the free use of the Mississippi River for 5 yrs. and the boundary was set at 31st parallel between
Spanish Florida and US……
Spain cut off our farmers right to use the Mississippi River and deposit their crops in
New Orleans.
•Washington warned of the dangers Washington warned of the dangers of of political partiespolitical parties and and permanent permanent
alliancesalliances with other nations. with other nations.
•Washington’s warning against Washington’s warning against “entangling alliances”“entangling alliances” became a became a principle of U.S. foreign policy.principle of U.S. foreign policy.
““Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have Europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a none or a very remote relationvery remote relation….Our ….Our detacheddetached and and distantdistant
situation invites and enables us to pursue a different situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course…..It is our true policy to course…..It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent steer clear of permanent
alliances with any portion of the foreign worldalliances with any portion of the foreign world……Taking ……Taking care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments care always to keep ourselves by suitable establishments on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to on a respectable defensive posture, we may safely trust to
temporary alliances for extraordinary temporary alliances for extraordinary emergencies”…..1796emergencies”…..1796
farewell
Adams Becomes PresidentAdams Becomes President
1796 campaign• Adams was supported by New
England and Federalists– Defeated Jefferson 71-68 in
Electoral College– Jefferson becomes VP
• France and US close to war.– Jay’s Treaty– US not honoring the Franco-
American Treaty of 1778
1796 campaign• Adams was supported by New
England and Federalists– Defeated Jefferson 71-68 in
Electoral College– Jefferson becomes VP
• France and US close to war.– Jay’s Treaty– US not honoring the Franco-
American Treaty of 1778
To avoid war with France, President Adams sent 3 US representatives
(John Marshall, Charles Pinckney and John Jay) to negotiate a peace
agreement…..US representatives were snubbed
by the French government……Eventually, 3 French
representatives (known as X, Y and Z because they refused to give their
names) XYZ demanded a bribe of $250,000
to merely talk with TallyrandInsulted, we refused the demands
and left France…US & French begin to fight an
undeclared naval war.
President Adams on President Adams on the XYX Affair….”I will the XYX Affair….”I will
never send another never send another minister to France minister to France
without assurances without assurances that he will be that he will be
received, respected, received, respected, and honored as the and honored as the representative of a representative of a
great, free, powerful great, free, powerful and independent and independent
nation.”nation.”
Adams Tallyrand
• XYZ Affair• French demanded an apology• Demanded a $12 million loan.
• XYZ Affair• French demanded an apology• Demanded a $12 million loan.
“The French government would permit us to remain at Paris and we should be received by
Talleyrand one of us could go to American and consult our government on the subject of
the loan.
We had no reason to believe that a possible benefit could result from it. And we desired him to tell his government that we would not
give a shilling unless American property unjustly captured was previously restored
and further hostilities suspended…
Unless this was done, we did not think that we could even consult our government
concerning a loan…..”
“The French government would permit us to remain at Paris and we should be received by
Talleyrand one of us could go to American and consult our government on the subject of
the loan.
We had no reason to believe that a possible benefit could result from it. And we desired him to tell his government that we would not
give a shilling unless American property unjustly captured was previously restored
and further hostilities suspended…
Unless this was done, we did not think that we could even consult our government
concerning a loan…..”
Patriotism Above Party
• Hamilton and the war-hawk Federalists enraged, but most Americans agreeable to try for peace
• 1800: new US envoys come to find Napoleon as new dictator– Wants to resolve US conflict
Patriotism Above PartyPatriotism Above Party• New French leader, Napoleon
and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain
• French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly
• 1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France
• New French leader, Napoleon and Talleyrand did not want war, or to push the US to Britain
• French send back-channel message that new US minister would be received properly
• 1799: Adams submits to Senate new minister to France
Federalist Witch Hunt
• 1798: Using anti-French hysteria, Federalists in Congress passed the Alien & Sedition Acts
• Alien Laws: raised residency required for citizenship to 14 years (from 5), resulting in fewer Democratic-Republican voters
Federalist Witch Hunt• Sedition Act violated Constitution, but
Federalist SC would not overturn • Law wrote to expire in 1801 in case
Federalists lost election• Despite violation of freedoms, Acts were
very popular
• “That if any person shall write, print, utter, or publish, or shall cause or procure to be written, printed, uttered or published, or shall knowingly and willingly assist in any
false,
• Scandalous and malicious writing or writings against the government of the United States, or either house of
Congress or the President of the United States,
• Then such person, being thereof convicted before any court of the United States, shall be punished by a fine not
exceeding two thousand dollars and by imprisonment not exceeding two years……”
ISSUEISSUE:: Does the United States Govt have the right to suspend your rights
(Bill of Rights) in time of crisis (such as war) to protect the national security of
the country?
ALIEN ACTALIEN ACT:: Congress gave President Adams the power to deport any
immigrant who was considered a risk to national security….Also, changed naturalization (immigrants who want
to become citizens) from 5 years to 14 yrs…
SEDITION ACT:SEDITION ACT: Congress gave President Adams special powers to
arrest anyone who spoke out against the war effort….Primarily against
Jefferson’s Democratic/Republicans and newspaper editors who opposed
the war…..
DOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATIONDOCTRINE OF NULLIFICATION:: Since the States created the National
Government, they have the right to nullify, cancel or decide not to obey a law they cancel or decide not to obey a law they
believed was unconstitutionalbelieved was unconstitutional ….
COMPACT THEORY:COMPACT THEORY: Belief Jefferson and Madison held that since the states created the National Govt. and the states entered
into this compact voluntarily, they have the right to refuse to obey any law they believe
is unconstitutional…
Kty/va resolutions
Jefferson’s and Madison’s response to the Sedition Act…..They tried to
convince the other states not to support the Sedition Act….It failed and the Sedition Act remained the
law until 1801.
VA & KY Resolutions• Jefferson (secretly) & Madison write
resolutions adopted by KY & VA legislatures arguing “nullification”
• US government had overstepped its bounds ~ “compact” with states had been violated
VA & KY Resolutions• As a result, states could “nullify” federal
laws ~ specifically the Alien & Sedition Acts
• Federalist response: it’s people, not states, that formed union
• That the General Assembly protests against the alarming infractions of the Constitution, in the "Alien and Sedition Acts"
passed at the last session of Congress.
• That this state having by its Convention, expressly declared, that among other essential rights, "the Liberty of Conscience and of the Press cannot be cancelled, abridged, restrained, or
modified by any authority of the United States,"
• The General Assembly appeals to the other states, in confidence that they will concur that the acts are
unconstitutional and that the necessary and proper measures will be taken by each in maintaining the Authorities, Rights, and Liberties, referred to the States respectively, or to the people.
FEDERALISTS1) Alexander Hamilton/John
Adams 2) Led by merchants, bankers and
lawyers living primarily in New England.
3) Favored a strong central government.
4) Interpreted the Constitution loosely--- ”implied powers”
5) Believed in a government by the elite, educated and wealthy.
6) Pro-England.7) Favored Hamilton's financial
policies----support BUS8) Vision for US: Trade center,
industry and self-sufficient.
DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS1) Thomas Jefferson/James
Madison.2) Led by planters, farmers and
wage earners living primarily in the South and West.
3) Favored strong state governments over national government.
4) Interpreted the Constitution strictly--- “enumerated powers”
5) Rule by the educated masses.6) Pro-France.7) Opposed Hamilton's financial
policies---against BUS 8) Vision for US: Agricultural
society, little trade and industry
politicalparties