washington law review v69 no 3 527

8/13/2019 Washington Law Review v69 No 3 527

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Washington Law ReviewJuly, 1994

Symposium: The 21st Century Lawyer: Is There a Gap to be Narrowed?

*527ON TEACHIN !RO"E##IONAL J$%&ENT

!aul '(est)"Na1*Lin+a (iege( )"Na1*

Co-y(ight . 1994 /y the Washington Law Review Asso0iation !aul '(est an+ Lin+a (iege(

One ve(y unwel0o2e 0hange 3o( 2ost law s0hool +eniens an+ g(a+uates is that the(e is now 2u0h 2o(ewi+es-(ea+ hostility to lawye(s, the -(i0es they 0ha(ge, the laws an+ -(o0esses with whi0h they a(e asso0iate+, an+the -(os-e0t o3 an in0(ease in thei( nu2/e(5 Against this hostile /a06g(oun+, the law s0hools have new in0entives to(e7thin6 thei( 0ultu(es an+ syste2s in the ho-e o3 i2-(oving5

Cha(les T5 &unge()"Naa1*

I5 INTRO%$CTION

To answe( the 8uestion -ose+ /y the 0onvene(s o3 this sy2-osiu2, o3 0ou(se the(e is a ga- /etween legal e+u0ationan+ the legal -(o3ession5 The(e has always /een one, an+ 8uite -ossi/ly it has wi+ene+ so2ewhat in (e0ent yea(s, i33o( no othe( (eason than that the wo(l+ in whi0h lawye(s -(a0ti0e has 0hange+ so 2u0h while legal e+u0ation has0hange+ (elatively little5 The ete(nal 0hanges in0lu+e the inte(nationaliation o3 legal t(ansa0tions, the 0ent(ality o3te0hnology to 2any as-e0ts o3 -(a0ti0e, in0(ease+ s-e0ialiation +(iven /y the -(oli3e(ation an+ 0o2-leity o3statuto(y an+ (egulato(y s0he2es, an+ the ove(loa+ing o3 t(a+itional syste2s o3 0ivil an+ 0(i2inal :usti0e5 !e(ha-s2o(e signi3i0ant than any o3 these is the unha--y 3a0t that to+ay;s law s0hool g(a+uates will ente( a so0iety that

views the2 with hostility an+ sus-i0ion an+ (ega(+s thei( i2-a0t on ou( national 0ultu(e an+ e0ono2y as o3ten 2o(enegative than -ositive5 )"N1*

Within the /a( the(e is a sense that the -(a0ti0e o3 law as a -(o3ession is +e0lining< that it is +evolving into a/usiness )"N=* that -e(sonal t(ust an+ *52institutional loyalty a2ong lawye(s an+ /etween lawye(s an+ thei(0lients has +ete(io(ate+ an+ that the 2ento(ing o3 :unio( lawye(s /y thei( 2o(e e-e(ien0e+ senio(s has +e0line+ inthe 3a0e o3 e0ono2i0 -(essu(es5 'a( :ou(nals /(i2 with a(ti0les (e3le0ting a +e0line in the -e(sonal an+ -(o3essionalsatis3a0tions o3 /eing a lawye(5 $nha--y lawye(s a(e 0hanging :o/s at an es0alating (ate5 )"N>* (ante+ thatinvo0ations o3 hal0yon +ays shoul+ /e ta6en with 2o(e than a g(ain o3 salt, the(e is nonetheless goo+ (eason to /e0on0e(ne+ a/out the -(o3ession;s 0u((ent situation5

The /a(;s (es-onse has (ange+ 3(o2 the lu+i0(ous to the 0onst(u0tive773(o2 a -(o-osal /y the -(esi+ent o3 theCali3o(nia #tate 'a( to a++ lawye(s to the list o3 2ino(ities -(ote0te+ /y a hate 0(i2e statute, )"N4* to +esigning

s-e0ial -(og(a2s 3o( new lawye(s5 The legal a0a+e2y;s (es-onse has also /een 2ie+5 While so2e law s0hools havese(iously (e0onsi+e(e+ thei( 0u((i0ula in light o3 the 0hanging +e2an+s o3 the -(o3ession, 2any othe(s see2 8uitein+i33e(ent to those 0hanges an+, 2o(e 3un+a2entally, to what thei( stu+ents +o a3te( g(a+uation5 An astute lawye(7/usiness2an (e0ently o/se(ve+ that ?law s0hool -(og(ess is still +isg(a0e3ully sho(t o3 what it shoul+ /e77ea0tly aswe 2ight e-e0t in institutions en:oying g(eat wo(l+ly su00ess an+ -e(0eiving no ete(nal th(eat5? )"N@*

I3 the(e is an ete(nal th(eat loo2ing, it is not 3(o2 2a(6et 0o2-etition /ut 3(o2 the A2e(i0an 'a( Asso0iation,whi0h see2s hea+e+ towa(+ (e8ui(ing law s0hools to -(ovi+e 2o(e 0lini0al inst(u0tion in t(ial -(a0ti0e an+ othe(-(a0ti0al lawye(ing s6ills5 )"N* O3 0ou(se, law s0hools /ea( an i2-o(tant (es-onsi/ility 3o( the 8uality o3 the-(o3ession5 'ut a (ush to ?0lose the ga-? /etween legal e+u0ation an+ the legal -(o3ession 2a6es little sense without


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un+e(stan+ing what the ga- is5 In+ee+, it see2s a 2ista6e to set ou( sights on -(e-a(ing law stu+ents 3o( the-(o3ession as it is to+ay, (athe( than 3o( the -(o3ession that ou( so0iety wants an+ nee+s5 The goal, to -ut it 2osta2/itiously, shoul+ /e to give to+ay;s law stu+ents the s6ills an+ values to (e0lai2 the -(o3ession;s *52!i+eals an+,0on0o2itantly, to gain the t(ust o3 0lients an+ the la(ge( -u/li05

This essay 3o0uses on a set o3 8ualities an+ s6ills that we /elieve to /e i2-o(tant a0(oss the enti(e (ange o3 0a(ee(sthat lawye(s -u(sue77whethe( as legal se(vi0es lawye(s, /usiness litigato(s an+ +eal2a6e(s, 0ity atto(neys, 0o(-o(ategene(al 0ounsel, o( -u/li0 inte(est a+vo0ates5 The 8ualities a(e so2eti2es +e3ine+ in te(2s o3 :u+g2ent o( -(a0ti0alwis+o2 the s6ills in te(2s o3 -(o/le2 solving an+ +e0ision2a6ing5

A 0lient 0o2es to a lawye( (athe( than, say, a -sy0hologist, invest2ent 0ounselo(, o( /usiness a+viso( /e0ause he-e(0eives his -(o/le2 to have a signi3i0ant legal 0o2-onent5 &ost (eal wo(l+ -(o/le2s +o not 0on3o(2 to the neat/oun+a(ies that +e3ine an+ +ivi+e +i33e(ent +is0i-lines, howeve(, an+ a goo+ lawye( will /e a/le to 0ounsel 0lients/eyon+ the 0on3ines o3 he( te0hni0al legal e-e(tise5 )"NB* In+ee+, 2ost 0lients +o not want lawye(s to 0on3inethe2selves to ?the law,? /ut (athe( e-e0t the2 to integ(ate legal 0onsi+e(ations with the othe( 0o2-onents o3 the2atte(5 Thus, 2u0h o3 a lawye(;s wo(6 involves assisting 0lients in solving nonlegal -(o/le2s5 The solutions 2ay /e0onst(aine+, 3a0ilitate+, o( even +(iven /y the law, /ut they o3ten 0all 3o( :u+g2ent, 0o22on sense, an+ evene-e(tise not o3 a -a(ti0ula(ly legal natu(e5 Lawye(s a(e 0alle+ u-on to 0ounsel 0lients a/out st(ategi0 +e0isions, tohel- the2 +e3ine an+ at ti2es 0hoose a2ong 0o2-eting values an+ goals, to +esign -(o0esses an+ institutions, tonegotiate an+ +(a3t ag(ee2ents, an+ to -e(sua+e a+2inist(ative, legislative, an+ :u+i0ial +e0ision2a6e(s to ta6e

-a(ti0ula( a0tions5

At thei( /est, lawye(s se(ve as so0iety;s gene(al -(o/le2 solve(s, s6ille+ in avoi+ing as well as (esolving +is-utesan+ in 3a0ilitating -u/li0 an+ -(ivate o(+e(ing5 They hel- thei( 0lients a--(oa0h an+ solve -(o/le2s 3lei/ly an+e0ono2i0ally, not (est(i0ting the2selves to the 0(a2-e+ +e0ision 3(a2es that ?legal thin6ing? ten+s to i2-ose on a0lient;s -(e+i0a2ent5 The goo+ lawye( /(ings 2o(e to /ea( on a -(o/le2 than legal 6nowle+ge an+ lawye(ing s6ills5#he /(ings 0(eativity, 0o22on sense, -(a0ti0al wis+o2, an+ that 2ost -(e0ious o3 all 0o22o+ities, goo+ :u+g2ent5In his (e0ent /oo6, The Lost Lawye(, Anthony (on2an +es0(i/es this (ole elo8uently an+ a2/itiously*we(esu--le2ente+ /y a -oo(ly a0te+ /ut nonetheless vivi+ vi+eota-e, whi0h showe+ how +ys3un0tional g(ou- +yna2i0sle+ &o(ton Thio6ol Dthe 2anu3a0tu(e( o3 s-a0e shuttle /ooste( (o06ets to su--o(t NA#A;s +e0ision to laun0h theChallenge( +es-ite e-(esse+ (ese(vations (aise+ /y &o(ton Thio6ol enginee(s5 )"N=4*

C5 Negotiation

Al2ost all 0olla/o(ation involves in3o(2al negotiation5 The a0tivity that is 3o(2ally 0ha(a0te(ie+ as ?negotiation?is si2-ly a s-e0ial 0ase o3 0olla/o(ation a2ong -a(ties whose inte(ests 0onve(ge an+ +ive(ge in va(ious ways5'e0ause the 0u((i0ulu2 in negotiation is 3ai(ly well +e3ine+, )"N=@*we +o not ela/o(ate on it he(e, /ut 2a6e onlytwo o/se(vations5 "i(st, while su0h a 0u((i0ulu2 a--(o-(iately /egins /y 3o0using on +i(e0t negotiation /etweeninte(este+ -a(ties, it is also valua/le to int(o+u0e stu+ents to the va(ious (oles that lawye(s 2ay -lay in negotiation5)"N=* #e0on+, the g(eat 0hallenge 3o( this 3iel+ is to st(engthen 0onne0tions /etween the -(a0ti0al si+e o3


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negotiation an+ theo(eti0al wo(6 /eing +one in ga2e theo(y an+ -sy0hology5)"N=B*

%5 Ethi0al an+ '(oa+e( #o0ial Con0e(ns

The lawye(;s (elationshi-s with 0lients an+ othe(s -(esent ethi0al issues that a(e, i3 anything, 2o(e 0o2-le thanthose en0ounte(e+ in 3o(2al a+vo0a0y, whe(e he( (ole is (elatively 0onst(aine+ /y -(o3essional (ules an+0onventions5 Whateve( the value o3 se-a(ate 0ou(ses on legal ethi0s an+ the legal -(o3ession, ethi0al issues (elatingto the lawye(;s *5"% (oles as 0ounselo( an+ +e0ision2a6e( a(e /est stu+ie+ in 0onne0tion with the s6ills (elate+ tothose (oles5

The 0ent(al +ile22a, o3 0ou(se, is that the lawye( is -(o3essionally 0o22itte+ to a0ting on the 0lient;s /ehal3, /utalso has he( own 0on0e-tion o3 what is (ight, :ust, o( in the -u/li0 inte(est5 This 0on0e-tion 0an 0on3li0t with whatthe 0lient D(ightly o( w(ongly -e(0eives to /e in his own /est inte(est5 The lawye( 2ay 3a0e this 0on3li0t in0ounseling an+ a+vising the 0lient, an+ in ta6ing a0tions on the 0lient;s /ehal3, in0lu+ing negotiating an+ +(a3tingag(ee2ents, in3luen0ing a+2inist(ative an+ legislative a0tions, an+ engaging in litigation5 These issues a(e use3ullye-lo(e+ th(ough 0ase stu+ies, illu2inate+ /y (ea+ings 3(o2 histo(y, so0iology, an+ -hiloso-hy5 A2ong the 3inest-ie0es o3 s0hola(shi- in the 3iel+ a(e Ro/e(t o(+on;s The In+e-en+en0e o3 Lawye(s )"N=*an+ Willia2 #i2on;sEthi0al %is0(etion in Lawye(ing5 )"N=9*o(+on 0onsi+e(s the lawye(;s (ole 3(o2 an histo(i0al as well as no(2ative-e(s-e0tive an+ +evelo-s a ?-u(-osive? 2o+el o3 lawye(ing as an alte(native to the t(a+itional a+vo0a0y 2o+el

#i2on a(gues that lawye(s shoul+ a0t so as to -(o2ote :usti0e, ta6ing into a00ount all the (elevant 0i(0u2stan0es in a-a(ti0ula( situation5

Real li3e -(ovi+es en+less 2ate(ial 3o( 0ase stu+ies< What shoul+ "o(+;s gene(al 0ounsel have +one when he+is0ove(e+ that the 0o2-any was +ist(i/uting a 2o+el o3 the !into that was highly sus0e-ti/le to e-losion in a (ea(en+ 0ollision )"N>F*What shoul+ #alo2on '(othe(s; 0hie3 legal o33i0e( have +one with the 6nowle+ge that senio(2anage(s ha+ a0te+ 0(i2inally in su/2itting 3alse /i+s in an au0tion o3 $5#5 T(easu(y se0u(ities )"N>1* Whatshoul+ the asso0iate in the o+a67'e(6ey litigation have +one when the -a(tne( 3o( who2 he was wo(6ing 2isle+the 0ou(t a/out +o0u2ents (e8ueste+ in +is0ove(y )"N>=*At what -oint +i+ John %ean;s 0on+u0t as Ri0ha(+Nion;s White House Counsel /e0o2e 0(i2inal, an+ what le+ hi2 to that -oint )"N>>*The last two 0ase stu+ies-(esent a -(o/le2 es-e0ially salient 3o( law stu+ents77the +yna2i0s o3 the (elationshi-s /etween young lawye(s an+thei( senio(s in -otentially 0o2-(o2ising situations5

*5"7E5 Legal W(iting in a Counseling an+ %e0ision2a6ing Contet

&ost w(iting +one in law s0hool, in0lu+ing law (eview notes, is eithe( in a non-(o3essional gen(e77-a-e(s not+i33e(ent in 6in+ 3(o2 those the stu+ents w(ote as un+e(g(a+uates77o( else 3o0uses on a--ellate 0ases5 While a goo+w(ite( in one gen(e is li6ely to -i06 u- othe(s 8uite easily, the(e a(e so2e +istin0tively legal 3o(2s in whi0h evena00o2-lishe+ w(ite(s 0an /ene3it 3(o2 inst(u0tion5

The 3o(2 +istin0tive to 0ounseling an+ legal +e0ision2a6ing is the 2e2o(an+u2 to a 0lient o( senio( lawye(analying the 0lient;s -(o/le2 an+ then setting out an+ evaluating alte(native 0ou(ses o3 a0tion5 'y (e8ui(ingstu+ents to integ(ate a set o3 3a0ts Dnot al(ea+y ho2ogenie+, as they ty-i0ally a(e in a--ellate w(iting assign2entswith legal an+ nonlegal 0onsi+e(ations, an+ to -(esent o-tions an+ (e0o22en+ations in nonte0hni0al language, the2e2o(an+u2 tea0hes 0la(ity o3 analysis an+ e-osition5

Legal +e0ision2a6ing o3ten 0ul2inates in the +(a3ting o3 a 0ont(a0t o( othe( +o0u2ent5 %(a3ting is an i2-o(tantlegal 3o(2 o3ten not e2-hasie+ in legal e+u0ation5 It (e8ui(es thin6ing a/out how to 0ont(ol the 3utu(e th(oughlanguage, an+ thus +e2an+s the use o3 i2agination in -(e+i0ting +i33e(ent ways in whi0h the 3utu(e 2ay un3ol+ an+0alls 3o( st(ategi0 0hoi0es a/out the -(e0ision o( o-en7en+e+ness o3 language5 )"N>4*&ost 3un+a2entally, +(a3ting-(ovi+es stu+ents with a sense o3 the inhe(ent a2/iguity an+ vagueness o3 language an+, in+ee+, o3 what H5L5A5Ha(t 0alle+ the ?in+ete(2ina0y o3 ai2? that 0ha(a0te(ies the hu2an 0on+ition5 )"N>@* &etho+s 3o( tea0hingstu+ents how to +(a3t an+ w(ite 2e2o(an+a, 0ont(a0ts, an+ othe( legal +o0u2ents a(e well7+evelo-e+, i3 not wi+elyuse+5


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III5 !ROCE##E# O" %ECI#ION&AIN AN% !RO'LE& #OLGIN

!(o/le2 solving an+ +e0ision2a6ing will -e(va+e ou( stu+ents; -(o3essional wo(6 in whateve( 0a(ee(s they 0hoose5Although these tas6s a(e -e(3o(2e+ ?in the sha+ow o3 the law,? )"N>*they en0o2-ass an+ a(e o3ten +o2inate+ /ynonlegal 0onsi+e(ations5 I2agine the (ange o3 *5"nonlegal issues 3a0e+ /y a 0o(-o(ate lawye( hel-ing st(u0tu(e a:oint ventu(e a2ong enginee(ing 0o2-anies /uil+ing a +a2 in a 3o(eign 0ount(y o( /y a legal se(vi0es lawye(wo(6ing with a low in0o2e 0o22unity to +evelo- an+ i2-le2ent an e0ono2i0 +evelo-2ent -lan o( /y 0ounsel 3o(an ai(line 0o2-any wo(6ing with 2anage2ent to +ete(2ine what to +o in the light o3 (e-o(ts that ina+e8uate 3(eshai( in so2e ai(0(a3t -(esents a se(ious health th(eat to -assenge(s an+ 0(ew 2e2/e(s5

The stan+a(+ law s0hool 0u((i0ulu2 +oes little to -(e-a(e law stu+ents to /e e33e0tive +e0ision2a6e(s in thesesituations5 "o( all o3 its g(eat value, the stu+y o3 a--ellate 0ases in+u0es stu+ents to 3(a2e eve(y -(o/le2 as< ?giventhese 3a0ts, what a(e the (ights an+ lia/ilities o3 the -a(ties? This inevita/ly li2its the (ange o3 solutions that lawstu+ents a(e li6ely to 0onsi+e(5

The 3ollowing -ule -(ovi+es a 3a2ilia( /ut vivi+ +e2onst(ation o3 the li2iting e33e0ts o3 the 3(a2es with whi0hwe a--(oa0h -(o/le2s5 )"N>B*Without li3ting you( -en0il 3(o2 the -a-e(, +(aw 3ou( o( 3ewe( st(aight lines0onne0ting all nine +ots5)"N>*

TA'$LAR OR RA!HIC &ATERIAL #ET "ORTH AT THI# !OINT I# NOT %I#!LAA'LETA'$LAR OR RA!HIC &ATERIAL #ET "ORTH AT THI# !OINT I# NOT %I#!LAA'LETA'$LAR OR RA!HIC &ATERIAL #ET "ORTH AT THI# !OINT I# NOT %I#!LAA'LETA'$LAR OR RA!HIC &ATERIAL #ET "ORTH AT THI# !OINT I# NOT %I#!LAA'LE

&any -eo-le a(e una/le to solve the -ule /e0ause they un0ons0iously +(aw /oun+a(ies a(oun+ the situation-(esente+ an+ thus li2it the (ange o3 -e(2issi/le solutions5 The /oun+a(ies that lawye(s +(aw a(e 0onst(u0te+ o3(ights an+ lia/ilities< The ten+en0y to -ut one;s hea+ +own an+ ?lawye(? a -(o/le2 is a2ong the 0hie3 o00u-ationalhaa(+s o3 ou( -(o3ession5 A 0u((i0ulu2 in -(o3essional :u+g2ent shoul+ the(e3o(e /e 0on0e(ne+ with hel-ingstu+ents +evelo- a /(oa+e( a--(oa0h to -(o/le2 solving an+ shoul+ 0onsi+e( 8uestions o3 these so(ts< What a(e the0(ite(ia 3o( o-ti2al +e0ision2a6ing How an+ why +oes a0tual +e0ision2a6ing 3all sho(t o3 this i+eal How 0an wei2-(ove ou( +e0ision2a6ing a/ilities

*5"! 'oth the /usiness an+ enginee(ing lite(atu(es a/oun+ with 2o+els o3 +e0ision2a6ing -(o0esses5 The3ollowing outline is +(awn 3(o2 seve(al sou(0es5 We -(esent it not as a (e0i-e 3o( +e0ision2a6ing, /ut as a use3uls0he2e 3o( o(ganiing as-e0ts o3 the 0u((i0ulu2< )"N>9*

#te- 15 %e3ine the -(o/le2 o( +e0ision#te- =5 I+enti3y the 0lient;s Dan+ othe( (elevant -a(ties; un+e(lying o/:e0tives, assign -(io(ities o( weights to

those o/:e0tives, an+ s-e0i3y the 0(ite(ia in te(2s o3 whi0h solutions will /e evaluate+#te- >5 ene(ate alte(native solutions o( 0ou(ses o3 a0tion#te- 45 Assess the alte(natives< Evaluate -ossi/le 0ou(ses o3 a0tion a00o(+ing to how well they satis3y the

un+e(lying o/:e0tives e-lo(e the -ositive an+ negative 0onse8uen0es o3 ea0h -lausi/le alte(native i+enti3y the 6eyun0e(tainties su((oun+ing ea0h alte(native an+ gathe( the in3o(2ation ne0essa(y to (esolve the2

#te- @5 #ele0t the o-ti2al 0ou(se o3 a0tion a00o(+ing to its e-e0te+ e33e0tiveness in 2eeting the un+e(lyingo/:e0tives an+ the (elative i2-o(tan0e o3 those o/:e0tives an+

#te- 5 I2-le2ent the +e0ision an+ 2onito( its i2-le2entation, /eing -(e-a(e+ to (e7engage in the

+e0ision2a6ing -(o0ess as un3o(eseen -(o/le2s a(e en0ounte(e+5

Ea0h o3 these ste-s -(esents a (ange o3 tas6s 3o( +e0ision2a6e(s an+ suggests issues to /e 0onsi+e(e+ in a0u((i0ulu2 on -(o3essional :u+g2ent5

*5$#A5 "(a2ing !(o/le2s an+ I+enti3ying O/:e0tives

!eo-le o3ten solve the w(ong -(o/le2< They 2ista6e sy2-to2s 3o( the -(o/le2 itsel3, +e3ine the -(o/le2 toona((owly, o( +e3ine it in te(2s o3 a salient solution5 The sto(y is tol+ o3 a 3a(2e( whose 0a( gets a 3lat ti(e on a


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+ese(te+ (oa+ (ight net to a /a(n5 "in+ing no :a06 in the t(un6, he /egins a long wal6 to the nea(est town, 3ailing tonoti0e that the /a(n;s hay li3t -ulley is -ositione+ to li3t u- the 0a(5 )"N4F*His e((o( was in 3(a2ing the -(o/le2 toona((owly5 He 0on3use+ the -(o/le2 D?How 0an I li3t 2y 0a(? with one -a(ti0ula( solution D?"in+ a :a06?5

Clients an+ lawye(s, no less than +(ive(s on lonely (oa+s, a(e -(one to 2yo-ia in 3(a2ing -(o/le2s, with -(o3oun+e33e0ts on the -otential solutions that a(e 0onsi+e(e+ an+ ulti2ately 0hosen5 A 0lient o3ten 0o2es to a lawye( withouta 0lea( sense o3 his un+e(lying o/:e0tives o( inte(ests, /ut with his 2in+ 3ie+ on a -a(ti0ula( solution5 A goo+lawye( will assist a 0lient in a(ti0ulating his inte(ests an+ o(+e(ing his o/:e0tives, an+ hel- the 0lient see a -(o/le2th(ough +i33e(ent 3(a2es5

Consi+e(, 3o( ea2-le, the 3oun+e( an+ sole owne( o3 a /usiness who wishes to give it to his th(ee 0hil+(en as e8ual-a(tne(s he as6s a lawye( to 0(eate a -a(tne(shi- an+ t(ans3e( his inte(est to the 0hil+(en so as to 2ini2ie the gi3tta 0onse8uen0es5 In the 0ou(se o3 the 0onsultation, the lawye( lea(ns that two o3 the 0hil+(en hol+ +i33e(ent-ositions in the 3a2ily ente(-(ise, (e3le0ting thei( +i33e(ent inte(ests an+ talents, an+ that the thi(+ has not /eeninvolve+ at all5 The lawye( 0on0lu+es that the -a(tne(shi- an+ ta issues a(e (elatively 2ino( 0o2-a(e+ to 8uestionsa/out how the 0hil+(en will -a(ti0i-ate in the gove(nan0e o3 the /usiness an+ sha(e in its -(o3its5 #he 6nows 3(o2e-e(ien0e with othe( 3a2ily /usinesses that whateve( sta/ility in 3a2ily (elations 2ay eist while the 3athe( isa0tively (unning the ente(-(ise 2ay well +issolve on his (eti(e2ent o( +eath5

'y as6ing ?why? until a 0lient;s +ee-est -(a0ti0al goals an+ o/:e0tives a(e (e0ognie+, a lawye( hel-s he( 0lient

gene(ate the va(iety o3 3(a2es nee+e+ to assu(e that the (ight -(o/le2 will /e solve+5 Th(ough 0ase stu+ies an+/a06g(oun+ (ea+ings, a 0u((i0ulu2 in -(o3essional :u+g2ent 0an hel- stu+ents +evelo- su0h -(o/le273(a2ing0o2-eten0ies5)"N41*

*5$1'5 ene(ating Alte(natives< C(eativity in Legal !(o/le2 #olving an+ %e0ision2a6ing

As the 3o(egoing +is0ussion suggests, the /est -(o/le2 3(a2e is not ne0essa(ily the 3i(st one that 0o2es to 2in+5The sa2e is t(ue o3 -otential solutions5 !(o/le2 solving /ene3its 3(o2 a -e(io+ o3 ?+ive(gent? thin6ing, +u(ing whi0ha va(iety o3 -otential solutions a(e gene(ate+ /e3o(e any a(e 0(iti0ally evaluate+, let alone a+o-te+5 I2agination an+0(eativity thus -lay 0ent(al (oles in e33e0tive +e0ision2a6ing5 et ?0(eative? is not the 3i(st a+:e0tive that 0o2es to2in+ when -eo-le thin6 o3 lawye(s5 We a(e viewe+77 -e(ha-s /y ou(selves as well as /y othe(s77as 0onse(vative,(is67ave(se, -(e0e+ent7/oun+, an+ we++e+ to a na((ow, legalisti0 (ange o3 -(o/le2 solving st(ategies5 The(e 2ay /e

su/stan0e to this view5 The a--ellate 0ase 2etho+ an+ a+ve(sa(ial legal -(o0esses in gene(al t(ain lawye(s to /e 2o(ea+e-t at 0(iti0iing i+eas than at 0(eating the25 The ten+en0y to 0(iti0ie i+eas -(e2atu(ely inhi/its gene(ating a (i0han+ va(ie+ a((ay o3 -otential solutions o( alte(native 0ou(ses o3 a0tion5

A 0u((i0ulu2 in -(o3essional :u+g2ent shoul+ the(e3o(e tea0h as-i(ing lawye(s to i2-(ove thei( +ive(gent thin6ings6ills5 Although -eo-le;s willingness to ta6e i2aginative (is6s va(ies g(eatly, an+ +ou/tless is in3luen0e+ /y thei(+evelo-2ent well /e3o(e law s0hool, 0(eativity 0an /e 0ultivate+5 The 2o+e(n 0lassi0 on the su/:e0t is Con0e-tual'lo06/usting, w(itten /y a Ja2es L5 A+a2s, an enginee(ing -(o3esso( at #tan3o(+5 )"N4=* Th(ough 2y(ia+ea2-les, the /oo6 i+enti3ies /lo06s to 0(eativity an+ te0hni8ues 3o( enhan0ing it5 These a(e so2e o3 the /lo06s thatsee2 (elevant to lawye(s*It is 0on0e(ne+ with the 3lows o3 autho(ity an+ 0ont(ol within o(ganiations, an+views +e0ision2a6e(s not as *55autono2ous in+ivi+uals, /ut as a0to(s e2/e++e+ in an o(ganiational st(u0tu(e5Ja2es &a(0h an+ He(/e(t #i2on, the 3oun+e(s o3 2o+e(n o(ganiation theo(y, o/se(ve, at 15

)"N=*5Ronal+ J5 ilson, The %evolution o3 the Legal !(o3ession< A %e2an+ #i+e !e(s-e0tive, 49 &+5 L5 Rev5 9 D199F see also Anthony T5 (on2an, The Lost Lawye( D199>5

)"N>*5%e/o(ah L5 A((on, Running "(o2 the Law =7> D1995

)"N4*5Gi06i To((es, Chie3 o3 'a( Asso0iation As6s En+ to Lawye(7'ashing, L5A5 Ti2es, July , 199>, at A15

)"N@*5&unge(, su-(a note QQ5

)"N*5 #ee #e0tion on Legal E+u05 an+ A+2issions to the 'a(, A2e(i0an 'a( Ass;n, Legal E+u0ation an+!(o3essional %evelo-2ent77An E+u0ational Continuu2 DRe-o(t o3 the A'A Tas6 "o(0e on Law #0hools an+ the!(o3ession< Na((owing the a-, 199= )he(eina3te( &a0C(ate Re-o(t* A'A #tan+a(+ >F1Da Da2en+e+ 19945 #ee

also !aul '(est, When #houl+ a Lawye( Lea(n the Way to the Cou(thouse, #tan5 Law5, "all 199>, at = John J5Costonis,The &a0C(ate Re-o(t< O3 Loaves, "ishes, an+ the "utu(e o3 A2e(i0an Legal E+u0ation, 4> J5 Legal E+u05 1@B D199>5

)"NB*5"o( (easons o3 0la(ity an+ e0ono2y, we will gene(ally (e3e( to lawye(s as wo2en an+ to thei( 0lients as 2en5

)"N*5(on2an, su-(a note =, at 1=7=9, 1>15
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17/22

)"N9*5I+5 at B=7B>5

)"N1F*5I+5 at 1171=5 #ee Ro/e(t W5 o(+on, The In+e-en+en0e o3 Lawye(s, '5$5 L5 Rev5 1 D19 Willia2 H5Rehn8uist, The Lawye(7#tates2an in A2e(i0an Histo(y, 9 Ha(v5 J5 L5 !u/5 !ol;y @>B D19@5

)"N11*5(on2an, su-(a note = at 11>, 115

)"N1=*5I+5 at 1195

)"N1>*5(on2an +oes not +is0uss the 0lini0al 2etho+ o3 tea0hing at all5 He +is2isses 0ase stu+ies o3 the so(t use+in /usiness s0hools /e0ause ?)t*he 2anage(ial -e(s-e0tive 2ies 0o22unita(ian an+ sel37inte(este+ attitu+es, an+ tothat etent en0ou(ages less 3o(0e3ully than the :u+i0ial -oint o3 view the s-i(it o3 0ivi072in+e+ness5? I+5 at 1195 'ythe sa2e to6en, inst(u0ting law stu+ents ?3(o2 the -oint o3 view o3 a legislato(, (athe( than a :u+ge, woul+ /e lesswell suite+ to the 0ultivation o3 0ivi072in+e+ness,? /e0ause the a0tions o3 legislato(s a(e o3ten +i(e0te+ towa(+-(ivate o( -a(tisan en+s5 I+5 at 115

)"N14*5#ee, e5g5, Howa(+ #5 'a((ows et al5, %evelo-ing Clini0al !(o/le27 #olving #6ills D1991 Ha(ol+ C5 #o etal5, &e+i0al %e0ision &a6ing D19 #teven #0hwa(t Ti2othy (i33in, &e+i0al Thin6ing< The !sy0hology o3&e+i0al Ju+g2ent an+ %e0ision &a6ing D195

)"N1@*5%avi+ A5 'in+e( et al5, Lawye(s As Counselo(s< A Client7Cente(e+ A--(oa0h D19915

)"N1*5I+5 at =@97F5 The autho(s +istinguish ?0ounseling? 3(o2 ?a+vi0e7 giving?< in3o(2ing 0lients ?a/out what0onse8uen0es Dlegal an+o( nonlegal a(e li6ely to 3low 3(o2 alte(native 0ou(ses o3 a0tion o( a/out whi0h alte(nativesa 0lient shoul+ a+o-t5? I+5 at =F5

)"N1B*5I+5 at 15

)"N1*5I+5 at 1B5

)"N19*5 #ee Ann #outhwo(th, Ta6ing the Lawye( out o3 !(og(essive Lawye(ing, 4 #tan5 L5 Rev5 =1> D199>D(eviewing e(al+ !5 Lo-e, Re/ellious Lawye(ing< One Chi0ano;s Gision o3 !(og(essive Law !(a0ti0e D199=5

)"N=F*5#ee (on2an, su-(a note an+ a00o2-anying tet5

)"N=1*5#ee, e5g5, I(ving L5 Janis, (ou-thin6< !sy0hologi0al #tu+ies o3 !oli0y %e0isions an+ "ias0os D=+ e+5 19>5

)"N==*5Hu2an #yne(gisti0s Inte(national, %ese(t II #u(vival #ituation D195

)"N=>*5#ee gene(ally, Janis, su-(a note =15
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18/22

)"N=4*5(ou-thin6 DCR& !(o+u0tions 19915

)"N=@*5The 2o+e(n 0u((i0ulu2 is st(ongly in3luen0e+ /y the inte(est7 o(iente+ a--(oa0h ee2-li3ie+ /y Roge("ishe( et al5, etting to es D=+ e+5 19915

)"N=*5The stu+ents in ou( 0ou(se a0te+ as lawye(s 3o( /usiness s0hool stu+ents in a negotiation ee(0ise +esigne+/y !(o3esso(s Jeanne &5 '(ett an+ #te-hen '5 ol+/e(g, (es-e0tively o3 No(thweste(n $nive(sity;s ellogg(a+uate #0hool o3 &anage2ent an+ Law #0hool5

)"N=B*5This is an i2-o(tant -a(t o3 the agen+a o3 the #tan3o(+ Cente( on Con3li0t an+ Negotiation an+ the Ha(va(+Negotiation !(o:e0t5

)"N=*5 '5$5 L5 Rev5 1 D195

)"N=9*51F1 Ha(v5 L5 Rev5 1F> D195

)"N>F*5%e/o(ah L5 Rho+e, !(o3essional Res-onsi/ility< Ethi0s /y the !e(vasive &etho+ =917>1@ D19945

)"N>1*5#ee In (e John H5 ut3(eun+, #EC E0hange A0t Release No >47>1@@4 D%e05 >, 199=5

)"N>=*5Rho+e, su-(a note >F, at 9=71F15

)"N>>*5#ee John W5 %ean, 'lin+ A2/ition D19B5

)"N>4*5#ee Cha(les !5 Cu(tis, A 'ette( Theo(y o3 Legal Inte(-(etation, > Gan+5 L5 Rev5 4FB D19@F5

)"N>@*5H5L5A5 Ha(t, The Con0e-t o3 Law 1=@7= D1915

)"N>*5Ro/e(t H5 &noo6in Lewis o(nhause(, 'a(gaining in the #ha+ow o3 the Law< The Case o3 %ivo(0e, ale L5J5 9@F D19B95

)"N>B*5 We a(e not su(e who 0(eate+ the Nine7%ot !(o/le25 It 0an /e 3oun+ in Ja2es L5 A+a2s, Con0e-tual

'lo06/usting< A ui+e to 'ette( I+eas =47=@ D>+ e+5 195

)"N>*5I3 you 0an;t solve it, tu(n to the en+ o3 the a(ti0le 3o( one o3 a nu2/e( o3 -ossi/le solutions5

)"N>9*5We have (elie+ -a(ti0ula(ly on &a H5 'ae(2an, Ju+g2ent in &anage(ial %e0ision &a6ing D>(+ e+5 1994an+ Ro/in &5 Hoga(th, Ju+g2ent an+ Choi0e D=+ e+5 19B5 "o( the suggestion o3 a 8uite +i33e(ent 2o+el +(awn3(o2 the t(a+ition o3 -(ag2atis2, see Cathe(ine Wells, #ituate+ %e0ision2a6ing, in !(ag2atis2 in Law #o0iety=B@ D&i0hael '(int Willia2 Weave(, e+s5 19915
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19/22

)"N4F*5J5W5 etels, !(o/le2 "in+ing an+ the Inventiveness o3 #olutions, 9 J5 C(eative 'ehav5 1=, 1@71 D19B@5

)"N41*5J5E5 Russo !aul J5H5 #hoe2a6e(, %e0ision T(a-s< The Ten 'a((ie(s to '(illiant %e0ision7&a6ing an+How to Ove(0o2e The2 D199 -(ovi+es an e0ellent, in3o(2al int(o+u0tion to -(o/le2 3(a2ing5 #ee also A+a2s,su-(a note >B 'ae(2an, su-(a note >9 Hoga(th, su-(a note >9 #0ott !lous, The !sy0hology o3 Ju+g2ent an+%e0ision2a6ing D199>5

)"N4=*5A+a2s, su-(a note >B #ee also Ja2es L5 A+a2s, The Ca(e an+ "ee+ing o3 I+eas< A ui+e to En0ou(agingC(eativity D19 Hoga(th, su-(a note >9, at 1@>7B 'ae(2an, su-(a note >9, at 9171115

)"N4>*5Je(o2e #5 '(une(, On nowing< Essays 3o( the Le3t Han+ 1 D19=5

)"N44*5 Ri0ha(+ Nis/ett Lee Ross, Hu2an In3e(en0e< #t(ategies an+ #ho(t0o2ings o3 #o0ial Ju+g2ent 7BD19F5

)"N4@*5Hoga(th, su-(a note >9, at =5

)"N4*5He(/e(t A5 #i2on, &o+els o3 &an =F47F@ D19@B Ja2es 5 &a(0h He(/e(t A5 #i2on, O(ganiations14F741 D19@5

)"N4B*5 &u0h o3 the wo(6 (e-(esenting this (esea(0h -(og(a2 is 0olle0te+ in Ju+g2ent $n+e( $n0e(taintyF D19B45

)"N@F*5A2os Tve(s6y %aniel ahne2an, 'elie3 in the Law o3 #2all Nu2/e(s, B !sy0hol5 'ull5 1F@ D19B15

)"N@1*5Tve(s6y ahne2an, su-(a note 49, at 11=@5

)"N@=*5 The lea+ing tet on this su/:e0t is Ri0ha(+ Nis/ett Lee Ross, Hu2an In3e(en0e< #t(ategies an+#ho(t0o2ings o3 #o0ial Ju+g2ent D19F5

)"N@>*5I+5 at =@5

)"N@4*5"(an0is 'a0on, The New O(ganon an+ Relate+ W(itings D1=F, 8uote+ in Nis/ett Ross, su-(a note @=, at1B5


20/22

)"N@@*5#ee, e5g5, A5A5 #tone, &5%5, Re-o(t an+ Re0o22en+ations Con0e(ning the Han+ling o3 In0i+ents #u0h asthe '(an0h %avi+ian #tan+o33 in Wa0o, Teas D199>5

)"N@*5E+wa(+ E5 Jones Ri0ha(+ E5 Nis/ett, The A0to( an+ the O/se(ve(< %ive(gent !e(0e-tions o3 the Causes o3'ehavio(, in Att(i/ution< !e(0eiving the Causes o3 'ehavio( DE+wa(+ E5 Jones et al5 e+s5, 19B15

)"N@B*5 Lee Ross, The Intuitive !sy0hologist an+ His #ho(t0o2ings, in 1F A+van0es in E-e(i2ental #o0ial!sy0hology 1B4, 1> DLeona(+ 'e(6owit e+5, 19BB5

)"N@*5Tho2as "5 !ettig(ew, The $lti2ate Att(i/ution E((o(< Eten+ing All-o(t;s Cognitive Analysis o3 !(e:u+i0e,@ !e(sonality an+ #o0ial !sy0hol5 'ull5 41 D19B95

)"N@9*5Ri0ha(+ E5 Nis/ett Ti2othy %5 Wilson, Telling &o(e Than We Can now< Ge(/al Re-o(ts on &ental!(o0ess, 4 !sy0hol5 Rev5 =>1 D19BB5

)"NF*5#ee, e5g5, &i0hael O5 "in6elstein '(u0e Levin, #tatisti0s 3o( Lawye(s D199F5

)"N1*5#ee gene(ally Hoga(th, su-(a note >9, at 795

)"N=*5 %aniel ahne2an A2os Tve(s6y, !(os-e0t Theo(y< An Analysis o3 %e0ision $n+e( Ris6, 4BE0ono2et(i0a => D19B95 "o( an ove(all (eview o3 this an+ (elate+ wo(6, see gene(ally, !lous, su-(a note >B, at 47B, 479>5

)"N>*5!lous, su-(a note 41, at B=5

)"N4*5'ae(2an, su-(a note >9, at @B5

)"N@*5#ee gene(ally, !lous, su-(a note 41, at 479> 'ae(2an, su-(a note >9, 0h5 >5

)"N*5#ee gene(ally, Ro/e(t '5 Cial+ini, In3luen0e< #0ien0e an+ !(a0ti0e D>+ e+5 199> !hili- 5 i2/a(+o &i0hael R5 Lei--e, The !sy0hology o3 Attitu+e Change an+ #o0ial In3luen0e D19915

)"NB*5i2/a(+o Lei--e, su-(a note , at 1F7=F5

)"N*5One o3 the autho(s (e0ently 2et with a +isg(untle+ alu2nus77in -a(t to /(ing hi2 /a06 into the 3ol+ o3annual +ono(s77an+ o33e(e+ to /uy hi2 a san+wi0h5 The alu2nus +e2u((e+, (e2a(6ing that he was awa(e o3 the(e0i-(o0ation ten+en0y5

)"N9*5#ee 'a((y &5 #taw Je((y Ross, nowing When to !ull the !lug, Ha(v5 'us5 Rev5, &a(57A-(5 19B, at 5


21/22

)"NBF*5#tanley &ilg(a2, 'ehavio(al #tu+y o3 O/e+ien0e, B J5 A/no(2al an+ #o05 !sy0hol5 >B1 D19>5

)"NB1*5 Lynn A5 'a6e( Ro/e(t E5 E2e(y, When Eve(y Relationshi- is A/ove Ave(age< !e(0e-tions an+E-e0tations o3 %ivo(0e at the Ti2e o3 &a((iage, 1B Law Hu25 'ehav5 4>9 D199>5

)"NB=*5I+5 at 44B5

)"NB>*5#ee, e5g5, 'ae(2an, su-(a note >9, at >B7>5

)"NB4*5Wise 0ounsel 2ight, howeve(, (esult in 2any 3ewe( (estau(ants /eing o-ene+5

)"NB@*5Lette( to Jose-h !(iestly in 1BB=, in 4 The Co2-lete Wo(6s o3 'en:a2in "(an6lin @== DJ5 'igelow e+5,1B, 8uote+ in Hoga(th, su-(a note >9, at 1979F5

)"NB*5#ee, e5g5, Cha(les A5 Holloway, %e0ision &a6ing $n+e( $n0e(tainty< &o+els an+ Choi0es D19B95

)"NBB*5#ee su-(a, note 9 an+ a00o2-anying tet5

)"NB*5!aul &ilg(o2 John Ro/e(ts, E0ono2i0s, O(ganiation &anage2ent 49 D199=5

)"NB9*5I+5 at 1BF7BB5

)"NF*5Law(en0e &5 "ishe(, #ea(s Auto Cente(s Halt Co22issions A3te( "la-, N55 Ti2es, June =>, 199=, at %15

)"N1*5#ee Ro/e(t !ea(, In8ui(y Challenges %o0to(s on O(+e(ing %iagnosti0 Tests, N55 Ti2es, A-(5 1>, 1994, atA115

)"N=*5John H5 Ja06son et al5, O(ganiation Theo(y< A &a0(o !e(s-e0tive 3o( &anage2ent 1B D195

)"N>*5O(ganiation Theo(y 9 D%5#5 !ugh e+5, 1945

)"N4*5Ja2es &a(0h He(/e(t A5 #i2on, O(ganiations 1> D=+ e+5 199>5

)"N@*5#ee su-(a note >1 an+ a00o2-anying tet5

)"N*5Ro/e(t Ja06all, &o(al &aes< The Wo(l+ o3 Co(-o(ate &anage(s D195

)"NB*5In light o3 the 0u((ent 2ove within the A2e(i0an 'a( Asso0iation to (e8ui(e law s0hools to tea0h 0e(tain


22/22

lawye(ing s6ills th(ough 0lini0al 2etho+s, see su-(a note , we hasten to e-(ess ou( /elie3 that law s0hools shoul+/e allowe+ to +ete(2ine what -a(ts, i3 any, o3 the -(o-ose+ 0u((i0ulu2 to tea0h an+ shoul+ /e 3(ee to e-e(i2entwith +i33e(ent ways o3 tea0hing the25

)"N*5Hen(y !et(os6i, To Enginee( is Hu2an< The Role o3 "ailu(e in #u00ess3ul %esign ii D19@5

&''(N)I

NOT %I#!LAA'LE

washington law review v69 no 3 527

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