dol.wa.gov

CommercialDriver Guide

DEPARTMENT OF LICENSING

CommercialDriver Guide

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This Commercial Driver License (CDL) Guide is a summary of the laws and rules that apply to all drivers of commercial motor vehicles in Washington State. It is not a book of laws, and should not be used as a basis for any legal claims or actions. Regulations put into effect by federal or state agencies may go beyond state laws but cannot conflict with them.

We welcome your comments and suggestions.

Send these to: Communications and Education Department of Licensing 1125 Washington Street SE Olympia WA 98501

For your convenience, additional contact information is given below.

Department of Licensing (DOL)Website: www.dol.wa.gov• For information about driving records, reinstatements, and

eligibility: Telephone: (360) 902-3900• For vehicle questions: Prorate (IRP) (360) 664-1858 IFTA (360) 664-1868

CDL ProgramTelephone: (360) 902-3619email: cdlprogram@dol.wa.govFor information about:• Generalstateandfederalrequirementsandinquiries• HowtogetaCDL• Minimumtrainingrequirements• Medicalwaivers• HAZMAT/TSAthreatassessmentclearance• Foreignknowledgetesting• WashingtonCommercialDriverGuideandknowledgetestquestions

CDL Skills Testing ProgramTelephone: (360) 902-3607email: cdlskillstest@dol.wa.govFor information about:• CDLskillstestingscheduling• TPTfeereimbursement• Customertestinginquiries/comments

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Federal Motor Carriers Safety Administration (FMCSA)Telephone: (360) 753-9875Website: www.fmcsa.dot.gov• Hoursofservice• Equipment• Interstate medical waivers• Federal rules and regulations

Transportation Security Administration (TSA)Telephone: 1-(877) 429-7746Website: www.hazprints.tsa.dhs.gov• Hazmatendorsementeligibility• Threat assessments• Background checks• Fingerprints

Washington State Patrol (WSP)Telephone: (360) 596-3800Website: www.wsp.wa.gov• Equipment requirements• Enforcement practices• Road conditions• Chain requirements• Weight enforcement

Washington Utilities and Transportation Commission (WUTC)Telephone: (360) 664-1222Website: www.wutc.wa.gov• Authority to carry freight for hire• Intrastate inspections

Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT)Telephone: (360) 704-6340Website:www.wsdot.wa.gov/commercialvehicle• Interpretation of statutes or rules• Restricted roads or bridges• Oversize/Overweightpermits• Construction projects

Hazardous Material National Response Center (NRC)Telephone: 1-(800) 424-8802To report a hazardous material emergency

Chemical Transportation Emergency Center (CHEMTREC)Telephone: 1-(800) 424-9300

For technical information about physical properties of hazardous materials

We are committed to providing equal access to our services. If you need accommodation, please call (360) 902-3900 or TTY (360) 664-0116.

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Table Contents

Introduction1.1 – Who Needs a CDL?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-21.2 – Getting Your CDL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-61.3 – Medical Waivers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-111.4 – Driver Disqualifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-141.5 – Nationwide CDL Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-171.6 – Washington State Laws and Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-19

Driving Safely2.1 – Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22.2 – Basic Control of Your Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-162.3 – Shifting Gears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-182.4 – Seeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-202.5 – Communicating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-242.6 – Controlling Speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-272.7 – Managing Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-332.8 – Seeing Hazards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-382.9 – Distracted Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-442.10 – Aggressive Drivers/Road Rage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-452.11 – Driving at Night . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-472.12 – Driving in Fog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-502.13 – Driving in Winter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-512.14 – Driving in Very Hot Weather. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-542.15 – Railroad-highway Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-562.16 – Mountain Driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-602.17 – Driving Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-622.18 – Antilock Braking Systems (ABS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-672.19 – Skid Control and Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-692.20 – Accident Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-722.21 – Fires. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-732.22 – Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Driving. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-762.23 – Staying Alert and Fit to Drive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-792.24 – Hazardous Materials Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-82

Transporting Cargo Safely3.1 – Inspecting Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23.2 – Weight and Balance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-23.3 – Securing Cargo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-43.4 – Cargo Needing Special Attention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6

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Transporting Passengers Safely4.1 – Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-24.2 – Loading and Trip Start . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-34.3 – On the Road . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-54.4 – After-trip Vehicle Inspection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-74.5 – Prohibited Practices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-74.6 – Use of Brake-door Interlocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7

Air Brakes5.1 – The Parts of an Air Brake System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-25.2 – Dual Air Brake . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-105.3 – Inspecting Air Brake Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-115.4 – Using Air Brakes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-15

Combination Vehicles6.1 – Driving Combination Vehicles Safely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-26.2 – Combination Vehicle Air Brakes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-86.3 – Antilock Brake Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-126.4 – Coupling and Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-146.5 – Inspecting a Combination Vehicle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-20

Doubles and Triples7.1 – Pulling Double/Triple Trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-27.2 – Coupling and Uncoupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-37.3 – Inspecting Doubles and Triples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-67.4 – Doubles/Triples Air Brake Check . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8

Tank Vehicles8.1 – Inspecting Tank Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-28.2 – Driving Tank Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-38.3 – Safe Driving Rules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4

Hazardous Materials9.1 – The Intent of the Regulations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-39.2 – Hazardous Materials Transportation: Who Does What . 9-49.3 – Communication Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-59.4 – Loading and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-209.5 – Bulk Packaging Marking, Loading and Unloading . . . . . 9-269.6 – Hazardous Materials – Driving and Parking Rules . . . . . 9-289.7 – Hazardous Materials – Emergencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-329.8 – Hazardous Materials Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-399.9 – Hazardous Materials Endorsement Requirements . . . . 9-44

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School Buses10.1 – Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-210.2 – Loading and Unloading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-610.3 – Emergency Exit and Evacuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1210.4 – Railroad-highway Crossings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1410.5 – Student Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1910.6 – Antilock Braking Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2010.7 – Special Safety Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-21

Pre-Trip Inspection11.1 – The Pre-Trip Inspection Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-111.2 – What The Tester Will Look For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-211.3 – Checks For All Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-311.4 – Checks For Combination Vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1511.5 – Checks For All Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-1911.6 – Checks for School Buses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11-20

Basic Controls12.1 – The Basic Controls Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-212.2 – What The Tester Will Look For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12-3

The Road Test13.1 – The Road Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-213.2 – What The Tester Will Look For . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-3

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1-1

Introduction

This section covers:• Who needs a Commercial Driver License (CDL)• Getting your CDL• Medical waivers • Driver disqualifications• Nationwide CDL rules• Washington State laws and rules

TheCommercialMotorVehicleSafetyActof1986requiresallstatestomeetthesameminimumstandardsfortestingandlicensingcommercialdrivers.YourCommercialDriverLicense(CDL)isproofthatyouhavetheprofessionalskillsneededtosafelyoperatecommercialvehicles.AllcommercialdriversthroughouttheUnitedStatesarerequiredtohaveaCDL.Thismanualwillhelpyoutounderstandandmeetthedriver

licensingrequirementsandstandards.

All drivers need to study:• Section 1, Introduction and State Laws• Section 2, Driving Safely• Section 3, Transporting Cargo Safely

YourGeneralKnowledgetestwillhavequestionsfromeachofthesesections.

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1.1 – Who Needs a CDL?YoumusthaveaCDLtodriveanyofthefollowingvehicles:• Anysinglevehiclewithagrossvehicleweightrating(GVWR)of26,001poundsormore.

• Acombinationvehiclewithagrosscombinationweightratingof26,001ormorepoundsifthetrailer(s)hasaGVWRof10,001ormorepounds.

• Allvehiclesdesignedtotransport16ormorepersonsincludingthedriver–thisalsoincludesprivateandchurchbuses.

• Allschoolbusesregardlessofsize.• Anysizevehiclewhichrequireshazardousmaterialplacardsoriscarryingmateriallistedasaselectagentortoxinin49CFR100-185.

Thesevehiclesaredividedintothreeclasses–A,B,andC.UseFigure1.1toseeifyouneedaCDL,andwhatclassofCDLyouneed.Ahigher-classCDLallowsyoutodrivevehiclesinanyofthelowerclassesifyouhavethecorrectendorsements.

YoumayneedendorsementsaddedtoyourCDLifyouwill:• Drivepassenger-carryingvehicles,suchasbuses,includingallschoolbuses.

• Pulldoubleortripletrailers.• Drivetankvehicles.• Driveanysizevehiclethatisusedinthetransportationofanymaterialthatrequireshazardousmaterialplacardingoranyquantityofamateriallistedasaselectagentortoxinin42CFR93.

TherearesevenendorsementsandonerestrictionfortheCDL,eachwithitsownknowledgetest.Studyfigure1.2toseeiftheyapplytoyou.OccasionaldriversalsoneedaCDLandanyrequired

endorsements.Forexample:mechanicsortrucksalespeoplewhotest-drivethevehiclesdescribedaboveonapublicroadway.YoumustpasstheknowledgeandskillteststogetaCDL.This

manualwillhelpyoutopassthesetests,butitisnotasubstituteforatrainingclassorprogram.Formaltrainingisthemostreliablewaytolearnthespecialskillsrequiredtosafelyandprofessionallydrivealargecommercialvehicle.

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Do you need a Commercial Driver License? TherearethreetypesofCommercialDriverLicenses(CDL):ClassA,ClassB,andClassC.ToseeifyouneedaCDL,answerthequestionsandfollowthelines.

START

Doyoudriveacombinationvehicle?

Yes

Isthemfg’sweightratingofthetowedvehicle(s)10,001poundsormore?

Yes

Isthemfg’sweightratingforthevehicle(s)26,001poundsormore?

Yes

STOP.YouneedaClassALicense.

No

No

No

Isthemfg’sweightratingofyoursinglevehicle26,001poundsormore?

Yes

STOP.YouneedaClassBLicense.

No

Isyourvehicle26,000poundorlessdesignedtocarry16ormorepersonsincludingthedriver?

Yes

STOPYouneedaClassCLicense.

No

Isyourvehicleaschoolbus?

Yes

STOPYouneedaClassBorClassCLicense(Fig. 1.2)

Doesyourvehicle26,000poundsorlesscarryplacardedhazardousmaterials?

Yes

STOPYouneedaClassCLicense.

No

STOPYoudonotneedaCDL.

Figure 1.1

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CDL Endorsements/Restrictions

Endorsement/Restriction

Description

P1 ClassBpassengervehicle.Requiredfordriversofvehicles26,001lbs.ormoredesignedtocarry16ormorepassengersincludingthedriver.

P2 ClassCpassengervehicle.Requiredfordriversofvehicles26,000lbs.orless,designedtocarry16ormorepassengersincludingthedriver.

S Schoolbusendorsement.Requiredfordriverswhodriveanysizeofschoolbus.Aschoolbusisavehicleregularlyusedtotransportchildrentoandfromschoolorinconjunctionwithschoolactivities,whichmeetstheschoolbusspecificationsestablishedbytheSuperintendentofPublicInstruction.

T Doubleandtripletrailersendorsement.Requiredfordriverspullingsetsofdoubleortripletrailers*

N Tankvehicleendorsement.Requiredfordriversofvehiclescarryingliquidsorliquidgasinapermanentlymountedcargotankratedat119gallonsormoreoraportabletankratedat1,000gallonsormore.

H Hazardousmaterialsendorsement.Requiredfordriversofanysizevehiclethatisusedinthetransportationofanymaterialthatrequireshazardousmaterialplacardingoranyquantityofamateriallistedasaselectagentortoxinin42CFR93.*

X Combinationoftankvehicleendorsmentandhazardousmaterialsendorsement.

K Airbrakesrestriction.DriversofCDLvehicleswithairbrakesmustpasstherequiredtestsforairbrakes.DriverswhodonotpassthesetestsarerestrictedontheCDLtonon-airbrakevehicles.

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U CDLIntrastateOnlyRestrictionDriversofCDLvehicleswhoarerestrictedtodrivingonlywithinWashington,eitherbecauseofmedicalwaiverorthedriverisundertheageof21.

*see the following section for exemptions

Figure 1.2

ExemptionsThelawexemptsfourgroupsofdriversfromtheCDL:• Farmers transportingfarmequipment,supplies,orproductstoorfromafarminafarmvehicleareexemptedifthevehicleis:- Operatedbyafarmerorafarmemployee.- Notusedintheoperationofacommonorcontractmotorcarrier.- Usedwithin150milesofthefarm(inanair-mileradius).

ProductsincludeChristmastreesorwoodproductstransportedbyvehiclesweighingnomorethanfortythousandpoundslicensedgrossvehicleweight.TheweightrestrictionappliesonlytoChristmastreesandwoodproducts.

• Farmers mayoperatevehiclesthatmeetthedefinitionofafarm-exemptvehiclebetweenthestatesofIdahoandOregoniftheymeetallrequirementsofthefarmexemption.

• Firefighters and law enforcement personnel operatingemergencyequipmentareexemptediftheycarrythecertificationcardprovingtheyhavecompletedtheEmergencyVehicleAccidentPreventionProgram(EVAP).

• Recreation Vehicle (RV) operators areexemptedwhendrivinganRVfornon-commercialpurposes.Thisgroupincludes:- Two-axlerentaltrucks.- Horsetrailers.

• Military commercial drivers areexemptedonlywhentheyareoperatingthepropermilitaryvehiclesunderamilitarylicenseissuedbytheirbranchofservice.

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1.2 – Getting Your CDL

ApplicationTogetaWashingtonCDLoraCommercialDriverInstruction

Permit(CDIP)youmust:• Beatleast18yearsold.• HaveaWashingtonStatedriverlicense.• GiveyourvalidSocialSecuritynumberissuedbytheSocialSecurityAdministration.

• Givethenamesofallthestateswhereyouhavehadadriverlicenseinthelasttenyears.

• Successfullycompletetheinitialapplicationprocess,visionscreening,andGeneralKnowledgeTest.

• Paytheproperfees.

TogetaCDLyoumustalsosuccessfullycomplete:• Theskilltests.• Allrequiredknowledgetests.• AcommercialdrivertrainingprogramfromyouremployerorfromacertifiedCDLtrainingschool,ifyouareaWashingtondrivergettingyourfirstCDL.Visitwww.dol.wa.govforinformationontrainingandlicensingrequirements.

ItismandatoryforcommercialdriverstodisclosetheirSocialSecuritynumber(SSN)duringtheapplicationprocess(49CFR383.153,RCW46.25.070).YourSSNwillbekeptonfileandusedforidentificationpurposes.Youmustbeatleast21yearsoldtooperatecommercialvehicles

interstate(fromstatetostate).StudySection2ofthisguidetoprepareforyourGeneral

KnowledgeTestbeforeyouapplyforaCDIP.

CDIP fees and requirementsWhatyouneedtopaytogetyourCDIP:• Theapplication and knowledge testing are$10.• Knowledge retesting is$10.• Thepermit and required photograph are$10.

Thispermitisvalidfor6months,andmayonlyberenewedonce.

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Whenoperatingacommercialmotorvehicle(CMV)onanypublicroadway,theCDIPholdermustbewithanotherdriverwhohas:• ACDLvalidforthevehiclebeingdriven.• Nolessthan2yearsdrivingexperienceintheclassofCMVbeingoperated.

• Nolessthan5yearsoftotaldrivingexperience.

Thelicensedcommercialdrivermustoccupytheseatbesidethelearningdriverforthepurposeofgivinginstruction.Underfederalregulations,CDIPholderscannotdriveany

sizevehiclethatisusedinthetransportationofanymaterialthatrequireshazardousmaterialplacardingoranyquantityofamateriallistedasaselectagentortoxinin49CFR100-185.

First-time CDL feesWhatyouneedtopaytogetyourfirstCDLwithaWashington

driverlicense:• Theapplication and knowledge testing are$10.• Knowledge retesting is$10.• Skill testing isnomorethan$100.*• Skill retesting isnomorethan$100.*• CDL, endorsements, and required photograph are$71.

CDL upgrade feesWhatyouneedtopayforCDLclassupgradesandadded

endorsements:• Theapplication and knowledge testing are$10.• Knowledge retesting is$10.• Skill testing isnomorethan$100.*• Skill retesting isnomorethan$100.*• CDL class upgrades, added endorsements, and required

photograph are$10.

Allfeesareinadditiontothoseforyourbasicdriverlicense.

*IfmostofyourdrivingwillbeforfederallysupportedHeadStartortheEarlyChildhoodEducationandAssistanceProgram,thesefeeswillbenomorethan$75.

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Knowledge testsCDLknowledgetestsareusedtoevaluateyourunderstanding

oflawsandsafetypracticesthatapplytotheoperationofacommercialvehicle.Youmustearnapassingscoreofatleast80percentoneach

knowledgetesttoqualify.Ifyouneedtoretest,youcanusuallydosoonthenextbusinessday.Wesuggestthatyouchecktestingtimesandavailabilitywithyourlocaldriverlicensingoffice.Youmusttakeoneormoreknowledgetestsfor:• Theclassofvehicleyouwanttodrive.• Eachendorsementyouwant.• Removaloftheairbrakerestriction.

CDLknowledgetestsinclude:• TheGeneralKnowledgeTest–requiredifyouwanttogetaCDL.

• ThePassengerTest–requiredifyouwanttodriveabus.• TheAirBrakesTest–requiredifyourvehiclehasairbrakes,includingair-overhydraulicbrakes.

• TheCombinationVehiclesTest–requiredifyouwanttodrivecombinationvehicles.

• TheHazardousMaterialsTest–requiredifyouwanttodriveanysizevehiclethatisusedinthetransportationofanymaterialthatrequireshazardousmaterialplacardingoranyquantityofamateriallistedasaselectagentortoxinin49CFR100-185.InordertogetthisendorsementyoumustalsopassaTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)backgroundcheck.

• TheTankerTest–requiredifyouwanttohaulaliquidorliquidgasinapermanentlymountedcargotankratedat119gallonsormoreoraportabletankratedat1,000gallonsormore.

• TheDoubles/TriplesTest–requiredifyouwanttopulldoubleortripletrailers.

• TheSchoolBusTest–requiredifyouwanttodriveaschoolbus.

Figure1.3showsthesectionsofthismanualyoushouldstudyforeachclassoflicenseandforeachendorsement.

1-9

What sections should you study?

Sectionstostudy

Licensetype Endorsement

ClassA

ClassB

ClassC

HazMat

Double/Triple

TankVehicles

Passenger

SchoolBus

1 X X X X X

2 X X X X X X X

3 X X X X X

4 X X

5* X X X X X X X X

6 X X X

7 X

8 X

9 X X

10 X

11 X X X X X

12 X X X X X

13 X X X X X

*StudySection5ifyouplantooperatevehiclesequippedwithairbrakes.

Figure 1.3

Skill testsAfteryoupasstherequiredknowledgetest(s),youcantakethe

CDLskilltests.Therearethreerequiredskilltests:• Pre-TripInspectionTest• BasicControlsTest• RoadTest

Pre-Trip Inspection Test. Thistestisusedtoevaluateyourabilitytoinspectyourvehicleforsafeoperation.Youwillbeaskedtoperformavehiclepre-tripinspectionandtoexplainwhatitemsyouareinspectingandhowtoinspectthem.

1-10

Basic Controls Test. Thistestisusedtoevaluatebothyourabilitytocontrolyourvehiclewhilebackingandyourabilitytojudgeyourvehicle’spositioninrelationtootherobjects.Youwillbeaskedtobackyourvehicleandtoturnitwithinadefinedarea.Theseareaswillbemarkedwithtrafficcones.Thetesterwilltellyouhowtoperformeachcontroltest.

Road Test. Thistestisusedtoevaluateyourabilitytosafelydriveyourvehicleinavarietyoftrafficsituations.Thesituationswillinclude:• Leftandrightturns• Intersections• Railroadcrossings• Curves• Upanddowngrades• Singleormulti-laneroads• Streetsorhighways

Thetesterwilltellyouwheretodrive.

Itwilltakeabouttwohourstocompleteallthreeofthesetests.ReviewSections11,12,and13beforetakingtheskilltests.ThevehicleyouusefortheskilltestsmustmatchtheclassofCDLyouapplyfor.IfyouapplyforaClassACDL,bringaClassAvehicle;ifyouapplyforapassengeroraschoolbusendorsement,bringabusdesignedtocarry16ormorepersonsincludingthedriverorthepropersizeofschoolbus.Ifyoutestwithathirdpartytester,youmayberandomlyselected

tocompleteaskillretestwiththeDepartmentofLicensingtoensuretestingpracticeswerecorrectlyfollowed.Ifyourefusetoretestoryoucannotpasstheretest,yourCDLwillbecancelleduntilyoupass.Ifyoudon’tpasstheretestonthefirsttry,youmayberequiredtoprovideatestvehicleandpaytestingfeesforadditionalattempts.CDLskillstestsarerequiredifyouare:• AddingaCDLtoyourlicense.• UpgradingyourClassCtoaClassBlicense.• UpgradingyourClassBtoaClassAlicense.• AddingapassengerendorsementtoyourCDL.• AddingaschoolbusendorsementtoyourCDL.• RemovinganairbrakerestrictiontoyourCDL.

1-11

Renewals, upgrades, adding endorsements, and removing restrictionsAfteraCDLisissued,toapplyforaCDLrenewal,upgrade,

endorsement,orrestrictionremoval,youneedto:• Provideupdatedinformation.• Successfullycompleteallrequiredknowledgeandskilltests.• Paytheproperfees.

Ifyouareapplyingforahazardousmaterialsendorsement,youmustalso:• Complywithfederalrequirementsby:- Completinganationalhazardousmaterialsendorsementapplication.- Providingproofofcitizenship.- Submittingfingerprintsifyouwanttokeeporaddahazardousmaterialsendorsement.

• Passahazardousmaterialsknowledgetestifyouwanttokeeporaddahazardousmaterialsendorsement.

Surrender of your CDLIfyousurrenderyourCDLoranyendorsement,youmustretake

theknowledgeandskillstestsandpayalltheproperfeestogetyourCDL.IfyousurrenderyourCDLformorethanoneyear,youwillalsoberequiredtoprovideproofofcommercialdrivertraining.

Test your knowledge1. WhatclassofCDLdoyouneed?2. Whatendorsementsdoyouneed?3. Whatitemsdoyouneedtobringtothedriverlicensingoffice?

Youshouldbeabletoanswerthesequestions.Ifnot,rereadSections1.1and1.2.

1.3 – Medical WaiversAllcommercialdriversmustmeetthemedicalstandards

establishedbyfederalandstatelaws,rules,andregulations.Reference:FMCSRparts391.41-49.

1-12

IntrastateIfyoudon’tmeetthemedicalstandards,youcanapplytothe

DepartmentofLicensing(DOL)foranIntrastateMedicalWaiver.Thiswaiveris:• ValidforoperationwithinthestateofWashingtononly.• Validfornomorethanatwo-yearcycle.• IssuedonlytoWashington-licenseddriversorthosewhohaveanactiveapplicationonfile.

Ifyouneedanintrastatewaiver,completeamedicalwaiverapplicationwith:• Yourname.• Yourdriverlicensenumber.• Yourresidentialaddress.• Yourmailingaddress–ifdifferentfromyourresidentialaddress.• Medicalexaminer’sname,title,businessaddress,andtelephonenumber.

• Adescriptionofallmedicalconditionsthatdon’tmeetFMCSAstandards.

• Thecycleofthewaiver–threemonths,6months,1year,or2years.

• AcopyofyourcurrentDOTMedicalExaminationReportlongformandwalletcardcompletedbyanauthorizedMedicalExaminerandclearlyshowinganyreasonwhyyouarenotmedicallyqualified.

Yourwaiverapplicationprocesswillnotmoveforwarduntilwehavealloftherequiredinformationlistedabove.Makesureyourapplicationiscompletebeforeyoureturnittous,ortheprocesswillbedelayed.

AcertifiedNursePractitionermaycompletetheapplicationformformedicalconditionssuchas:• Monocularvision• Colorblindness• Hearingimpairments

Forallmedicalconditionsthataremoreserious,aMedicalExaminerfamiliarwiththeapplicant’smedicalconditionmustcompletetheform.

DriversmaypickupanIntrastateMedicalWaiverapplicationformatanydriverlicensingofficeoronlineatdol.wa.govundertheCDLsection.Returnthecompletedformto:

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CDLMedicalWaiverProgramDepartmentofLicensingP.O.Box9030OlympiaWA98507-9030

FAX:(360)-570-4915

Afterweconfirmtheinformationonyourapplication,requestsforwaiversareprocessedwithin7-10workingdaysandaremaileddirectlytotheaddressontheapplication.Call(360)-902-3619ifyouhavequestionsaboutintrastatemedicalwaivers.Thewaivermaybephotocopiedandmustbecarriedwithyour

CDLatalltimeswhenyouareoperatingacommercialvehicle.Afterobtainingamedicalwaiver,youwillberequiredtoobtainanewlicensethatreflectsyouareeligibletooperatecommercialvehiclesonlywithinWashingtonState.Someemployershaveadoptedpoliciestofollowonlythefederaldriverqualificationsandtheymaynotacceptanintrastatemedicalwaiver.Ifyourmedicalconditionimprovesandallowsyoutomeetthe

FederalMotorCarrierSafetyAdministration(FMCSA)standards,youwillneedtocompleteanewDOTMedicalExaminationReportandsenditwithaletteraskingtoberemovedfromtheCDLMedicalWaiverProgram.Sendthesetotheaddressabove.

InterstateAnInterstatemedicalwaiverisvalidinallstates.Youmaybe

eligibleforthiswaiverifyou:• Areinsulindependent.• Havemonocularvision.• Aremissingalimb.• Haveimpaireduseofahand,arm,leg,orfoot.

Toapply,andforinformation,contactFMCSAinpersonat:2424HeritageDriveSW,Suite302OlympiaWA98502

bytelephoneat:(360)-753-9875

bymailto:FMCSAPOBox12509OlympiaWA98508-2509

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1.4 – Driver DisqualificationsYoucannotdriveacommercialmotorvehicleifyouare

disqualifiedforanyreason.

Alcohol, leaving the scene of an accident, and commission of a felony.ItisillegaltooperateaCMVifyourbloodalcoholconcentration

(BAC)is.04%ormore.IfyouoperateaCMV,youshallbedeemedtohavegivenyourconsenttoalcoholtesting.

YouwillloseyourCDLforatleast1yearforafirstoffensefor:• DrivingaCMVifyourbloodalcoholconcentrationis.04%orhigher.

• DrivingaCMVundertheinfluenceofalcohol.• Refusingabloodalcoholtest.• DrivingaCMVwhileundertheinfluenceofacontrolledsubstance.

• LeavingthesceneofanaccidentinvolvingaCMV.• CommittingafelonyinvolvingtheuseofaCMV.• DrivingaCMVwhentheCDLissuspended.• CausingafatalitythroughnegligentoperationofaCMV.

YouwillloseyourCDLforatleast3yearsiftheoffenseoccurswhileyouareoperatingaCMVthatisplacardedforhazardousmaterials.

YouwillloseyourCDLforlife:• Forasecondoffense.• IfyouuseaCMVtocommitafelonyinvolvingcontrolledsubstances.

Youwillbeputout-of-servicefor24hoursifyouhaveanydetectableamountofalcoholunder.04%.

Serious traffic violationsIfconvictedorifyouarefoundtohavecommitted2serioustraffic

violationswithin3yearswhileoperatingeitheryourpersonalvehicleoracommercialvehicle,youmayloseyourlicensefor60days.Athirdconvictionwithin3yearsresultsina120-daydisqualification.Serioustrafficviolationsinclude:• Excessivespeed–15mphoverpostedlimit.• Recklessdriving.• Negligentdriving.• Improperlanechanges.

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• DrivingaCMVwithoutearningaCDL.• DrivingaCMVwithoutaCDLinyourimmediatepossession.• DrivingaCMVwithouttheproperclassorendorsementforthetypeofvehiclebeingoperated.

• Followingtooclosely.• Violatingastateorlocallawrelatingtomotor-vehicletrafficcontrol,otherthanaparkingviolationarisinginconnectionwithanaccidentorcollisionresultinginthedeathofanyperson.

Violation of out-of-service ordersYouwillloseyourCDLforatleast:• 90daysifyouhavecommittedyourfirstviolationofanout-of-serviceviolationorder.

• 1yearifyouhavecommitted2out-of-serviceviolationordersina10-yearperiod.

• 3yearsifyouhavecommitted3ormoreout-of-serviceviolationordersina10-yearperiod.

Violatinganout-of-serviceorderwhileyouoperateacommercialvehicleplacardedandcarryinghazardousmaterialsortransportingpassengerswillresultindisqualificationperiodsthatincreaseseverelywitheachoffense,andthedisqualificationperiodforafirst-timeoffensewillbedoubled.AnyviolationsbeyondthefirstmayresultinalossofyourCDLforupto5yearsforeachconviction.

Railroad-highway grade crossing violationsYouwillloseyourCDLforatleast:• 60daysforyourfirstviolation.• 120daysforyoursecondviolationwithinany3yearperiod.• 1yearforyourthirdviolationwithinany3yearperiod.

Thisincludesanyofthefollowingsixviolationsatarailroad-highwaygradecrossing:• Failingtoslowdownandcheckthatthetracksareclearofanapproachingtrain,evenifyouarenotrequiredtostop.

• Failingtostopbeforereachingthecrossingifthetracksarenotclear,evenifyouarenotalwaysrequiredtostop.

• Failingtostopbeforedrivingontothecrossingwhenyouarealwaysrequiredtostop.

• Failingtodrivecompletelyoverthecrossingbecauseyoudidnotstopwhentherewastoolittlespacetofinishthecrossing.

• Failingtoobeycrossingarmsorsignals,atrafficcontroldevice,orthedirectionsofapoliceofficeratacrossing.

• Failingtoclearthecrossingbecauseoftoolittleundercarriageclearance.

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ImpoundIfyouoperateanyvehiclewithouthavingtherequiredclassor

endorsement,thevehiclemaybeimpounded.

Hazardous materials endorsement background check and disqualificationsTogetahazardousmaterialsendorsement,youmustsubmit

yourfingerprintsandbesubjecttoabackgroundcheck.Youwillbedeniedoryouwillloseyourhazardousmaterials

endorsementifyou:• ArenotalawfulpermanentresidentoftheUnitedStates.• RenounceyourUnitedStatescitizenship.• Arewantedorunderindictmentforcertainfelonies.• Haveaconvictioninmilitaryorciviliancourtforcertainfelonies.

• Havebeenjudgedtobeamentaldefectiveorhavebeencommittedtoamentalinstitution.

• AreconsideredtoposeasecuritythreatasdeterminedbytheTransportationSecurityAdministration.

WewillgiveyoualloftheinformationyouneedtocompletetherequiredTSAbackgroundcheckprocedures.

Traffic violations in your personal vehicleTheMotorCarrierSafetyImprovementAct(MCSIA)of

1999requiresaCDLholdertobedisqualifiedfromoperatingacommercialmotorvehicleiftheCDLholderhasbeenconvictedofcertaintypesofmovingviolationsintheirpersonalvehicle.Ifyourprivilgetooperateyourpersonalvehicleisrevoked,

cancelled,orsuspendedduetoviolationsoftrafficcontrollaws(otherthanparkingviolations),youwillalsoloseyourCDLdrivingprivilges.Ifyourprivilgetooperateyourpersonalvehicleisrevoked,

cancelled,orsuspendedduetoalcoholviolations,youwillloseyourCDLforoneyear.IfyouareconvictedofasecondalcoholconvictioninyourpersonalvehicleorCMV,youwillloseyourCDLforlife.

DisqualificationThereisnoOccupational/RestrictedDriverLicenseavailable

fortheoperationofacommercialmotorvehicle.Duetofederalregulations,ifaCDLholderentersintoadeferredprosecutionforanalcoholordrugoffense,thereisnostayofanyadministrativeCDLsuspension,revocation,denial,ordisqualificationbasedonthesameincident,regardless if the incident was committed in

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a private or a commercial motor vehicle.Entryintoadeferredprosecutionprogrammaystillstaytheadministrativesuspension,revocation,ordenialofthepersonaldriverlicense–unlesstherehasbeenabreathorbloodtestrefusal–buttheCDLmuststillbesurrendered.YoumaybeeligibletogetyourCDLagainwhenthe

disqualificationperiodhasended.IfyouloseyourCDLforoneyearorlonger,youmustfirstpayallrequiredfeesandsuccessfullycompleteboththeCDLknowledgeandskillteststobereinstated.IfyourCDLhasbeendisqualifiedformorethanoneyear,youwillalsoberequiredtoprovideproofofcommercialdrivertraining.Youmayalsobedisqualifiedfromdrivingacommercialmotor

vehicleforoneyearifwereceiveareportfromFMCSAshowingthatyourdrivingbehaviorisathreattopublicsafety.

Drugs and alcoholThelawrequiresmedicalreviewofficersandbreathalcohol

technicianstoreportpositivedrugandalcoholfindings,refusedtests,andfailuretoappearfortesting.Whenwereceiveareport,theCDLholderisdisqualifiedfromdrivingacommercialmotorvehicle.Youwillbedisqualifiedwhenwereceiveareportfromanyofthefollowingscreenings:• Pre-employment• Random• Reasonablesuspicion• Postaccident• Returntoduty• Follow-up

Thedisqualificationwillremainineffectuntilyouundergoadrug/alcoholassessmentperformedbyasubstanceabuseprofessional(SAP)whomeetsfederalcertificationstandards.Youmustpresentevidenceofsatisfactoryparticipationorsuccessfulcompletionofanytreatmentand/orprogramrecommendedbytheSAP.Youmayrequestahearingtochallengethedisqualification

within20daysfromtheDateofNoticeyoureceivefromus.

1.5 – Nationwide CDL RulesTheserulesaffectcommercialdriversinallstates:• Youcannothavemorethanonelicense.Ifyoubreakthisrule,acourtmayfineyouupto$5,000orputyouinjailandkeepyourhomestatelicenseandreturnanyothers.

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• Youmustnotifyyouremployerwithin30daysofconvictionforanytrafficviolations(exceptparking).Thisistruenomatterwhattypeofvehicleyouweredriving.

• Youmustnotifyus,inwriting,ofallout-of-statetrafficconvictionswithin30daysoftheconviction.Foryourconvenience,anOut-of-StateTrafficConvictionReportisavailableatwww.dol.wa.gov.

• Youmustfileproofoffinancialresponsibilitywithusifyourpersonaldrivingprivilegeissuspendedorrevoked.Ifsuspendedorrevoked,yourcommercialdrivingprivilegemaybedisqualified.Filingmustincludealetterfromyouremployer’sinsurancecompanyprovingthatyouareinsuredtooperatecommercialvehicles.

• Youmustnotifyyouremployerwithintwobusinessdaysifyourlicenseissuspended,revoked,orcanceled,orifyouaredisqualifiedfromdriving.

• Youmustgiveyouremployerinformationonalldrivingjobsyouhaveheldforthepasttenyears.Youmustdothiswhenyouapplyforacommercialdrivingjob.

• NooneisallowedtodriveacommercialmotorvehiclewithoutaCDL.Acourtmayfineyouupto$5,000orputyouinjailforbreakingthisrule.

• Ifyouhaveahazardousmaterialsendorsementyoumustsurrenderitto–andnotify–thestatethatissuedyourCDL:- Within24hoursofanyconvictionorindictment–oriffoundnotguiltybyreasonofinsanity–inanyjurisdiction,civilianormilitary,foradisqualifyingcrimelistedin49CFR1572.103.- Ifyouhavebeenjudgedtobeamentaldefectiveorcommittedtoamentalinstitutionasspecifiedin49CFR1572.109.- IfyourenounceyourU.S.citizenship.

YouremployermaynotletyoudriveacommercialmotorvehicleifyouhavemorethanonelicenseorifyourCDLissuspendedorrevoked.Acourtmayfineyouremployerupto$5,000orputtheminjailforbreakingthisrule.Allstatesareconnectedtoonecomputerizedsystemtoshare

informationaboutCDLdrivers.Thestateswillcheckaccidentrecordstobesuredriversdon’thavemorethanoneCDL.Youmustbeproperlyrestrainedwithaseatbeltatalltimeswhile

operatingacommercialmotorvehicle.Theseatbeltholdsthedriversecurelybehindthewheelduringacrash,helpingthedrivercontrolthevehicleandreducesthechanceofseriousinjuryordeath.Ifyoudonotwearaseatbelt,youarefourtimesmorelikelytobefatallyinjuredifyouarethrownfromthevehicle.

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Test your knowledge1. Canyoudriveacommercialvehicleafterdrinkingonebeerwithlunch?

2. Ifyourdriverlicenseissuspended,whendoyouhavetotellyouremployer?

3. Doyouneedtoinformyouremployerofconvictionsfortrafficviolationsyoureceiveinyourpersonalvehicle?

4. Whattrafficconvictionsareyourequiredtoreporttous?5. CanyouloseyourCDLforoffensescommittedinyourpersonalvehicle?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.AnswersareinSection1.4and1.5.

1.6 – Washington State Laws and RulesAllcommercialdriversarerequiredtoknowthestatelaws

limitingthesizeandweightofvehiclesandloads.Youmuststopatopenweighstationsforweighingandinspection.WashingtonStatePatrol(WSP)Troopers,CommercialVehicleEnforcementOfficers(CVEO),andlocallawenforcementofficersallhavetheauthoritytostopdriversontheroadtoconductinspections.Violationsforbeingoversizedoroverweight,foroperatingdefectiveequipment,orforlackingtheproperlicensesandpermitscanresultincitationsandfines.Ifyouignoreopenweighstationsyoumaybecitedandfined.

LengthMaximumlegallength:• Forschoolbusesandothersinglemotorvehicles,exceptcertainmunicipaltransportbuses,is40feet.

• Forautostagesis46feetandincludesfrontandrearbumpers.

• Forasinglevehicleortrailerinacombination,withorwithoutload,is53feet.

• Fordouble-trailercombinationscan’texceedatotalof61feetforthecombinedlengthofthetrailers.

• Fortruckandtrailercombinationsorlogtruckandstinger-steeredpoletrailers,withorwithoutload,cannotexceedanoveralllengthof75feet.

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Theabovelimitationsdon’tapplyto:• Vehiclestransportingpoles,pipes,andmachinery.• Vehiclestransportingstructuralobjectsthatcannotbetakenapart.

• Vehiclesoperatedbyapublicutilitywhenmakingemergencyrepairsofpublicservicesorproperties.

Loadsmaynotextendmorethan15feetbehindthecenterofthelastaxleormorethan3feetbeyondthefrontbumper.Anyloadextendingbeyondthesidesormorethan4feetbeyondtherearofthevehiclemusthavetheextendingportionmarkedwitheither12-inchredflagsorwithredlights.Ifvisibilityispoor,redlampsandreflectorsarerequired.Whenyouhaulobjectssuchaspolesorlogsyoumustplacearedlightatthemostextendedpointoftheload.Thislightmustbeacombinationlightvisiblefromthebackandbothsides.

WidthNovehicle,withorwithoutitsload,maybemorethan8-1/2feet–

102inches–wide.Rearviewmirrorsmayextendtonomorethan5inchesbeyondtheextremelimitsofthebody.Allotherequipment,includingallsafetyequipmentandpartssuchasdoorhandles,doorhinges,mudflaps,fenderextensions,andturn-signalbracketsmayreachnomorethan3inchesbeyondtheextremelimitsofthebody.

HeightNovehicle,includingitsload,maybemorethan14feethigh.

Thislimitdoesnotapplytoemergencyvehiclesorutilityrepairequipment.Eventhoughyouknowtheheightofyourvehicleorload,always

makesurethereisenoughclearance,especiallywhendrivinginunfamiliarareasorinbadweather.Whenyouareapproachingatunneloranoverpassonanewroute,andthereisnoclearancesignvisible,safelypullofftheroadandchecktheclearanceheight.Ice,snow,orroadrepairsmayreduceaclearancethatisnormallyenoughtopassbeneath.

WeightTheallowablegrossweightofabusortruckdependsontire

size,thenumberofaxles,andthespacingofaxles(oraxlegroups).Novehiclemayoperateonpublichighwayswithagrossweight–includingload–thatismorethan600poundsperinchoftirewidthconcentratedon1tire.Forexample,atiresize10.00–22is10incheswideandmaycarry6,000pounds.Axlescarryingmore

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than10,000poundsandequippedwithsingletiresarelimitedto500poundsperinchoftirewidth.Forexemptions,contactWSPCommercialVehicleEnforcement.MaximumweightsforcommercialvehiclesinWashingtonare:• 20,000poundsonanysingleaxle,dependingontiresize.• 34,000poundsontandemaxlesspacedlessthan7feetapart.• 40,000poundsforanysingle-unitvehiclesupportedby3ormoreaxles.

• 80,000poundsforanycombinationofvehicles.

PermitsTheDepartmentofTransportationmayapproveandissue

permitstoallowoversizedandoverweightvehicles–otherthanschoolbuses–tooperateonstatehighways.Contactthepropercountyorcityofficialforoversizeandoverweightpermitsoncountyroadsorcitystreets.Togetaspecialpermit,youmustshowthat:• Theonlypracticalmeansoftransportingcertaincargoisbymotorvehicle.

• Thevehicleandloadareproperlylicensed.• Theloadcannotreasonablybetakenapart.

Beforeapermitisissued,theapplicationwillbereviewedtoassessanypossible:• Disruptiontotrafficflows.• Threattopublicsafety.• Damagetothehighwaysystem.

Iftheapplicationisapproved,youwillneedtopayafeebasedonthelengthofthepermitperiodand,foroverweightvehicles,theamountofweightthatisoverthelegalmaximum.Forinformationonspecialpermits,youmayrequestthe

publication:Overweight/OversizeVehiclePermits,fromanyWashingtonStateDepartmentofTransportationOfficeorwriteto:PermitOfficeMaintenanceandOperationsGroupTransportationBuildingOlympiaWA98504

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Tire chainsAllvehiclesorcombinationsofvehiclesmustcarryenough

tirechainswhileoperatinginanymountainpassorinany“chain/approvedtractiondevicecontrolarea”designatedbyeithertheWashingtonStateDepartmentofTransportationortheWashingtonStatePatrol.Chainsmustbecarriedonallvehiclesover10,000pounds(GVWR)fromNovember1toApril1ofeachyearoratothertimeswhenchainsarerequiredforsuchvehicles.

Speed limitsUnlessotherwiseposted,themaximumallowablespeedfor

trucksandbusesis:• 60mphoninterstateandWashingtonStatehighways–70mphforauto-stages.

• 50mphoncountyroads.• 25mphoncityandtownstreets.

Postedsignsshowinglowerlimitsmustbeobeyed.

Right lane ruleWhenyouaredrivingaheavyvehicleorcombination,travelin

therightlaneexceptwhenpreparingtoturnleftorwhenpassinganothervehicle.

Left lane ruleNovehicleorcombinationover10,000poundsmaybedriven

intheleft-handlaneofalimitedaccessroadwayhaving3ormorelanesfortrafficmovinginonedirectionexceptwhenpreparingforaleftturnatanintersection,exit,orontoaprivateroadordrivewaywhenaleftturnislegallyallowed.

Slow vehicle ruleIfyouaredrivingaslow-movingvehicleonatwo-lanehighway

andfiveormorevehiclesbehindyouaredelayedandunabletopass,youmustpullofftheroadwayatthefirstsafeandavailableturnout.Aturnoutmaybeanextendedshoulderwhereyoucankeepyourpresentspeed,orasmallareaofftheroadwaywhereyoucanstopbeforereturningtotheroadway.Don’ttrytopassmorethanonevehicleatatimewhenyouare

drivingonatwo-lanehighway.Whenyouaretravelingwithanothertruckorbusinaconvoy,leaveenoughspacebetweenvehiclesintheconvoyforotherstopullbackintothelanesafely.

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Hours of serviceAllcommercialdriversofprivateorcommoncarrierswithinthe

stateofWashingtonandallinterstatecommercialdriversmustobeylawsandregulationsgoverningmaximumdrivingandondutytime.

Hoursofservicerulesforproperty-carryingdriversare:• Youmaydriveamaximumof11hoursafter10consecutivehoursoffduty.

• Youcannotdrivebeyondthe14thhouraftercomingonduty,following10consecutivehoursoffduty.

• Youmustnotdriveafter60hoursondutyin7consecutivedays.

• Youmustnotdriveafter70hoursondutyin8consecutivedays.

• Adrivermayrestarta7or8consecutivedayperiodaftertaking34ormoreconsecutivehoursoffduty.

• Commercialdriversusingthesleeperberthprovisionmusttakeatleast8consecutivehoursinthesleeperberth,plus2consecutivehourseitherinthesleeperberth,offduty,orinanycombinationofboth.

Hoursofservicerulesforpassenger-carryingdriversare:• Youmustnotdrivemorethan10hoursfollowing8consecutivehoursoffduty.

• Youmustnotdriveforanyperiodafterhavingbeenondutyfor15hoursfollowing8consecutivehoursoffduty.

• Youmustnotdriveafterhavingbeenonduty60hoursinany7consecutivedays.

• Youmustnotdriveafterhavingbeenonduty70hoursinany8consecutivedays.

Itisyourresponsibilitytorecord–induplicate–every24-hourperiodofdutystatusinadriver’slogbook.Keepacopyofeachrecordofdutystatusfortheprevious7consecutivedays.Thisrecordmustbeinyourpossessionandmustbeavailableforinspectionwhileonduty.Logbooksaresubjecttoinspectionbylawenforcementofficials.Ifyouhavequestionsabouthoursofservice,contact:

FederalMotorCarrierSafetyAdministration(360)-753-9875Online:www.fmsca.dot.gov–clickonthelinkforhoursofservice.

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WashingtonStatePatrol(360)-753-0350Online:www.wsp.wa.gov

WashingtonUtilitiesandTransportationCommission(360)-664-1222Online:www.wutc.wa.gov

TheWashingtonAdministrativeCodeforprivatecarrierscoverstheexceptionstotheselimitations.

Accident reportingIfyourvehicleisinvolvedinacollision,stopimmediately.If

anyoneishurtandneedsorrequestsaid,helpthem.Exchangeinformationwitheveryoneinvolvedinthecollision.Ifthecollisioncausedinjurytoanyoneorifthedamageamountsto$700ormore,fileastateVehicleCollisionReportwithin4dayswiththemunicipalpolice,thelocalsheriff,ortheWashingtonStatePatrol.

Test your knowledge1. Whatisthemaximumlengthforasinglevehicle?Whatisthemaximumlengthforacombinationtruckandsingletrailer?

2. Whatisthemaximumvehiclewidthallowedwithoutapermit?3. Whatisthemaximumweightforasingle-unitvehiclesupportedbythreeaxles?Whatisthemaximumweightforacombinationofvehicles?

4. Whatisthemaximumvehicleheightallowedwithoutapermit?5. Whoshouldyoucontactforanoverweight/oversizevehiclepermit?

6. Whenareyourequiredtocarrychains?7. Whatarethemaximumspeedlimitsfortrucks?8. Whatistheslowvehiclerule?9. Whatshouldyoudoiftravelinginconvoywithothervehicles?10. Howmanyhoursmayyoulegallydrive?11. Howmanyhoursmayyoulegallybeonduty?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.AnswersareinSection1.6.

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Driving Safely

This section covers:• Vehicle inspection• Basic control of your vehicle• Shifting gears• Seeing• Communicating• Space management• Controlling your speed• Seeing hazards• Distracted driving• Aggressive drivers/Road rage• Night driving• Driving in fog• Winter driving• Hot weather driving• Railroad-highway crossings• Mountain driving• Driving emergencies• Antilock braking systems• Skid control and recovery• Accident procedures• Fires• Alcohol, other drugs, and driving• Staying alert and fit to drive• Hazardous materials rules

Thissectioncontainsknowledgeandsafedrivinginformationthatallcommercialdriversshouldknow.YoumustpassatestonthisinformationtogetaCDL.Thissectiondoesnothavespecificinformationonairbrakes,combinationvehicles,doubles,orpassengervehicles.WhenpreparingforthePre-tripInspection

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Test,youmustreviewthematerialinSection11inadditiontotheinformationinthissection.Thissectiondoeshavebasicinformationonhazardousmaterials(HazMat)thatalldriversshouldknow.IfyouneedaHazMatendorsement,youshouldstudySection9.

2.1 – Vehicle Inspection

Why InspectSafetyisthemostimportantreasonyouinspectyourvehicle,

safetyforyourselfandforotherroadusers.Avehicledefectfoundduringaninspectioncouldsaveyou

problemslater.Youcouldhaveabreakdownontheroadthatwillcosttimeanddollars,orevenworse,acrashcausedbythedefect.Federalandstatelawsrequirethatdriversinspecttheirvehicles.

Federalandstateinspectorsalsomayinspectyourvehicles.Iftheyjudgethevehicletobeunsafe,theywillputit“outofservice”untilitisfixed.

Types of Vehicle InspectionPre-trip inspection. Apre-tripinspectionwillhelpyoufind

problemsthatcouldcauseacrashorbreakdown.

During a trip. Forsafetyyoushould:• Watchgaugesforsignsoftrouble.• Useyoursensestocheckforproblems(look,listen,smell,feel).

• Checkcriticalitemswhenyoustop:- Tires,wheelsandrims.- Brakes.- Lightsandreflectors.- Brakeandelectricalconnectionstotrailer.- Trailercouplingdevices.- Cargosecurementdevices.

After-trip inspection and report. Youshoulddoanafter-tripinspectionattheendofthetrip,day,ortourofdutyoneachvehicleyouoperated.Itmayincludefillingoutavehicleconditionreportlistinganyproblemsyoufind.Theinspectionreporthelpsamotorcarrierknowwhenthevehicleneedsrepairs.

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What to Look ForTire problems• Toomuchortoolittleairpressure.• Badwear.Youneedatleast4/32-inchtreaddepthineverymajorgrooveonfronttires.Youneed2/32inchonothertires.Nofabricshouldshowthroughthetreadorsidewall.

• Cutsorotherdamage.• Treadseparation.• Dualtiresthatcomeincontactwitheachotherorpartsofthevehicle.

• Mismatchedsizes.• Radialandbias-plytiresusedtogether.• Cutorcrackedvalvestems.• Regrooved,recapped,orretreadedtiresonthefrontwheelsofabus.Theseareprohibited.

Wheel and rim problems• Damagedrims.• Rustaroundwheelnutsmaymeanthenutsareloose–checktightness.Afteratirehasbeenchanged,stopashortwhilelaterandrechecktightnessofnuts.

• Missingclamps,spacers,studs,orlugsmeansdanger.• Mismatched,bent,orcrackedlockringsaredangerous.• Wheelsorrimsthathavehadweldingrepairsarenotsafe.

Bad brake drums or shoes• Crackeddrums.• Shoesorpadswithoil,grease,orbrakefluidonthem.• Shoesworndangerouslythin,missing,orbroken.

Steering system defects• Missingnuts,bolts,cotterkeys,orotherparts.• Bent,loose,orbrokenparts,suchassteeringcolumn,steeringgearbox,ortierods.

• Ifpowersteeringequipped,checkhoses,pumps,andfluidlevel;checkforleaks.

• Steeringwheelplayofmorethan10degrees(approximately2inchesmovementattherimofa20-inchsteeringwheel)canmakeithardtosteer.

Figure2.1illustratesatypicalsteeringsystem.

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Steeringwheel

Tierod

Hydraulicfluidreservoir

GearboxPitmanarm

Draglink

SteeringknuckleSpindle

Steeringarm

Powersteeringcylinder

Steeringshaft

Suspension system defects. Thesuspensionsystemholdsupthevehicleanditsload.Itkeepstheaxlesinplace.Therefore,brokensuspensionpartscanbeextremelydangerous.Lookfor:• Springhangersthatallowmovementofaxlefromproperposition.SeeFigure2.2.

• Crackedorbrokenspringhangers.Themountsshouldbecheckedateachpointwheretheyaresecuredtothevehicleframeandaxles.

• Missingorbrokenleavesinanyleafspring.Ifone-fourthormorearemissing,itwillputthevehicle“outofservice”,butanydefectcouldbedangerous.SeeFigure2.3.

• Brokenleavesinamulti-leafspringorleavesthathaveshiftedsotheymighthitatireorotherpart.

• Leakingshockabsorbers.• Torquerodorarm,u-bolts,springhangers,orotheraxlepositioningpartsthatarecracked,damaged,ormissing.

• Airsuspensionsystemsthataredamagedand/orleaking.SeeFigure2.4.

• Anyloose,cracked,broken,ormissingframemembers.

Figure 2.1 Steering system

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Hydraulicshockabsorber

Leafspring Vehicleframe

FrontaxlehangerBearingplatesFrame

Torquerod

Axle

MainspringSpringshackle

Auxiliaryspring

Brokenleaf

Mainspring

Axle

Figure 2.2 Key suspension parts

Figure 2.3 Safety defect: Broken leaf in spring

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Heightcontrolvalve

Upperbellowssupport

Shockabsorber

Spacer

Bellows

LowerbellowssupportAxleseat

Axle

U-bolts

Front

Anchorplate

Controlarm

Clampbox

Eyebolt

Bracket

Framereinforcement

Figure 2.4 Air suspension parts

Exhaust system defects. Abrokenexhaustsystemcanletpoisonfumesintothecaborsleeperberth.Lookfor:• Loose,broken,ormissingexhaustpipes,mufflers,tailpipes,orverticalstacks.

• Loose,broken,ormissingmountingbrackets,clamps,bolts,ornuts.

• Exhaustsystempartsrubbingagainstfuelsystemparts,tires,orothermovingpartsofvehicle.

• Exhaustsystempartsthatareleaking.

Emergency equipment. Vehiclesmustbeequippedwithemergencyequipment.Lookfor:• Fireextinguisher(s).• Spareelectricalfuses(unlessequippedwithcircuitbreakers).• Warningdevicesforparkedvehicles(forexample,threereflectivewarningtriangles).

Cargo (Trucks). Youmustmakesurethetruckisnotoverloadedandthecargoisbalancedandsecuredbeforeeachtrip.Ifthecargocontainshazardousmaterials,youmustinspectforproperpapersandplacarding.

CDL Pre-trip Vehicle Inspection TestInordertoobtainaCDLyouwillberequiredtopassapre-

tripvehicleinspectiontest.Youwillbetestedtoseeifyouknowwhetheryourvehicleissafetodrive.Youwillbeaskedtodoapre-tripinspectionofyourvehicleandexplaintothetesterwhatyou

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wouldinspectandwhy.Thefollowingseven-stepinspectionmethodshouldbeuseful.

Seven-step Inspection MethodMethod of inspection. Youshoulddoapre-tripinspectionthe

samewayeachtimesoyouwilllearnallthestepsandbelesslikelytoforgetsomething.

Approaching the vehicle. Noticegeneralcondition.Lookfordamageorvehicleleaningtooneside.Lookunderthevehicleforfreshoil,coolant,grease,orfuelleaks.Checktheareaaroundthevehicleforhazardstovehiclemovement(people,othervehicles,objects,low-hangingwires,limbs,etc.).

Vehicle Inspection GuideStep 1: Vehicle overview

Review last vehicle inspection report. Driversmayhavetomakeavehicleinspectionreportinwritingeachday.Themotorcarriermustrepairanyitemsinthereportthataffectsafetyandcertifyonthereportthatrepairsweremadeorwereunnecessary.Youmustsignthereportonlyifdefectswerenotedandcertifiedtoberepairedornotneededtoberepaired.

Step 2: Check engine compartmentCheck that the parking brakes are on and/or wheels

chocked. Youmayhavetoraisethehood,tiltthecab(secureloosethingssotheydon’tfallandbreaksomething),oropentheenginecompartmentdoor.Checkthefollowing:• Engineoillevel.• Coolantlevelinradiator;conditionofhoses.• Powersteeringfluidlevel;hosecondition(ifsoequipped).• Windshieldwasherfluidlevel.• Batteryfluidlevel,connections,andtiedowns(batterymaybelocatedelsewhere).

• Automatictransmissionfluidlevel(mayrequireenginetoberunning).

• Checkbeltsfortightnessandexcessivewear(alternator,waterpump,aircompressor)–learnhowmuch“give”thebeltsshouldhavewhenadjustedright,andcheckeachone.

• Leaksintheenginecompartment(fuel,coolant,oil,powersteeringfluid,hydraulicfluid,batteryfluid).

• Cracked,wornelectricalwiringinsulation.

Lowerandsecurehood,cab,orenginecompartmentdoor.

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Step 3: Start engine and inspect inside the cabGet in and start engine• Makesureparkingbrakeison.• Putgearshiftinneutral(or“park”ifautomatic).• Startengine;listenforunusualnoises.• Ifequipped,checktheAnti-lockBrakingSystem(ABS)indicatorlights.Lightondashshouldcomeonandthenturnoff.IfitstaysontheABSisnotworkingproperly.Fortrailersonly,iftheyellowlightontheleftrearofthetrailerstayson,theABSisnotworkingproperly.

Look at the gauges• Oilpressure.Shouldcomeuptonormalwithinsecondsafterengineisstarted.SeeFigure2.5.

• Airpressure.Pressureshouldbuildfrom50to90psiwithin3minutes.Buildairpressuretogovernorcut-out(usuallyaround100–125psi.Knowyourvehiclesrequirements.

• Ammeterand/orvoltmeter.Shouldbeinnormalrange(s).• Coolanttemperature.Shouldbegingradualrisetonormaloperatingrange.

• Engineoiltemperature.Shouldbegingradualrisetonormaloperatingrange.

• Warninglightsandbuzzers.Oil,coolant,chargingcircuitwarning,andantilockbrakesystemlightsshouldgooutrightaway.

Check condition of controls. Checkallofthefollowingforlooseness,sticking,damage,orimpropersetting:• Steeringwheel.• Clutch.• Accelerator(“gaspedal”).• Brakecontrols.- Footbrake.- Trailerbrake(ifvehiclehasone).- Parkingbrake.- Retardercontrols(ifvehiclehasthem).

• Transmissioncontrols.• Interaxledifferentiallock(ifvehiclehasone).• Horn(s).

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Oil pressure• Idling 5-20PSI• Operating 35-75PSI• Low,dropping,fluctuating:

Stop immediately!Withoutoiltheenginecanbedestroyedrapidly.

ENGOILPressure

• Windshieldwiper/washer.• Lights.- Headlights.- Dimmerswitch.- Turnsignal.- Four-wayflashers.- Parking,clearance,identification,markerswitch(es).

Figure 2.5Oil pressure

Check mirrors and windshield. Inspectmirrorsandwindshieldforcracks,dirt,illegalstickers,orotherobstructionstoseeingclearly.Cleanandadjustasnecessary.

Check emergency equipment• Checkforsafetyequipment:- Spareelectricalfuses(unlessvehiclehascircuitbreakers).- Threeredreflectivetriangles.- Properlychargedandratedfireextinguisher.

• Checkforoptionalitemssuchas:- Chains(wherewinterconditionsrequire).- Tirechangingequipment.

• Listofemergencyphonenumbers.• Accidentreportingkit(packet).

Check seat belt• Checkthattheseatbeltis:- Securelymounted.- Adjustsandlatchesproperly.- Notrippedorfrayed.

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Step 4: Turn off engine and check lightsMakesuretheparkingbrakeisset,turnofftheengine,andtake

thekeywithyou.Turnonheadlights(lowbeams)andfour-wayemergencyflashers,andgetoutofthevehicle.

Step 5: Do walkaround inspectionChecksofbrake,turnsignalandfour-wayflasherlightsmustbe

doneseparately.• Gotofrontofvehicleandcheckthatlowbeamsareonandbothofthefour-wayflashersareworking.

• Pushdimmerswitchandcheckthathighbeamswork.• Turnoffheadlightsandfour-wayemergencyflashers.• Turnonparking,clearance,side-marker,andidentificationlights.

• Turnonrightturnsignal,andstartwalk-aroundinspection.

General• Walkaroundandinspect.• Cleanalllights,reflectors,andglassasyougoalong.

Left front side• Driver’sdoorglassshouldbeclean.• Doorlatchesorlocksshouldworkproperly.• Leftfrontwheel.- Conditionofwheelandrim–missing,bent,brokenstuds,clamps,lugs,oranysignsofmisalignment.- Conditionoftires–properlyinflated,valvestemandcapOK,noseriouscuts,bulges,ortreadwear.- Usewrenchtotestrust-streakedlugnuts,indicatinglooseness.- HuboillevelOK,noleaks.

• Leftfrontsuspension.- Conditionofspring,springhangers,shackles,u-bolts.- Shockabsorbercondition.

• Leftfrontbrake.- Conditionofbrakedrumordisc.- Conditionofhoses.

Front• Conditionoffrontaxle.• Conditionofsteeringsystem.- Noloose,worn,bent,damagedormissingparts.- Mustgrabsteeringmechanismtotestforlooseness.

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• Conditionofwindshield.- Checkfordamageandcleanifdirty.- Checkwindshieldwiperarmsforproperspringtension.- Checkwiperbladesfordamage,“stiff”rubber,andsecurement.

• Lightsandreflectors.- Parking,clearance,andidentificationlightsclean,operating,andpropercolor(amberatfront).- Reflectorscleanandpropercolor(amberatfront).- Rightfrontturnsignallightclean,operating,andpropercolor(amberorwhiteonsignalsfacingforward).

Right side• Rightfront:checkallitemsasdoneonleftfront.• Primaryandsecondarysafetycablocksengaged(ifcab-over-enginedesign).

• Rightfueltank(s).- Securelymounted,notdamaged,orleaking.- Fuelcrossoverlinesecure.- Tank(s)containenoughfuel.- Cap(s)onandsecure.

• Conditionofvisibleparts.- Rearofengine–notleaking.- Transmission–notleaking.- Exhaustsystem–secure,notleaking,nottouchingwires,fuel,orairlines.- Frameandcrossmembers–nobendsorcracks.- Airlinesandelectricalwiring–securedagainstsnagging,rubbing,wearing.- Sparetirecarrierorracknotdamaged(ifsoequipped).- Sparetireand/orwheelsecurelymountedinrack.- Sparetireandwheeladequate(propersize,properlyinflated).

• Cargosecurement(trucks).- Cargoproperlyblocked,braced,tied,chained,etc.- Headerboardadequate,secure(ifrequired).- Sideboards,stakesstrongenough,freeofdamage,properlysetinplace(ifsoequipped).- Canvasortarp(ifrequired)properlysecuredtopreventtearing,billowing,orblockingofmirrors.- Ifoversize,allrequiredsigns(flags,lamps,andreflectors)safelyandproperlymountedandallrequiredpermitsindriver’spossession.- Curbsidecargocompartmentdoorsingoodcondition,securelyclosed,latched/lockedandrequiredsecuritysealsinplace.

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Right rear• Conditionofwheelsandrims–nomissing,bent,orbrokenspacers,studs,clamps,orlugs.

• Conditionoftires–properlyinflated,valvestemsandcapsOK,noseriouscuts,bulges,treadwear,tiresnotrubbingeachother,andnothingstuckbetweenthem.

• Tiressametype,e.g.,notmixedradialandbiastypes.• Tiresevenlymatched(samesizes).• Wheelbearing/sealsnotleaking.• Suspension.- Conditionofspring(s),springhangers,shackles,andu-bolts.- Axlesecure.- Poweredaxle(s)notleakinglube(gearoil).- Conditionoftorquerodarms,bushings.- Conditionofshockabsorber(s).- Ifretractableaxleequipped,checkconditionofliftmechanism.Ifairpowered,checkforleaks.- Conditionofairridecomponents.

• Brakes.- Brakeadjustment.- Conditionofbrakedrum(s)ordiscs.- Conditionofhoses–lookforanywearduetorubbing.

• Lightsandreflectors.- Side-markerlightsclean,operating,andpropercolor(redatrear,othersamber).- Side-markerreflectorscleanandpropercolor(redatrear,othersamber).

Rear• Lightsandreflectors.- Rearclearanceandidentificationlightsclean,operating,andpropercolor(redatrear).- Reflectorscleanandpropercolor(redatrear).- Taillightsclean,operating,andpropercolor(redatrear).- Rightrearturnsignaloperating,andpropercolor(red,yellow,oramberatrear).

• Licenseplate(s)present,clean,andsecured.• Splashguardspresent,notdamaged,properlyfastened,notdraggingonground,orrubbingtires.

• Cargosecure(trucks).• Cargoproperlyblocked,braced,tied,chained,etc.• Tailboardsupandproperlysecured.• Endgatesfreeofdamage,properlysecuredinstakesockets.

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• Canvasortarp(ifrequired)properlysecuredtopreventtearing,billowing,orblockingofeithertherearviewmirrorsorrearlights.

• Ifover-length,orover-width,makesureallsignsand/oradditionallights/flagsaresafelyandproperlymountedandallrequiredpermitsareindriver’spossession.

• Reardoorssecurelyclosed,latched/locked.

Left side• Checkallitemsasdoneonrightside,plus:- Battery(ies)(ifnotmountedinenginecompartment).- Batterybox(es)securelymountedtovehicle.- Boxhassecurecover.- Battery(ies)securedagainstmovement.- Battery(ies)notbrokenorleaking.- Fluidinbattery(ies)atproperlevel(exceptmaintenance-freetype).- Cellcapspresentandsecurelytightened(exceptmaintenance-freetype).- Ventsincellcapsfreeofforeignmaterial(exceptmaintenance-freetype).

Step 6: Check signal lights

Get in and turn off lights• Turnoffalllights.• Turnonstoplights(applytrailerhandbrakeorhaveahelperputonthebrakepedal).

• Turnonleftturnsignallights.

Get out and check lights• Leftfrontturnsignallightclean,operatingandpropercolor(amberorwhiteonsignalsfacingthefront).

• Leftrearturnsignallightandbothstoplightsclean,operating,andpropercolor(red,yellow,oramber).

Get in vehicle• Turnofflightsnotneededfordriving.• Checkforallrequiredpapers,tripmanifests,permits,etc.• Secureallloosearticlesincab(theymightinterferewithoperationofthecontrolsorhityouinacrash).

• Starttheengine.

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Step 7: Start the engine and checkTest for hydraulic leaks. Ifthevehiclehashydraulicbrakes,

pumpthebrakepedalthreetimes.Thenapplyfirmpressuretothepedalandholdforfiveseconds.Thepedalshouldnotmove.Ifitdoes,theremaybealeakorotherproblem.Getitfixedbeforedriving.Ifthevehiclehasairbrakes,dothechecksdescribedinSections5and6ofthismanual.

Brake systemTest parking brake(s)• Fastenseatbelt.• Setparkingbrake(powerunitonly).• Releasetrailerparkingbrake(ifapplicable).• Placevehicleintoalowgear.• Gentlypullforwardagainstparkingbraketomakesuretheparkingbrakeholds.

• Repeatthesamestepsforthetrailerwithtrailerparkingbrakesetandpowerunitparkingbrakesreleased(ifapplicable).

• Ifitdoesn’tholdvehicle,itisfaulty;getitfixed.

Test service brake stopping action• Goaboutfivemilesperhour.• Pushbrakepedalfirmly.• “Pulling”toonesideortheothercanmeanbraketrouble.• Anyunusualbrakepedal“feel”ordelayedstoppingactioncanmeantrouble.

Ifyoufindanythingunsafeduringthepre-tripinspection,getitfixed.Federalandstatelawsforbidoperatinganunsafevehicle.

Inspection During a TripCheck vehicle operation regularlyYoushouldcheck:• Instruments.• Airpressuregauge(ifyouhaveairbrakes).• Temperaturegauges.• Pressuregauges.• Ammeter/voltmeter.• Mirrors.• Tires.• Cargo,cargocovers.• Lights.

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Ifyousee,hear,smell,orfeelanythingthatmightmeantrouble,checkitout.

Safety inspection. Driversoftrucksandtrucktractorswhentransportingcargomustinspectthesecurementofthecargowithinthefirst50milesofatripandevery150milesoreverythreehours(whichevercomesfirst)after.

After-trip Inspection and ReportYoumayhavetomakeawrittenreporteachdayonthecondition

ofthevehicle(s)youdrove.Reportanythingaffectingsafetyorpossiblyleadingtomechanicalbreakdown.

Test your knowledgeThevehicleinspectionreporttellsthemotorcarrierabout

problemsthatmayneedfixing.Keepacopyofyourreportinthevehicleforoneday.Thatway,thenextdrivercanlearnaboutanyproblemsyouhavefound.

1. Whatisthemostimportantreasonfordoingavehicleinspection?

2. Whatthingsshouldyoucheckduringatrip? 3. Namesomekeysteeringsystemparts. 4. Namesomesuspensionsystemdefects. 5. Whatthreekindsofemergencyequipmentmustyouhave? 6. Whatistheminimumtreaddepthforfronttires?Forothertires? 7. Namesomethingsyoushouldcheckonthefrontofyourvehicleduringthewalkaroundinspection.

8. Whatshouldwheelbearingsealsbecheckedfor? 9. Howmanyredreflectivetrianglesshouldyoucarry?10. Howdoyoutesthydraulicbrakesforleaks?11.Whyputthestarterswitchkeyinyourpocketduringthepre-tripinspection?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection2.1.

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2.2 – Basic Control of Your VehicleTodriveavehiclesafely,youmustbeabletocontrolitsspeed

anddirection.Safeoperationofacommercialvehiclerequiresskillin:• Accelerating.• Steering.• Stopping.• Backingsafely.

Fastenyourseatbeltanytimeyoumoveyourvehicle.Applytheparkingbrakewhenyouleaveyourvehicle.

AcceleratingDon’trollbackwhenyoustart.Youmayhitsomeonebehindyou.

Ifyouhaveamanualtransmissionvehicle,partlyengagetheclutchbeforeyoutakeyourrightfootoffthebrake.Putontheparkingbrakewhenevernecessarytokeepfromrollingback.Releasetheparkingbrakeonlywhenyouhaveappliedenoughenginepowertokeepfromrollingback.Onatractor-trailerequippedwithatrailerbrakehandvalve,thehandvalvecanbeappliedtokeepfromrollingback.Speedupsmoothlyandgraduallysothevehicledoesnotjerk.

Roughaccelerationcancausemechanicaldamage.Whenpullingatrailer,roughaccelerationcandamagethecoupling.Speedupverygraduallywhentractionispoor,asinrainorsnow.

Ifyouusetoomuchpower,thedrivewheelsmayspin.Youcouldlosecontrol.Ifthedrivewheelsbegintospin,takeyourfootofftheaccelerator.

SteeringHoldthesteeringwheelfirmlywithbothhands.Yourhands

shouldbeonoppositesidesofthewheel.Ifyouhitacurborapothole(chuckhole),thewheelcouldpullawayfromyourhandsunlessyouhaveafirmhold.

StoppingPushthebrakepedaldowngradually.Theamountofbrake

pressureyouneedtostopthevehiclewilldependonthespeedofthevehicleandhowquicklyyouneedtostop.Controlthepressuresothevehiclecomestoasmooth,safestop.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,pushtheclutchinwhentheengineisclosetoidle.

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Backing SafelyBecauseyoucannotseeeverythingbehindyourvehicle,backing

isalwaysdangerous.Avoidbackingwheneveryoucan.Whenyoupark,trytoparksoyouwillbeabletopullforwardwhenyouleave.Whenyouhavetoback,hereareafewsimplesafetyrules:• Startintheproperposition.• Lookatyourpath.• Usemirrorsonbothsides.• Turnonfour-wayflashers.• Soundyourhornifthevehicledoesnothaveabackupwarningdevice.

• Backslowly.• Backandturntowardthedriver’ssidewheneverpossible.• Useahelperwheneverpossible.• Theserulesarediscussedinturnbelow.

Start in the proper position. Putthevehicleinthebestpositiontoallowyoutobacksafely.Thispositionwilldependonthetypeofbackingtobedone.

Look at your path. Lookatyourlineoftravelbeforeyoubegin.Getoutandwalkaroundthevehicle.Checkyourclearancetothesidesandoverhead,inandnearthepathyourvehiclewilltake.

Use mirrors on both sides. Checktheoutsidemirrorsonbothsidesfrequently.Getoutofthevehicleandcheckyourpathifyouareunsure.

Turn on four-way flashers.

Sound your horn ifthevehicledoesnothaveabackupwarningdevice.Thiswarnsothertrafficandpedestrians.

Back slowly. Alwaysbackasslowlyaspossible.Usethelowestreversegear.Thatwayyoucanmoreeasilycorrectanysteeringerrors.Youalsocanstopquicklyifnecessary.

Back and turn toward the driver’s side. Backtothedriver’ssidesoyoucanseebetter.Backingtowardtherightsideisverydangerousbecauseyoucan’tseeaswell.Ifyoubackandturntowardthedriver’sside,youcanwatchtherearofyourvehiclebylookingoutthesidewindow.Usedriver-sidebacking–evenifitmeansgoingaroundtheblocktoputyourvehicleinthisposition.Theaddedsafetyisworthit.

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Use a helper. Useahelperwhenyoucan.Thereareblindspotsyoucan’tsee.That’swhyahelperisimportant.Thehelpershouldstandnearthebackofyourvehiclewhereyoucanseethehelper.Beforeyoubeginbacking,workoutasetofhandsignalsthatyoubothunderstand.Agreeonasignalfor“stop.”

2.3 – Shifting GearsCorrectshiftingofgearsisimportant.Ifyoucan’tgetyourvehicle

intotherightgearwhiledriving,youwillhavelesscontrol.

Manual TransmissionsBasic method for shifting up. Mostheavyvehicleswithmanual

transmissionsrequiredoubleclutchingtochangegears.Thisisthebasicmethod:1.Releaseaccelerator,pushinclutchandshifttoneutralatthesametime.

2.Releaseclutch.3. Letengineandgearsslowdowntotherpmrequiredforthenextgear(thistakespractice).

4.Pushinclutchandshifttothehighergearatthesametime.5.Releaseclutchandpressacceleratoratthesametime.

Shiftinggearsusingdoubleclutchingrequirespractice.Ifyouremaintoolonginneutral,youmayhavedifficultyputtingthevehicleintothenextgear.Ifso,don’ttrytoforceit.Returntoneutral,releaseclutch,increaseenginespeedtomatchroadspeed,andtryagain.

Knowing when to shift up. Therearetwowaysofknowingwhentoshift:• Use engine speed (rpm). Studythedriver’smanualforyourvehicleandlearntheoperatingrpmrange.Watchyourtachometer,andshiftupwhenyourenginereachesthetopoftherange.(Somenewervehiclesuse“progressive”shifting:therpmatwhichyoushiftbecomeshigherasyoumoveupinthegears.Findoutwhat’srightforthevehicleyouwilloperate.)

• Use road speed (mph). Learnwhatspeedseachgearisgoodfor.Then,byusingthespeedometer,you’llknowwhentoshiftup.

Witheithermethod,youmaylearntouseenginesoundstoknowwhentoshift.

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Basic procedures for shifting down1.Releaseaccelerator,pushinclutch,andshifttoneutralatthesametime.

2.Releaseclutch.3.Pressaccelerator,increaseengineandgearspeedtotherpmrequiredinthelowergear.

4.Pushinclutchandshifttolowergearatthesametime.5.Releaseclutchandpressacceleratoratthesametime.

Downshifting,likeupshifting,requiresknowingwhentoshift.Useeitherthetachometerorthespeedometeranddownshiftattherightrpmorroadspeed.

Specialconditionswhereyoushoulddownshiftare:• Before starting down a hill. Slowdownandshiftdowntoaspeedthatyoucancontrolwithoutusingthebrakeshard.Otherwisethebrakescanoverheatandlosetheirbrakingpower.Downshiftbeforestartingdownthehill.Makesureyouareinalowenoughgear,usuallylowerthanthegearrequiredtoclimbthesamehill.

• Before entering a curve. Slowdowntoasafespeed,anddownshifttotherightgearbeforeenteringthecurve.Thisletsyouusesomepowerthroughthecurvetohelpthevehiclebemorestablewhileturning.Italsoallowsyoutospeedupassoonasyouareoutofthecurve.

Multi-speed Rear Axles and Auxiliary TransmissionsMulti-speedrearaxlesandauxiliarytransmissionsareused

onmanyvehiclestoprovideextragears.Youusuallycontrolthembyaselectorknoborswitchonthegearshiftleverofthemaintransmission.Therearemanydifferentshiftpatterns.Learntherightwaytoshiftgearsinthevehicleyouwilldrive.

Automatic TransmissionsSomevehicleshaveautomatictransmissions.Youcanselecta

lowrangetogetgreaterenginebrakingwhengoingdowngrades.Thelowerrangespreventthetransmissionfromshiftingupbeyondtheselectedgear(unlessthegovernorrpmisexceeded).Itisveryimportanttousethisbrakingeffectwhengoingdowngrades.

RetardersSomevehicleshave“retarders.”Retardershelpslowavehicle,

reducingtheneedforusingyourbrakes.Theyreducebrakewear

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andgiveyouanotherwaytoslowdown.Therearefourbasictypesofretarders(exhaust,engine,hydraulic,andelectric).Allretarderscanbeturnedonoroffbythedriver.Onsomevehiclestheretardingpowercanbeadjusted.Whenturned“on,”retardersapplytheirbrakingpower(tothedrivewheelsonly)wheneveryouletupontheacceleratorpedalalltheway.Becausethesedevicescanbenoisy,besureyouknowwhere

theiruseispermitted.

Caution. Whenyourdrivewheelshavepoortraction,theretardermaycausethemtoskid.Therefore,youshouldturntheretarderoffwhenevertheroadiswet,icy,orsnowcovered.

Test your knowledge1. Whyshouldyoubacktowardthedriver’sside?2. Ifstoppedonahill,howcanyoustartmovingwithoutrollingback?

3. Whenbacking,whyisitimportanttouseahelper?4. What’sthemostimportanthandsignalthatyouandthehelpershouldagreeon?

5. Whatarethetwospecialconditionswhereyoushoulddownshift?

6. Whenshouldyoudownshiftautomatictransmissions?7. Retarderskeepyoufromskiddingwhentheroadisslippery.TrueorFalse?

8. Whatarethetwowaystoknowwhentoshift?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.2and2.3.

2.4 – SeeingTobeasafedriveryouneedtoknowwhat’sgoingonallaround

yourvehicle.Notlookingproperlyisamajorcauseofaccidents.

Seeing AheadAlldriverslookahead;butmanydon’tlookfarenoughahead.

Importance of looking far enough ahead. Becausestoppingorchanginglanescantakealotofdistance,knowingwhatthetrafficisdoingonallsidesofyouisveryimportant.Youneedtolookwellaheadtomakesureyouhaveroomtomakethesemovessafely.

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Citydriving Openhighway 12-15secondsisaboutoneblock 12-15secondsisabout1/4mile

How far ahead to look. Mostgooddriverslookatleast12to15secondsahead.Thatmeanslookingaheadthedistanceyouwilltravelin12to15seconds.Atlowerspeeds,that’saboutoneblock.Athighwayspeedsit’saboutaquarterofamile.Ifyou’renotlookingthatfarahead,youmayhavetostoptooquicklyormakequicklanechanges.Looking12to15secondsaheaddoesn’tmeannotpayingattentiontothingsthatarecloser.Gooddriversshifttheirattentionbackandforth,nearandfar.Figure2.6illustrateshowfartolookahead.

Figure 2.6

Look for traffic. Lookforvehiclescomingontothehighway,intoyourlane,orturning.Watchforbrakelightsfromslowingvehicles.Byseeingthesethingsfarenoughahead,youcanchangeyourspeed,orchangelanesifnecessarytoavoidaproblem.Ifatrafficlighthasbeengreenforalongtimeitwillprobablychangebeforeyougetthere.Startslowingdownandbereadytostop.

Seeing to the Sides and RearIt’simportanttoknowwhat’sgoingonbehindandtothesides.

Checkyourmirrorsregularly.Checkmoreofteninspecialsituations.

Mirror adjustment. Mirroradjustmentshouldbecheckedpriortothestartofanytripandcanonlybecheckedaccuratelywhenthe

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trailer(s)arestraight.Youshouldcheckandadjusteachmirrortoshowsomepartofthevehicle.Thiswillgiveyouareferencepointforjudgingthepositionoftheotherimages.

Regular checks. Youneedtomakeregularchecksofyourmirrorstobeawareoftrafficandtocheckyourvehicle.

Traffic. Checkyourmirrorsforvehiclesoneithersideandinbackofyou.Inanemergency,youmayneedtoknowwhetheryoucanmakeaquicklanechange.Useyourmirrorstospotovertakingvehicles.Thereare“blindspots”thatyourmirrorscannotshowyou.Checkyourmirrorsregularlytoknowwhereothervehiclesarearoundyou,andtoseeiftheymoveintoyourblindspots.

Check your vehicle. Usethemirrorstokeepaneyeonyourtires.It’sonewaytospotatirefire.Ifyou’recarryingopencargo,youcanusethemirrorstocheckit.Lookforloosestraps,ropes,orchains.Watchforaflappingorballooningtarp.

Special situations. Specialsituationsrequiremorethanregularmirrorchecks.Thesearelanechanges,turns,merges,andtightmaneuvers.

Lane changes. Youneedtocheckyourmirrorstomakesurenooneisalongsideyouorabouttopassyou.Checkyourmirrors:• Beforeyouchangelanestomakesurethereisenoughroom.• Afteryouhavesignaled,tocheckthatnoonehasmovedintoyourblindspot.

• Rightafteryoustartthelanechange,todouble-checkthatyourpathisclear.

• Afteryoucompletethelanechange.

Turns. Inturns,checkyourmirrorstomakesuretherearofyourvehiclewillnothitanything.

Merges. Whenmerging,useyourmirrorstomakesurethegapintrafficislargeenoughforyoutoentersafely.

Tight maneuvers. Anytimeyouaredrivinginclosequarters,checkyourmirrorsoften.Makesureyouhaveenoughclearance.

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Field of vision using a convex mirror

Convex Plane Blind Plane Convex mirror mirror spot mirror mirror view view area view view

How to use mirrors. Usemirrorscorrectlybycheckingthemquicklyandunderstandingwhatyousee.Whenyouuseyourmirrorswhiledrivingontheroad,check

quickly.Lookbackandforthbetweenthemirrorsandtheroadahead.Don’tfocusonthemirrorsfortoolong.Otherwise,youwilltravelquiteadistancewithoutknowingwhat’shappeningahead.Manylargevehicleshavecurved(convex,“fisheye,”“spot,”

“bugeye”)mirrorsthatshowawiderareathanflatmirrors.Thisisoftenhelpful.Buteverythingappearssmallerinaconvexmirrorthanitwouldifyouwerelookingatitdirectly.Thingsalsoseemfartherawaythantheyreallyare.It’simportanttorealizethisandtoallowforit.Figure2.7showsthefieldofvisionusingaconvexmirror.

Figure 2.7

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2.5 – CommunicatingSignal Your IntentionsOtherdriverscan’tknowwhatyouaregoingtodountilyoutell

them.Signalingwhatyouintendtodoisimportantforsafety.Hereare

somegeneralrulesforsignaling.

Turns. Therearethreegoodrulesforusingturnsignals:• 1. Signalearly.Signalwellbeforeyouturn.Itisthebestwaytokeepothersfromtryingtopassyou.Turnonyoursignalatleast100feetbeforetheturn.

• 2. Signalcontinuously.Youneedbothhandsonthewheeltoturnsafely.Don’tcancelthesignaluntilyouhavecompletedtheturn.

• 3.Cancelyoursignal.Don’tforgettoturnoffyourturnsignalafteryou’veturned(ifyoudon’thaveself-cancelingsignals).

Lane changes. Putyourturnsignalonatleast100feetbeforechanginglanes.Changelanesslowlyandsmoothly.Thatwayadriveryoudidn’tseemayhaveachancetohonkhis/herhorn,oravoidyourvehicle.

Slowing down. Warndriversbehindyouwhenyouseeyou’llneedtoslowdown.Afewlighttapsonthebrakepedal–enoughtoflashthebrakelights–shouldwarnfollowingdrivers.Usethefour-wayemergencyflashersfortimeswhenyouaredrivingveryslowlyorarestopped.Warnotherdriversinanyofthefollowingsituations:

Trouble ahead. Thesizeofyourvehiclemaymakeithardfordriversbehindyoutoseehazardsahead.Ifyouseeahazardthatwillrequireslowingdown,warnthedriversbehindbyflashingyourbrakelights.

Tight turns. Mostcardriversdon’tknowhowslowlyyouhavetogotomakeatightturninalargevehicle.Givedriversbehindyouwarningbybrakingearlyandslowinggradually

Stopping on the road. Truckandbusdriverssometimesstopintheroadwaytounloadcargoorpassengers,ortostopatarailroadcrossing.Warnfollowingdriversbyflashingyourbrakelights.Don’tstopsuddenly.

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Driving slowly. Driversoftendonotrealizehowfasttheyarecatchinguptoaslowvehicleuntiltheyareveryclose.Ifyoumustdriveslowly,alertfollowingdriversbyturningonyouremergencyflashersifitislegal.(Lawsregardingtheuseofflashersdifferfromonestatetoanother.Checkthelawsofthestateswhereyouwilldrive.)

Don’t direct traffic. Somedriverstrytohelpoutothersbysignalingwhenitissafetopass.Youshouldnotdothis.Youcouldcauseanaccident.Youcouldbeblamedanditcouldcostyoumanythousandsofdollars.

Communicating Your PresenceOtherdriversmaynotnoticeyourvehicleevenwhenit’sinplain

sight.Tohelppreventaccidents,letthemknowyou’rethere.

When passing. Wheneveryouareabouttopassavehicle,pedestrian,orbicyclist,assumetheydon’tseeyou.Theycouldsuddenlymoveinfrontofyou.Whenitislegal,tapthehornlightlyor,atnight,flashyourlightsfromlowtohighbeamandback.And,drivecarefullyenoughtoavoidacrasheveniftheydon’tseeorhearyou.

When it’s hard to see. Atdawn,dusk,inrain,orsnow,youneedtomakeyourselfeasiertosee.Ifyouarehavingtroubleseeingothervehicles,otherdriverswillhavetroubleseeingyou.Turnonyourlights.Usetheheadlights,notjusttheidentificationorclearancelights.Usethelowbeams;highbeamscanbotherpeopleinthedaytimeaswellasatnight.

When parked at the side of the road. Whenyoupullofftheroadandstop,besuretoturnonthefour-wayemergencyflashers.Thisisimportantatnight.Don’ttrustthetaillightstogivewarning.Drivershavecrashedintotherearofaparkedvehiclebecausetheythoughtitwasmovingnormally.Ifyoumuststoponaroadortheshoulderofanyroad,youmust

putoutyouremergencywarningdeviceswithintenminutes.Placeyourwarningdevicesatthefollowinglocations:

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10'

200'

100'

100'

100'

10'

Ifyoumuststoponorbyaone-wayordividedhighway,placewarningdevices10feet,100feet,and200feettowardtheapproachingtraffic.SeeFigure2.8.Ifyoustoponatwo-laneroadcarryingtrafficinbothdirections

oronanundividedhighway,placewarningdeviceswithin10feetofthefrontorrearcornerstomarkthelocationofthevehicleand100feetbehindandaheadofthevehicle,ontheshoulderorinthelaneyoustoppedin.SeeFigure2.9.

Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9One-way or divided highway Two-way or undivided highway

Backbeyondanyhill,curve,orotherobstructionthatpreventsotherdriversfromseeingthevehiclewithin500feet.Iflineofsightviewisobstructedduetohillorcurve,movetherear-mosttriangletoapointbackdowntheroadsowarningisprovided.SeeFigure2.10.

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100'-500'

10'

10'

100'-500'

Figure 2.10Obstructed view

Whenputtingoutthetriangles,holdthembetweenyourselfandtheoncomingtrafficforyourownsafety.(Sootherdriverscanseeyou.)

Use your horn when needed. Yourhorncanletothersknowyou’rethere.Itcanhelptoavoidacrash.Useyourhornwhenneeded.However,itcanstartleothersandcouldbedangerouswhenusedunnecessarily.

2.6 – Controlling SpeedDrivingtoofastisamajorcauseoffatalcrashes.Youmustadjust

yourspeeddependingondrivingconditions.Theseincludetraction,curves,visibility,trafficandhills.

Stopping DistancePerceptionDistance+ReactionDistance+EffectiveStopping

Distance=TotalStoppingDistance

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Perception distance. Thisisthedistanceyourvehicletravels,inidealconditions;fromthetimeyoureyesseeahazarduntilyourbrainrecognizesit.Keepinmindcertainmentalandphysicalconditionscanaffectyourperceptiondistance.Itcanbeaffectedgreatlydependingonvisibilityandthehazarditself.Theaverageperceptiontimeforanalertdriverisabout13/4seconds.At55mph,thisaccountsfor142feettraveled..

Reaction distance. Thedistanceyouwillcontinuetotravel,inidealconditions;beforeyouphysicallyhitthebrakes,inresponsetoahazardseenahead.Theaveragedriverhasareactiontimeof3/4secondtoasecond.At55mphthisaccountsfor61feettraveled.

Braking distance. Thedistanceyourvehiclewilltravel,inidealconditions;whileyouarebraking.At55mphondrypavementwithgoodbrakes,itcantakeabout216feet.

Effective stopping distance. Thetotalminimumdistanceyourvehiclehastraveled,inidealconditions;witheverythingconsidered,includingperceptiondistance,reactiondistanceandbrakingdistance,untilyoucanbringyourvehicletoacompletestop.At55mph,yourvehiclewilltravelaminimumof419feet.

The effect of speed on stopping distance. Thefasteryoudrive,thegreatertheimpactorstrikingpowerofyourvehicle.Whenyoudoubleyourspeedfrom20to40mphtheimpactisfourtimesgreater.Thebrakingdistanceisalsofourtimeslonger.Triplethespeedfrom20to60andtheimpactdistanceisninetimesgreater.At60mph,yourstoppingdistanceisgreaterthanthelengthofafootballfield.Increasethespeedto80mphandtheimpactandbrakingdistanceare16timesgreaterthanat20mph.Highspeedsgreatlyincreasetheseverityofcrashesandstoppingdistances.Byslowingdown,youcanreducebrakingdistance.

The effect of vehicle weight on stopping distance. Theheavierthevehicle,themoreworkthebrakesmustdotostopit,andthemoreheattheyabsorb.Butthebrakes,tires,springs,andshockabsorbersonheavyvehiclesaredesignedtoworkbestwhenthevehicleisfullyloaded.Emptytrucksrequiregreaterstoppingdistancesbecauseanemptyvehiclehaslesstraction.

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Figure 2.11

Matching Speed to the Road SurfaceYoucan’tsteerorbrakeavehicleunlessyouhavetraction.

Tractionisfrictionbetweenthetiresandtheroad.Therearesomeroadconditionsthatreducetractionandcallforlowerspeeds.

Slippery surfaces. Itwilltakelongertostop,anditwillbehardertoturnwithoutskidding,whentheroadisslippery.Wetroadscandoublestoppingdistance.Youmustdriveslowertobeabletostopinthesamedistanceasonadryroad.Reducespeedbyaboutone-third(e.g.,slowfrom55toabout35mph)onawetroad.Onpackedsnow,reducespeedbyahalf,ormore.Ifthesurfaceisicy,reducespeedtoacrawlandstopdrivingassoonasyoucansafelydoso.

Identifying slippery surfaces. Sometimesit’shardtoknowiftheroadisslippery.Herearesomesignsofslipperyroads:

Shaded areas. Shadypartsoftheroadwillremainicyandslipperylongafteropenareashavemelted.

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Bridges. Whenthetemperaturedrops,bridgeswillfreezebeforetheroadwill.Beespeciallycarefulwhenthetemperatureiscloseto32degreesFahrenheit.

Melting ice. Slightmeltingwillmakeicewet.Weticeismuchmoreslipperythanicethatisnotwet.

Black ice. Blackiceisathinlayerthatisclearenoughthatyoucanseetheroadunderneathit.Itmakestheroadlookwet.Anytimethetemperatureisbelowfreezingandtheroadlookswet,watchoutforblackice.

Vehicle icing. Aneasywaytocheckforiceistoopenthewindowandfeelthefrontofthemirror,mirrorsupport,orantenna.Ifthere’siceonthese,theroadsurfaceisprobablystartingtoiceup.

Just after rain begins. Rightafteritstartstorain,thewatermixeswithoilleftontheroadbyvehicles.Thismakestheroadveryslippery.Iftheraincontinues,itwillwashtheoilaway.

Hydroplaning. Insomeweather,waterorslushcollectsontheroad.Whenthishappens,yourvehiclecanhydroplane.It’slikewaterskiing–thetireslosetheircontactwiththeroadandhavelittleornotraction.Youmaynotbeabletosteerorbrake.Youcanregaincontrolbyreleasingtheacceleratorandpushingintheclutch.Thiswillslowyourvehicleandletthewheelsturnfreely.Ifthevehicleishydroplaning,donotusethebrakestoslowdown.Ifthedrivewheelsstarttoskid,pushintheclutchtoletthemturnfreely.Itdoesnottakealotofwatertocausehydroplaning.

Hydroplaningcanoccuratspeedsaslowas30mphifthereisalotofwater.Hydroplaningismorelikelyiftirepressureislow,orthetreadisworn.(Thegroovesinatirecarryawaythewater;iftheyaren’tdeep,theydon’tworkwell.)Roadsurfaceswherewatercancollectcancreateconditions

thatcauseavehicletohydroplane.Watchforclearreflections,tiresplashes,andraindropsontheroad.Theseareindicationsofstandingwater.

Speed and CurvesDriversmustadjusttheirspeedforcurvesintheroad.Ifyoutake

acurvetoofast,twothingscanhappen.Thetirescanlosetheirtractionandcontinuestraightahead,soyouskidofftheroad.Or,thetiresmaykeeptheirtractionandthevehiclerollsover.Tests

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haveshownthattruckswithahighcenterofgravitycanrolloveratthepostedspeedlimitforacurve.Slowtoasafespeedbeforeyouenteracurve.Brakinginacurve

isdangerousbecauseitiseasiertolockthewheelsandcauseaskid.Slowdownasneeded.Don’teverexceedthepostedspeedlimitforthecurve.Beinagearthatwillletyouaccelerateslightlyinthecurve.Thiswillhelpyoukeepcontrol.

Speed and Distance AheadYoushouldalwaysbeabletostopwithinthedistanceyoucan

seeahead.Fog,rain,orotherconditionsmayrequirethatyouslowdowntobeabletostopinthedistanceyoucansee.Atnight,youcan’tseeasfarwithlowbeamsasyoucanwithhighbeams.Whenyoumustuselowbeams,slowdown.

Speed and Traffic FlowWhenyou’redrivinginheavytraffic,thesafestspeedisthe

speedofothervehicles.Vehiclesgoingthesamedirectionatthesamespeedarenotlikelytorunintooneanother.Inmanystates,speedlimitsarelowerfortrucksandbusesthanforcars.Itcanvaryasmuchas15mph.Useextracautionwhenyouchangelanesorpassontheseroadways.Driveatthespeedofthetraffic,ifyoucanwithoutgoingatanillegalorunsafespeed.Keepasafefollowingdistance.Themainreasondriversexceedspeedlimitsistosavetime.

But,anyonetryingtodrivefasterthanthespeedoftrafficwillnotbeabletosavemuchtime.Therisksinvolvedarenotworthit.Ifyougofasterthanthespeedofothertraffic,you’llhavetokeeppassingothervehicles.Thisincreasesthechanceofacrash,anditismoretiring.Fatigueincreasesthechanceofacrash.Goingwiththeflowoftrafficissaferandeasier.

Speed on DowngradesYourvehicle’sspeedwillincreaseondowngradesbecauseof

gravity.Yourmostimportantobjectiveistoselectandmaintainaspeedthatisnottoofastforthe:• totalweightofthevehicleandcargo.• lengthofthegrade.• steepnessofthegrade.• roadconditions.• weather.

Ifaspeedlimitisposted,orthereisasignindicating“MaximumSafeSpeed,”neverexceedthespeedshown.Also,lookforand

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heedwarningsignsindicatingthelengthandsteepnessofthegrade.Youmustusethebrakingeffectoftheengineastheprincipalwayofcontrollingyourspeedondowngrades.Thebrakingeffectoftheengineisgreatestwhenitisnearthegovernedrpmsandthetransmissionisinthelowergears.Saveyourbrakessoyouwillbeabletosloworstopasrequiredbyroadandtrafficconditions.Shiftyourtransmissiontoalowgearbeforestartingdownthegradeandusetheproperbrakingtechniques.Pleasereadcarefullythesectionongoingdownlong,steepdowngradessafelyin“MountainDriving.”

Roadway Work ZonesSpeedingtrafficisthenumberonecauseofinjuryanddeathin

roadwayworkzones.Observethepostedspeedlimitsatalltimeswhenapproachinganddrivingthroughaworkzone.Watchyourspeedometer,anddon’tallowyourspeedtocreepupasyoudrivethroughlongsectionsofroadconstruction.Decreaseyourspeedforadverseweatherorroadconditions.Decreaseyourspeedevenfurtherwhenaworkerisclosetotheroadway.

Test your knowledge 1. Howfaraheaddoesthemanualsayyoushouldlook? 2. Whataretwomainthingstolookforahead? 3. What’syourmostimportantwaytoseethesidesandrearofyourvehicle?

4. Whatdoes“communicating”meaninsafedriving? 5. Whereshouldyourreflectorsbeplacedwhenstoppedonadividedhighway?

6. Whatthreethingsadduptototalstoppingdistance? 7. Ifyougotwiceasfast,willyourstoppingdistanceincreasebytwoorfourtimes?

8. Emptytruckshavethebestbraking.TrueorFalse? 9. Whatishydroplaning?10.Whatis“blackice”?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.4,2.5,and2.6.

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2.7 – Managing SpaceTobeasafedriver,youneedspaceallaroundyourvehicle.

Whenthingsgowrong,spacegivesyoutimetothinkandtotakeaction.Tohavespaceavailablewhensomethinggoeswrong,you

needtomanagespace.Whilethisistrueforalldrivers,itisveryimportantforlargevehicles.Theytakeupmorespaceandtheyrequiremorespaceforstoppingandturning.

Space AheadOfallthespacearoundyourvehicle,itistheareaaheadofthe

vehicle–thespaceyou’redrivinginto–thatismostimportant.

The need for space ahead. Youneedspaceaheadincaseyoumustsuddenlystop.Accordingtoaccidentreports,thevehiclethattrucksandbusesmostoftenrunintoistheoneinfrontofthem.Themostfrequentcauseisfollowingtooclosely.Remember,ifthevehicleaheadofyouissmallerthanyours,itcanprobablystopfasterthanyoucan.Youmaycrashifyouarefollowingtooclosely.

How much space? Howmuchspaceshouldyoukeepinfrontofyou?Onegoodrulesaysyouneedatleastonesecondforeach10feetofvehiclelengthatspeedsbelow40mph.Atgreaterspeeds,youmustadd1secondforsafety.Forexample,ifyouaredrivinga40-footvehicle,youshouldleave4secondsbetweenyouandthevehicleahead.Ina50-footrig,you’llneed6seconds.Over40mph,you’dneed5secondsfora40-footvehicleand7secondsfora60-footvehicle.SeeFigure2.12.Toknowhowmuchspaceyouhave,waituntilthevehicleahead

passesashadowontheroad,apavementmarking,orsomeotherclearlandmark.Thencountoffthesecondslikethis:“onethousand-and-one,onethousand-and-two”andsoon,untilyoureachthesamespot.Compareyourcountwiththeruleofonesecondforeverytenfeetoflength.

Ifyouaredrivinga40-foottruckandonlycountedupto2seconds,you’retooclose.Dropbackalittleandcountagainuntilyouhave4secondsoffollowingdistance(or5seconds,ifyou’regoingover40mph).Afteralittlepractice,youwillknowhowfarbackyoushouldbe.Remembertoadd1secondforspeedsabove40mph.Alsorememberthatwhentheroadisslippery,youneedmuchmorespacetostop.

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Heavy Vehicle FormulaFor timed interval following distance• 1secondrequiredforeach10feetofvehiclelengthatspeedsunder40mph

• Above40mphusesameformula,thenadd1secondfortheadditionalspeed

40foottruck(under40mph)=4seconds

50foottruck(above40mph)=6seconds

60foottruck(above40mph)=7seconds

Figure 2.12

Space BehindYoucan’tstopothersfromfollowingyoutooclosely.Butthereare

thingsyoucandotomakeitsafer.

Stay to the right. Heavyvehiclesareoftentailgatedwhentheycan’tkeepupwiththespeedoftraffic.Thisoftenhappenswhenyou’regoinguphill.Ifaheavyloadisslowingyoudown,stayintherightlaneifyoucan.Goinguphill,youshouldnotpassanotherslowvehicleunlessyoucangetaroundquicklyandsafely.

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Dealing with tailgaters safely. Inalargevehicle,it’softenhardtoseewhetheravehicleisclosebehindyou.Youmaybetailgated:• Whenyouaretravelingslowly.Driverstrappedbehindslowvehiclesoftenfollowclosely.

• Inbadweather.Manycardriversfollowlargevehiclescloselyduringbadweather,especiallywhenitishardtoseetheroadahead.

Ifyoufindyourselfbeingtailgated,herearesomethingsyoucandotoreducethechancesofacrash:• Avoidquickchanges.Ifyouhavetoslowdownorturn,signalearly,andreducespeedverygradually.

• Increaseyourfollowingdistance.Openinguproominfrontofyouwillhelpyoutoavoidhavingtomakesuddenspeedordirectionchanges.Italsomakesiteasierforthetailgatertogetaroundyou.

• Don’tspeedup.It’ssafertobetailgatedatalowspeedthanahighspeed.

• Avoidtricks.Don’tturnonyourtaillightsorflashyourbrakelights.Followthesuggestionsabove.

Space to the SidesCommercialvehiclesareoftenwideandtakeupmostofalane.

Safedriverswillmanagewhatlittlespacetheyhave.Youcandothisbykeepingyourvehiclecenteredinyourlane,andavoiddrivingalongsideothers.

Staying centered in a lane. Youneedtokeepyourvehiclecenteredinthelanetokeepsafeclearanceoneitherside.Ifyourvehicleiswide,youhavelittleroomtospare.

Traveling next to others. Therearetwodangersintravelingalongsideothervehicles:• Anotherdrivermaychangelanessuddenlyandturnintoyou.• Youmaybetrappedwhenyouneedtochangelanes.

Findanopenspotwhereyouaren’tnearothertraffic.Whentrafficisheavy,itmaybehardtofindanopenspot.Ifyoumusttravelnearothervehicles,trytokeepasmuchspaceaspossiblebetweenyouandthem.Also,dropbackorpullforwardsothatyouaresuretheotherdrivercanseeyou.

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Strong winds. Strongwindsmakeitdifficulttostayinyourlane.Theproblemisusuallyworseforlightervehicles.Thisproblemcanbeespeciallybadcomingoutoftunnels.Don’tdrivealongsideothersifyoucanavoidit.

Space OverheadHittingoverheadobjectsisadanger.Makesureyoualwayshave

overheadclearance.Don’tassumethattheheightspostedatbridgesandoverpasses

arecorrect.Repavingorpackedsnowmayhavereducedtheclearancessincetheheightswereposted.Theweightofacargovanchangesitsheight.Anemptyvanis

higherthanaloadedone.Thatyougotunderabridgewhenyouwereloadeddoesnotmeanthatyoucandoitwhenyouareempty.Ifyoudoubtyouhavesafespacetopassunderanobject,

goslowly.Ifyouaren’tsureyoucanmakeit,takeanotherroute.Warningsareoftenpostedonlowbridgesorunderpasses,butsometimestheyarenot.Someroadscancauseavehicletotilt.Therecanbeaproblem

clearingobjectsalongtheedgeoftheroad,suchassigns,trees,orbridgesupports.Wherethisisaproblem,drivealittleclosertothecenteroftheroad.Beforeyoubackintoanarea,getoutandcheckforoverhanging

objectssuchastrees,branches,orelectricwires.It’seasytomissseeingthemwhileyouarebacking.(Alsocheckforotherhazardsatthesametime.)

Space BelowManydriversforgetaboutthespaceundertheirvehicles.That

spacecanbeverysmallwhenavehicleisheavilyloaded.Thisisoftenaproblemondirtroadsandinunpavedyards.Don’ttakeachanceongettinghungup.Drainagechannelsacrossroadscancausetheendsofsomevehiclestodrag.Crosssuchdepressionscarefully.Railroadtrackscanalsocauseproblems,particularlywhen

pullingtrailerswithalowunderneathclearance.Don’ttakeachanceongettinghunguphalfwayacross.

Space for TurnsThespacearoundatruckorbusisimportantinturns.Because

ofwideturningandofftracking,largevehiclescanhitothervehiclesorobjectsduringturns.

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Right turns. Herearesomerulestohelppreventright-turncrashes:• Turnslowlytogiveyourselfandothersmoretimetoavoidproblems.

• Ifyouaredrivingatruckorbusthatcannotmaketherightturnwithoutswingingintoanotherlane,turnwideasyoucompletetheturn.Keeptherearofyourvehicleclosetothecurb.Thiswillstopotherdriversfrompassingyouontheright.

• Don’tturnwidetotheleftasyoustarttheturn.Afollowingdrivermaythinkyouareturningleftandtrytopassyouontheright.Youmaycrashintotheothervehicleasyoucompleteyourturn.

• Ifyoumustcrossintotheoncominglanetomakeaturn,watchoutforvehiclescomingtowardyou.Givethemroomtogobyortostop.However,don’tbackupforthem,becauseyoumighthitsomeonebehindyou.SeeFigure2.13.

JughandleINCORRECT

ButtonhookCORRECT

Figure 2.13

Left turns. Onaleftturn,makesureyouhavereachedthecenteroftheintersectionbeforeyoustarttheleftturn.Ifyouturntoosoon,theleftsideofyourvehiclemayhitanothervehiclebecauseofofftracking.Iftherearetwoturninglanes,alwaystaketherightturnlane.

Don’tstartintheinsidelanebecauseyoumayhavetoswingrighttomaketheturn.Driversonyourleftcanbemorereadilyseen.SeeFigure2.14.

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Figure 2.14

Space Needed to Cross or Enter TrafficBeawareofthesizeandweightofyourvehiclewhenyoucross

orentertraffic.Herearesomeimportantthingstokeepinmind.Becauseofslowaccelerationandthespacelargevehicles

require,youmayneedamuchlargergaptoentertrafficthanyouwouldinacar.Accelerationvarieswiththeload.Allowmoreroomifyourvehicle

isheavilyloaded.Beforeyoustartacrossaroad,makesureyoucangetallthe

wayacrossbeforetrafficreachesyou.

2.8 – Seeing Hazards

Importance of Seeing HazardsWhat is a hazard? Ahazardisanyroadconditionorother

roaduser(driver,bicyclist,pedestrian)thatisapossibledanger.Forexample,acarinfrontofyouisheadedtowardthefreewayexit,buthisbrakelightscomeonandhebeginsbrakinghard.Thiscouldmeanthatthedriverisuncertainabouttakingtheofframp.Hemightsuddenlyreturntothehighway.Thiscarisahazard.Ifthedriverofthecarcutsinfrontofyou,itisnolongerjustahazard;itisanemergency.

Seeing hazards lets you be prepared. Youwillhavemoretimetoactifyouseehazardsbeforetheybecomeemergencies.Intheexampleabove,youmightmakealanechangeorslowdown

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topreventacrashifthecarsuddenlycutsinfrontofyou.Seeingthishazardgivesyoutimetocheckyourmirrorsandsignalalanechange.Beingpreparedreducesthedanger.Adriverwhodidnotseethehazarduntiltheslowcarpulledbackonthehighwayinfrontofhimwouldhavetodosomethingverysuddenly.Suddenbrakingoraquicklanechangeismuchmorelikelytoleadtoacrash.

Learning to see hazards. Thereareoftencluesthatwillhelpyouseehazards.Themoreyoudrive,thebetteryoucanlearntoseehazards.Thissectionwilltalkabouthazardsthatyoushouldbeawareof.

Hazardous RoadsSlowdownandbeverycarefulifyouseeanyofthefollowing

roadhazards.

Work zones. Whenpeopleareworkingontheroad,itisahazard.Theremaybenarrowerlanes,sharpturns,orunevensurfaces.Otherdriversareoftendistractedanddriveunsafely.Workersandconstructionvehiclesmaygetintheway.Driveslowlyandcarefullynearworkzones.Useyourfour-wayflashersorbrakelightstowarndriversbehindyou.

Drop off. Sometimesthepavementdropsoffsharplyneartheedgeoftheroad.Drivingtooneartheedgecantiltyourvehicletowardthesideoftheroad.Thiscancausethetopofyourvehicletohitroadsideobjects(signs,treelimbs).Also,itcanbehardtosteerasyoucrossthedropoff,goingofftheroad,orcomingbackon.

Foreign objects. Thingsthathavefallenontheroadcanbehazards.Theycanbeadangertoyourtiresandwheelrims.Theycandamageelectricalandbrakelines.Theycanbecaughtbetweendualtiresandcauseseveredamage.Someobstaclesthatappeartobeharmlesscanbeverydangerous.Forexample,cardboardboxesmaybeempty,buttheymayalsocontainsomesolidorheavymaterialcapableofcausingdamage.Thesameistrueofpaperandclothsacks.Itisimportanttoremainalertforobjectsofallsorts,soyoucanseethemearlyenoughtoavoidthemwithoutmakingsudden,unsafemoves.

Off ramps/On ramps. Freewayexitscanbeparticularlydangerousforcommercialvehicles.Offrampsandonrampsoftenhavespeedlimitsignsposted.Remember,thesespeedsmaybe

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safeforautomobiles,butmaynotbesafeforlargervehiclesorheavilyloadedvehicles.Exitsthatgodownhillandturnatthesametimecanbeespeciallydangerous.Thedowngrademakesitdifficulttoreducespeed.Brakingandturningatthesametimecanbeadangerouspractice.Makesureyouaregoingslowlyenoughbeforeyougetonthecurvedpartofanofframporonramp.

Drivers Who Are HazardsInordertoprotectyourselfandothers,youmustknowwhen

otherdriversmaydosomethinghazardous.Somecluestothistypeofhazardarediscussedbelow.

Blocked vision. Peoplewhocan’tseeothersareaverydangeroushazard.Bealertfordriverswhosevisionisblocked.Vans,loadedstationwagons,andcarswiththerearwindowblockedareexamples.Rentaltrucksshouldbewatchedcarefully.Theirdriversareoftennotusedtothelimitedvisiontheyhavetothesidesandrearofthetruck.Inwinter,vehicleswithfrosted,ice-covered,orsnow-coveredwindowsarehazards.Vehiclesmaybepartlyhiddenbyblindintersectionsoralleys.If

youonlycanseetherearorfrontendofavehiclebutnotthedriver,thenheorshecan’tseeyou.Bealertbecausehe/shemaybackoutorenterintoyourlane.Alwaysbepreparedtostop.

Delivery trucks can present a hazard. Packagesorvehicledoorsoftenblockthedriver’svision.Driversofstepvans,postalvehicles,andlocaldeliveryvehiclesoftenareinahurryandmaysuddenlystepoutoftheirvehicleordrivetheirvehicleintothetrafficlane.

Parked vehicles can be hazards,especiallywhenpeoplestarttogetoutofthem.Or,theymaysuddenlystartupanddriveintoyourway.Watchformovementinsidethevehicleormovementofthevehicleitselfthatshowspeopleareinside.Watchforbrakelightsorbackuplights,exhaust,andothercluesthatadriverisabouttomove.Becarefulofastoppedbus.Passengersmaycrossinfrontofor

behindthebus,andtheyoftencan’tseeyou.

Pedestrians and bicyclists can also be hazards. Walkers,joggers,andbicyclistsmaybeontheroadwiththeirbacktothetraffic,sotheycan’tseeyou.Sometimestheywearportablestereoswithheadsets,sotheycan’thearyoueither.Thiscanbedangerous.Onrainydays,pedestriansmaynotseeyoubecauseofhatsor

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umbrellas.Theymaybehurryingtogetoutoftherainandmaynotpayattentiontothetraffic.

Distractions. Peoplewhoaredistractedarehazards.Watchforwheretheyarelooking.Iftheyarelookingelsewhere,theycan’tseeyou.Butbealertevenwhentheyarelookingatyou.Theymaybelievethattheyhavetherightofway.

Children. Childrentendtoactquicklywithoutcheckingtraffic.Childrenplayingwithoneanothermaynotlookfortrafficandareaserioushazard.

Talkers. Driversorpedestrianstalkingtooneanothermaynotbepayingcloseattentiontothetraffic.

Workers. Peopleworkingonorneartheroadwayareahazardclue.Theworkcreatesadistractionforotherdriversandtheworkersthemselvesmaynotseeyou.

Ice cream trucks. Someonesellingicecreamisahazardclue.Childrenmaybenearbyandmaynotseeyou.

Disabled vehicles. Driverschangingatireorfixinganengineoftendonotpayattentiontothedangerthatroadwaytrafficistothem.Theyareoftencareless.Jackedupwheelsorraisedhoodsarehazardclues.

Accidents. Accidentsareparticularlyhazardous.Peopleinvolvedintheaccidentmaynotlookfortraffic.Passingdriverstendtolookattheaccident.Peopleoftenrunacrosstheroadwithoutlooking.Vehiclesmaysloworstopsuddenly.

Shoppers. Peopleinandaroundshoppingareasareoftennotwatchingtrafficbecausetheyarelookingforstoresorlookingintostorewindows.

Confused drivers. Confuseddriversoftenchangedirectionsuddenlyorstopwithoutwarning.Confusioniscommonnearfreewayinterchangesandmajorintersections.Touristsunfamiliarwiththeareacanbeveryhazardous.Cluestotouristsincludecar-topluggageandout-of-statelicenseplates.Unexpectedactions(stoppinginthemiddleofablock,changinglanesfornoapparentreason,backuplightssuddenlygoingon)arecluestoconfusion.Hesitationisanotherclue,includingdrivingveryslowly,using

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brakesoften,orstoppinginthemiddleofanintersection.Youmayalsoseedriverswhoarelookingatstreetsigns,maps,andhousenumbers.Thesedriversmaynotbepayingattentiontoyou.

Slow drivers. Motoristswhofailtomaintainnormalspeedarehazards.Seeingslowmovingvehiclesearlycanpreventacrash.Somevehicles,bytheirnature,areslowandseeingthemisahazardclue(mopeds,farmmachinery,constructionmachinery,tractors,etc.).Someofthesewillhavethe“slowmovingvehicle”symboltowarnyou.Thisisaredtrianglewithanorangecenter.Watchforit.

Drivers signaling a turn may be a hazard. Driverssignalingaturnmayslowmorethanexpectedorstop.Iftheyaremakingatightturnintoanalleyordriveway,theymaygoveryslowly.Ifpedestriansorothervehiclesblockthem,theymayhavetostopontheroadway.Vehiclesturningleftmayhavetostopforoncomingvehicles.

Drivers in a hurry. Driversmayfeelyourcommercialvehicleispreventingthemfromgettingwheretheywanttogoontime.Suchdriversmaypassyouwithoutasafegapintheoncomingtraffic,cuttingtoocloseinfrontofyou.Driversenteringtheroadmaypullinfrontofyouinordertoavoidbeingstuckbehindyou,causingyoutobrake.Beawareofthisandwatchfordriverswhoareinahurry.

Impaired drivers. Driverswhoaresleepy,havehadtoomuchtodrink,areondrugs,orwhoareillarehazards.Somecluestothesedriversare:• Weavingacrosstheroadordriftingfromonesidetoanother.• Leavingtheroad(droppingrightwheelsontotheshoulder,orbumpingacrossacurbinaturn).

• Stoppingatthewrongtime(stoppingatagreenlight,orwaitingfortoolongatastop).

• Openwindowincoldweather.• Speedinguporslowingdownsuddenly,drivingtoofastortooslow.

Bealertfordrunkdriversandsleepydriverslateatnight.

Driver body movement as a clue. Driverslookinthedirectiontheyaregoingtoturn.Youmaysometimesgetacluefromadriver’sheadandbodymovementsthatadrivermaybegoingtomakeaturn,eventhoughtheturnsignalsaren’ton.Driversmakingover-the-shoulderchecksmaybegoingtochangelanes.These

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cluesaremosteasilyseeninmotorcyclistsandbicyclists.Watchotherroadusersandtrytotellwhethertheymightdosomethinghazardous.

Conflicts. Youareinconflictwhenyouhavetochangespeedand/ordirectiontoavoidhittingsomeone.Conflictsoccuratintersectionswherevehiclesmeet,atmerges(suchasfreewayon-ramps)andwherethereareneededlanechanges(suchastheendofalane,forcingamovetoanotherlaneoftraffic).Othersituationsincludeslowmovingorstalledtrafficinatrafficlane,andaccidentscenes.Watchforotherdriverswhoareinconflictbecausetheyareahazardtoyou.Whentheyreacttothisconflict,theymaydosomethingthatwillputtheminconflictwithyou.

Always Have a PlanYoushouldalwaysbelookingforhazards.Continuetolearnto

seehazardsontheroad.However,don’tforgetwhyyouarelookingforthehazards–theymayturnintoemergencies.Youlookforthehazardsinordertohavetimetoplanawayoutofanyemergency.Whenyouseeahazard,thinkabouttheemergenciesthatcoulddevelopandfigureoutwhatyouwoulddo.Alwaysbepreparedtotakeactionbasedonyourplans.Inthisway,youwillbeaprepared,defensivedriverwhowillimproveyourownsafetyaswellasthesafetyofallroadusers.

Test your knowledge1. Howdoyoufindouthowmanysecondsoffollowingdistancespaceyouhave?

2. Ifyouaredrivinga30-footvehicleat55mph,howmanysecondsoffollowingdistanceshouldyouallow?

3. Youshoulddecreaseyourfollowingdistanceifsomebodyisfollowingyoutooclosely.TrueorFalse?

4. Ifyouswingwidetotheleftbeforeturningright,anotherdrivermaytrytopassyouontheright.TrueorFalse?

5. Whatisahazard?6. Whymakeemergencyplanswhenyouseeahazard?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.7and2.8.

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2.9 – Distracted DrivingWheneveryouaredrivingavehicleandyourattentionisnoton

theroad,you’reputtingyourself,yourpassengers,othervehicles,andpedestriansindanger.Distracteddrivingcanresultwhenyouperformanyactivitythatmayshiftyourfullattentionfromthedrivingtask.Takingyoureyesofftheroadorhandsoffthesteeringwheelpresentsobviousdrivingrisks.Mentalactivitiesthattakeyourmindawayfromdrivingarejustasdangerous.Youreyescangazeatobjectsinthedrivingscenebutfailtoseethembecauseyourattentionisdistractedelsewhere.Activitiesthatcandistractyourattentioninclude:talkingto

passengers;adjustingtheradio,CDplayerorclimatecontrols;eating,drinkingorsmoking;readingmapsorotherliterature;pickingupsomethingthatfell;readingbillboardsandotherroadadvertisements;watchingotherpeopleandvehiclesincludingaggressivedrivers;talkingonacellphoneorCBradio;usingtelematicdevices(suchasnavigationsystems,pagers,etc.);daydreamingorbeingoccupiedwithothermentaldistractions.

Don’t Drive DistractedIfdriversreactahalf-secondslowerbecauseofdistractions,

crashesdouble.Sometipstofollowsoyouwon’tbecomedistracted:• Reviewandbetotallyfamiliarwithallsafetyandusagefeaturesonanyin-vehicleelectronics,includingyourwirelessorcellphone,beforeyoudrive.

• Pre-programradiostations.• Pre-loadyoufavoriteCDsorcassettetapes.• Clearthevehicleofanyunnecessaryobjects.• Reviewmapsandplanyourroutebeforeyoubegindriving.• Adjustallmirrorsforbestall-roundvisibilitybeforeyoustartyourtrip.

• Don’tattempttoreadorwritewhileyoudrive.• Avoidsmoking,eatinganddrinkingwhileyoudrive.• Don’tengageincomplexoremotionallyintenseconversationswithotheroccupants.

Use In-vehicle Communication Equipment Cautiously• Whenpossible,pullofftheroadinasafe,legalplacewhenmaking/receivingacalloncommunicationequipment.

• Ifpossible,turnthecellphoneoffuntilyourdestinationisreached.

• Positionthecellphonewithineasyreach.• Pre-programcellphoneswithcommonlycallednumbers.

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• Ifyouhavetoplaceacall,findasafeplacetopullofftheroad.Donotplaceacallwhiledriving.

• Somejurisdictionsrequirethatonlyhands-freedevicescanbeusedwhiledriving.Eventhesedevicesareunsafetousewhenyouaremovingdowntheroad.

• Ifyoumustuseyourcellphone,keepconversationsshort.Developwaystogetfreeoflong-windedfriendsandassociateswhileontheroad.Neverusethecellphoneforsocialvisiting.

• Hangupintrickytrafficsituations.• Donotusetheequipmentwhenapproachinglocationswithheavytraffic,roadconstruction,heavypedestriantraffic,orsevereweatherconditions.

• Donotattempttotypeorreadmessagesonyoursatellitesystemwhiledriving.

Watch Out for Other Distracted DriversYouneedtobeabletorecognizeotherdriverswhoareengaged

inanyformofdrivingdistraction.Notrecognizingotherdistracteddriverscanpreventyoufromperceivingorreactingcorrectlyintimetopreventacrash.Watchfor:• Vehiclesthatmaydriftoverthelanedividerlinesorwithintheirownlane.

• Vehiclestravelingatinconsistentspeeds.• Driverswhoarepreoccupiedwithmaps,food,cigarettes,cellphones,orotherobjects.

• Driverswhoappeartobeinvolvedinconversationswiththeirpassengers.

Giveadistracteddriverplentyofroomandmaintainyoursafefollowingdistance.Beverycarefulwhenpassingadriverwhoseemstobe

distracted.Theotherdrivermaynotbeawareofyourpresence,andtheymaydriftinfrontofyou.

2.10 – Aggressive Drivers/Road Rage

What Is It?Aggressivedrivingandroadrageisnotanewproblem.However,

intoday’sworld,whereheavyandslow-movingtrafficandtightschedulesarethenorm,moreandmoredriversaretakingouttheirangerandfrustrationintheirvehicles.

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Crowdedroadsleavelittleroomforerror,leadingtosuspicionandhostilityamongdriversandencouragingthemtotakepersonallythemistakesofotherdrivers.Aggressivedrivingistheactofoperatingamotorvehiclein

aselfish,bold,orpushymanner,withoutregardfortherightsorsafetyofothers.Roadrageisoperatingamotorvehiclewiththeintentofdoing

harmtoothersorphysicallyassaultingadriverortheirvehicle.

Don’t Be an Aggressive DriverHowyoufeelbeforeyouevenstartyourvehiclehasalottodo

withhowstresswillaffectyouwhiledriving.• Reduceyourstressbeforeandwhileyoudrive.Listento“easylistening”music.

• Givethedriveyourfullattention.Don’tallowyourselftobecomedistractedbytalkingonyourcellphone,eating,etc.

• Berealisticaboutyourtraveltime.Expectdelaysbecauseoftraffic,construction,orbadweatherandmakeallowances.

• Ifyou’regoingtobelaterthanyouexpected–dealwithit.Takeadeepbreathandacceptthedelay.

• Giveotherdriversthebenefitofthedoubt.Trytoimaginewhyheorsheisdrivingthatway.Whatevertheirreason,ithasnothingtodowithyou.

• Slowdownandkeepyourfollowingdistancereasonable.• Don’tdriveslowlyintheleftlaneoftraffic.• Avoidgestures.Keepyouhandsonthewheel.Avoidmakinganygesturesthatmightangeranotherdriver,evenseeminglyharmlessexpressionsofirritationlikeshakingyourhead.

• Beacautiousandcourteousdriver.Ifanotherdriverseemseagertogetinfrontofyou,say,“Bemyguest.”Thisresponsewillsoonbecomeahabitandyouwon’tbeasoffendedbyotherdrivers’actions.

What You Should Do When Confronted by an Aggressive DriverFirstandforemost,makeeveryattempttogetoutoftheirway.• Putyourprideinthebackseat.Donotchallengethembyspeedinguporattemptingtohold-your-owninyourtravellane.

• Avoideyecontact.• Ignoregesturesandrefusetoreacttothem.• Reportaggressivedriverstotheappropriateauthoritiesbyprovidingavehicledescription,licensenumber,locationand,ifpossible,directionoftravel.

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• Ifyouhaveacellphone,andcandoitsafely,callthepolice.• Ifanaggressivedriverisinvolvedinacrashfartherdowntheroad,stopasafedistancefromthecrashscene,waitforthepolicetoarrive,andreportthedrivingbehaviorthatyouwitnessed.

Test your knowledge1. Whataresometipstofollowsoyouwon’tbecomeadistracteddriver?

2. Howdoyouusein-vehiclecommunicationsequipmentcautiously?

3. Howdoyourecognizeadistracteddriver?4. Whatisthedifferencebetweenaggressivedrivingandroadrage?

5. Whatshouldyoudowhenconfrontedwithanaggressivedriver?

6. Whataresomethingsyoucandotoreduceyourstressbeforeandwhileyoudrive?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.9and2.10.

2.11 – Driving at Night

It’s More DangerousYouareatgreaterriskwhenyoudriveatnight.Driverscan’tsee

hazardsasquicklyasindaylight,sotheyhavelesstimetorespond.Driverscaughtbysurprisearelessabletoavoidacrash.Theproblemsofnightdrivinginvolvethedriver,theroadway,and

thevehicle.

Driver FactorsVision. Peoplecan’tseeassharplyatnightorindimlight.Also,

theireyesneedtimetoadjusttoseeingindimlight.Mostpeoplehavenoticedthiswhenwalkingintoadarkmovietheater.

Glare. Driverscanbeblindedforashorttimebybrightlight.Ittakestimetorecoverfromthisblindness.Olderdriversareespeciallybotheredbyglare.Mostpeoplehavebeentemporarilyblindedbycameraflashunitsorbythehighbeamsofanoncomingvehicle.Itcantakeseveralsecondstorecoverfromglare.Eventwo

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secondsofglareblindnesscanbedangerous.Avehiclegoing55mphwilltravelmorethanhalfthedistanceofafootballfieldduringthattime.Don’tlookdirectlyatbrightlightswhendriving.Lookattherightsideoftheroad.Watchthesidelineswhensomeonecomingtowardyouhasverybrightlightson.

Fatigue and lack of alertness. Fatigue(beingtired)andlackofalertnessarebiggerproblemsatnight.Thebody’sneedforsleepisbeyondaperson’scontrol.Mostpeoplearelessalertatnight,especiallyaftermidnight.Thisisparticularlytrueifyouhavebeendrivingforalongtime.Driversmaynotseehazardsassoon,orreactasquickly,sothechanceofacrashisgreater.Ifyouaresleepy,theonlysafecureistogetofftheroadandgetsomesleep.Ifyoudon’t,youriskyourlifeandthelivesofothers.

Roadway FactorsPoor lighting. Inthedaytimethereisusuallyenoughlighttosee

well.Thisisnottrueatnight.Someareasmayhavebrightstreetlights,butmanyareaswillhavepoorlighting.Onmostroadsyouwillprobablyhavetodependentirelyonyourheadlights.Lesslightmeansyouwillnotbeabletoseehazardsaswell

asindaytime.Roaduserswhodonothavelightsarehardtosee.Therearemanyaccidentsatnightinvolvingpedestrians,joggers,bicyclists,andanimals.Evenwhentherearelights,theroadscenecanbeconfusing.

Trafficsignalsandhazardscanbehardtoseeagainstabackgroundofsigns,shopwindows,andotherlights.Driveslowerwhenlightingispoororconfusing.Driveslowlyenoughtobesureyoucanstopinthedistanceyou

canseeahead.

Drunk drivers. Drunkdriversanddriversundertheinfluenceofdrugsareahazardtothemselvesandtoyou.Beespeciallyalertaroundtheclosingtimesforbarsandtaverns.Watchfordriverswhohavetroublestayingintheirlaneormaintainingspeed,whostopwithoutreason,orshowothersignsofbeingundertheinfluenceofalcoholordrugs.

Vehicle FactorsHeadlights. Atnightyourheadlightswillusuallybethemain

sourceoflightforyoutoseebyandforotherstoseeyou.Youcan’tseenearlyasmuchwithyourheadlightsasyouseeinthedaytime.Withlowbeamsyoucanseeaheadabout250feetandwithhighbeamsabout350-500feet.Youmustadjustyourspeedtokeep

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yourstoppingdistancewithinyoursightdistance.Thismeansgoingslowlyenoughtobeabletostopwithintherangeofyourheadlights.Otherwise,bythetimeyouseeahazard,youwillnothavetimetostop.Nightdrivingcanbemoredangerousifyouhaveproblemswith

yourheadlights.Dirtyheadlightsmaygiveonlyhalfthelighttheyshould.Thiscutsdownyourabilitytosee,andmakesitharderforotherstoseeyou.Makesureyourlightsarecleanandworking.Headlightscanbeoutofadjustment.Iftheydon’tpointintherightdirection,theywon’tgiveyouagoodviewandtheycanblindotherdrivers.Haveaqualifiedpersonmakesuretheyareadjustedproperly.

Other lights. Inorderforyoutobeseeneasily,thefollowingmustbecleanandworkingproperly:• Reflectors.• Markerlights.• Clearancelights.• Taillights.• Identificationlights.

Turn signals and brake lights. Atnightyourturnsignalsandbrakelightsareevenmoreimportantfortellingotherdriverswhatyouintendtodo.Makesureyouhaveclean,workingturnsignalsandstoplights.

Windshield and mirrors. Itismoreimportantatnightthaninthedaytimetohaveacleanwindshieldandcleanmirrors.Brightlightsatnightcancausedirtonyourwindshieldormirrorstocreateaglareofitsown,blockingyourview.Mostpeoplehaveexperienceddrivingtowardthesunjustasithasrisenorisabouttoset,andfoundthattheycanbarelyseethroughawindshieldthatseemedtolookOKinthemiddleoftheday.Cleanyourwindshieldontheinsideandoutsideforsafedrivingatnight.

Night Driving ProceduresPre-trip procedures. Makesureyouarerestedandalert.If

youaredrowsy,sleepbeforeyoudrive!Evenanapcansaveyourlifeorthelivesofothers.Ifyouweareyeglasses,makesuretheyarecleanandunscratched.Don’twearsunglassesatnight.Doacompletepre-tripinspectionofyourvehicle.Payattentiontocheckingalllightsandreflectors,andcleaningthoseyoucanreach.

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Avoid blinding others. Glarefromyourheadlightscancauseproblemsfordriverscomingtowardyou.Theycanalsobotherdriversgoinginthesamedirectionyouare,whenyourlightsshineintheirrearviewmirrors.Dimyourlightsbeforetheycauseglareforotherdrivers.Dimyourlightswithin500feetofanoncomingvehicleandwhenfollowinganothervehiclewithin300feet.

Avoid glare from oncoming vehicles. Donotlookdirectlyatlightsofoncomingvehicles.Lookslightlytotherightatarightlaneoredgemarking,ifavailable.Ifotherdriversdon’tputtheirlowbeamson,don’ttryto“getbackatthem”byputtingyourownhighbeamson.Thisincreasesglareforoncomingdriversandincreasesthechanceofacrash.

Use high beams when you can. Somedriversmakethemistakeofalwaysusinglowbeams.Thisseriouslycutsdownontheirabilitytoseeahead.Usehighbeamswhenitissafeandlegaltodoso.Usethemwhenyouarenotwithin500feetofanapproachingvehicle.Also,don’tlettheinsideofyourcabgettoobright.Thismakesithardertoseeoutside.Keeptheinteriorlightoff,andadjustyourinstrumentlightsaslowasyoucantostillbeabletoreadthegauges.

If you get sleepy, stop at the nearest safe place. Peopleoftendon’trealizehowclosetheyaretofallingasleepevenwhentheireyelidsarefallingshut.Ifyoucansafelydoso,lookatyourselfinamirror.Ifyoulooksleepy,oryoujustfeelsleepy,stopdriving!Youareinaverydangerouscondition.Theonlysafecureistosleep.

2.12 – Driving in FogFogcanoccuratanytime.Fogonhighwayscanbeextremely

dangerous.Fogisoftenunexpected,andvisibilitycandeterioraterapidly.Youshouldwatchforfoggyconditionsandbereadytoreduceyourspeed.Donotassumethatthefogwillthinoutafteryouenterit.Thebestadvicefordrivinginfogisdon’t.Itispreferablethatyou

pullofftheroadintoarestareaortruckstopuntilvisibilityisbetter.Ifyoumustdrive,besuretoconsiderthefollowing:• Obeyallfog-relatedwarningsigns.• Slowdownbeforeyouenterfog.• Uselow-beamheadlightsandfoglightsforbestvisibilityevenindaytime,andbealertforotherdriverswhomayhaveforgottentoturnontheirlights.

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• Turnonyour4-wayflashers.Thiswillgivevehiclesapproachingyoufrombehindaquickeropportunitytonoticeyourvehicle.

• Watchforvehiclesonthesideoftheroadway.Seeingtaillightsorheadlightsinfrontofyoumaynotbeatrueindicationofwheretheroadisaheadofyou.Thevehiclemaynotbeontheroadatall.

• Useroadsidehighwayreflectorsasguidestodeterminehowtheroadmaycurveaheadofyou.

• Listenfortrafficyoucannotsee.• Avoidpassingothervehicles.• Don’tstopalongthesideoftheroad,unlessabsolutelynecessary.

2.13 – Driving in Winter

Vehicle ChecksMakesureyourvehicleisreadybeforedrivinginwinterweather.

Youshouldmakearegularpre-tripinspection,payingextraattentiontothefollowingitems.

Coolant level and antifreeze amount. Makesurethecoolingsystemisfullandthereisenoughantifreezeinthesystemtoprotectagainstfreezing.Thiscanbecheckedwithaspecialcoolanttester.

Defrosting and heating equipment. Makesurethedefrosterswork.Theyareneededforsafedriving.Makesuretheheaterisworking,andthatyouknowhowtooperateit.Ifyouuseotherheatersandexpecttoneedthem(e.g.,mirrorheaters,batteryboxheaters,fueltankheaters),checktheiroperation.

Wipers and washers. Makesurethewindshieldwiperbladesareingoodcondition.Makesurethewiperbladespressagainstthewindowhardenoughtowipethewindshieldclean,otherwisetheymaynotsweepoffsnowproperly.Makesurethewindshieldwasherworksandthereiswashingfluidinthewasherreservoir.Usewindshieldwasherantifreezetopreventfreezingofthe

washerliquid.Ifyoucan’tseewellenoughwhiledriving(forexample,ifyourwipersfail),stopsafelyandfixtheproblem.

Tires. Makesureyouhaveenoughtreadonyourtires.Thedrivetiresmustprovidetractiontopushtherigoverwetpavementand

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throughsnow.Thesteeringtiresmusthavetractiontosteerthevehicle.Enoughtreadisespeciallyimportantinwinterconditions.Youmusthaveatleast4/32inchtreaddepthineverymajorgrooveonfronttiresandatleast2/32inchonothertires.Morewouldbebetter.Useagaugetodetermineifyouhaveenoughtreadforsafedriving.

Tire chains. Youmayfindyourselfinconditionswhereyoucan’tdrivewithoutchains,eventogettoaplaceofsafety.Carrytherightnumberofchainsandextracross-links.Makesuretheywillfityourdrivetires.Checkthechainsforbrokenhooks,wornorbrokencross-links,andbentorbrokensidechains.Learnhowtoputthechainsonbeforeyouneedtodoitinsnowandice.

Lights and reflectors. Makesurethelightsandreflectorsareclean.Lightsandreflectorsareespeciallyimportantduringbadweather.Checkfromtimetotimeduringbadweathertomakesuretheyarecleanandworkingproperly.

Windows and mirrors. Removeanyice,snow,etc.,fromthewindshield,windows,andmirrorsbeforestarting.Useawindshieldscraper,snowbrush,andwindshielddefrosterasnecessary.

Hand holds, steps, and deck plates. Removealliceandsnowfromhandholds,steps,anddeckplates.Thiswillreducethedangerofslipping.

Radiator shutters and winterfront. Removeicefromtheradiatorshutters.Makesurethewinterfrontisnotclosedtootightly.Iftheshuttersfreezeshutorthewinterfrontisclosedtoomuch,theenginemayoverheatandstop.

Exhaust system. Exhaustsystemleaksareespeciallydangerouswhencabventilationmaybepoor(windowsrolledup,etc.).Looseconnectionscouldpermitpoisonouscarbonmonoxidetoleakintoyourvehicle.Carbonmonoxidegaswillcauseyoutobesleepy.Inlargeenoughamountsitcankillyou.Checktheexhaustsystemforloosepartsandforsoundsandsignsofleaks.

DrivingSlippery surfaces. Driveslowlyandsmoothlyonslipperyroads.

Ifitisveryslippery,youshouldn’tdriveatall.Stopatthefirstsafeplace.

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Start gently and slowly. Whenfirststarting,getthefeeloftheroad.Don’thurry.

Check for ice. Checkforiceontheroad,especiallybridgesandoverpasses.Alackofsprayfromothervehiclesindicatesicehasformedontheroad.Also,checkyourmirrorsandwiperbladesforice.Iftheyhaveice,theroadmostlikelywillbeicyaswell.

Adjust turning and braking to conditions. Maketurnsasgentlyaspossible.Don’tbrakeanyharderthannecessary,anddon’tusetheenginebrakeorspeedretarder.(Theycancausethedrivingwheelstoskidonslipperysurfaces.)

Adjust speed to conditions. Don’tpassslowervehiclesunlessnecessary.Goslowlyandwatchfarenoughaheadtokeepasteadyspeed.Avoidhavingtoslowdownandspeedup.Takecurvesatslowerspeedsanddon’tbrakewhileincurves.Beawarethatasthetemperaturerisestothepointwhereicebeginstomelt,theroadbecomesevenmoreslippery.Slowdownmore.

Adjust space to conditions. Don’tdrivealongsideothervehicles.Keepalongerfollowingdistance.Whenyouseeatrafficjamahead,slowdownorstoptowaitforittoclear.Tryhardtoanticipatestopsearlyandslowdowngradually.Watchforsnowplows,aswellassaltandsandtrucks,andgivethemplentyofroom.

Wet brakes. Whendrivinginheavyrainordeepstandingwater,yourbrakeswillgetwet.Waterinthebrakescancausethebrakestobeweak,toapplyunevenly,ortograb.Thiscancauselackofbrakingpower,wheellockups,pullingtoonesideortheother,andjackknifeifyoupullatrailer.Avoiddrivingthroughdeeppuddlesorflowingwaterifpossible.If

not,youshould:• Slowdownandplacetransmissioninalowgear.• Gentlyputonthebrakes.Thispressesliningsagainstbrakedrumsordiscsandkeepsmud,silt,sand,andwaterfromgettingin.

• Increaseenginerpmandcrossthewaterwhilekeepinglightpressureonthebrakes.

• Whenoutofthewater,maintainlightpressureonthebrakesforashortdistancetoheatthemupanddrythemout.

• Makeateststopwhensafetodoso.Checkbehindtomakesurenooneisfollowing,thenapplythebrakestobesure

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theyworkwell.Ifnot,drythemoutfurtherasdescribedabove.(CAUTION:Donotapplytoomuchbrakepressureandacceleratoratthesametime,oryoucanoverheatbrakedrumsandlinings.)

2.14 – Driving in Very Hot Weather

Vehicle ChecksDoanormalpre-tripinspection,butpayspecialattentiontothe

followingitems.

Tires. Checkthetiremountingandairpressure.Inspectthetireseverytwohoursorevery100mileswhendrivinginveryhotweather.Airpressureincreaseswithtemperature.Donotletairoutorthepressurewillbetoolowwhenthetirescooloff.Ifatireistoohottotouch,remainstoppeduntilthetirecoolsoff.Otherwisethetiremayblowoutorcatchfire.

Engine oil. Theengineoilhelpskeeptheenginecool,aswellaslubricatingit.Makesurethereisenoughengineoil.Ifyouhaveanoiltemperaturegauge,makesurethetemperatureiswithintheproperrangewhileyouaredriving.

Engine coolant. Beforestartingout,makesuretheenginecoolingsystemhasenoughwaterandantifreezeaccordingtotheenginemanufacturer’sdirections.(Antifreezehelpstheengineunderhotconditionsaswellascoldconditions.)Whendriving,checkthewatertemperatureorcoolanttemperaturegaugefromtimetotime.Makesurethatitremainsinthenormalrange.Ifthegaugegoesabovethehighestsafetemperature,theremaybesomethingwrongthatcouldleadtoenginefailureandpossiblyfire.Stopdrivingassoonassafelypossibleandtrytofindoutwhatiswrong.Somevehicleshavesightglasses,see-throughcoolantoverflow

containers,orcoolantrecoverycontainers.Thesepermityoutocheckthecoolantlevelwhiletheengineishot.Ifthecontainerisnotpartofthepressurizedsystem,thecapcanbesafelyremovedandcoolantaddedevenwhentheengineisatoperatingtemperature.Neverremovetheradiatorcaporanypartofthepressurized

systemuntilthesystemhascooled.Steamandboilingwatercansprayunderpressureandcausesevereburns.Ifyoucantouchtheradiatorcapwithyourbarehand,itisprobablycoolenoughtoopen.Ifcoolanthastobeaddedtoasystemwithoutarecoverytankor

overflowtank,followthesesteps:

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• Shutengineoff.• Waituntilenginehascooled.• Protecthands(useglovesorathickcloth).• Turnradiatorcapslowlytothefirststop,whichreleasesthepressureseal.

• Stepbackwhilepressureisreleasedfromcoolingsystem.• Whenallpressurehasbeenreleased,pressdownonthecapandturnitfurthertoremoveit.

• Visuallychecklevelofcoolantandaddmorecoolantifnecessary.

• Replacecapandturnallthewaytotheclosedposition.

Engine belts. Learnhowtocheckv-belttightnessonyourvehiclebypressingonthebelts.Loosebeltswillnotturnthewaterpumpand/orfanproperly.Thiswillresultinoverheating.Also,checkbeltsforcrackingorothersignsofwear.

Hoses. Makesurecoolanthosesareingoodcondition.Abrokenhosewhiledrivingcanleadtoenginefailureandevenfire.

DrivingWatch for bleeding tar. Tarintheroadpavementfrequently

risestothesurfaceinveryhotweather.Spotswheretar“bleeds”tothesurfaceareveryslippery.

Go slowly enough to prevent overheating. Highspeedscreatemoreheatfortiresandtheengine.Indesertconditionstheheatmaybuilduptothepointwhereitisdangerous.Theheatwillincreasechancesoftirefailureorevenfire,andenginefailure.

Test your klowledge1. Youshoulduselowbeamswheneveryoucan.TrueorFalse?2. Whatshouldyoudobeforeyoudriveifyouaredrowsy?3. Whateffectscanwetbrakescause?Howcanyouavoidtheseproblems?

4. Youshouldletairoutofhottiressothepressuregoesbacktonormal.TrueorFalse?

5. Youcansafelyremovetheradiatorcapaslongastheengineisn’toverheated.TrueorFalse?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerallofthem,rereadsubsections2.11,2.12,2.13,and2.14.

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2.15 – Railroad-highway CrossingsRailroad-highwaygradecrossingsareaspecialkindof

intersectionwheretheroadwaycrossestraintracks.Thesecrossingsarealwaysdangerous.Everysuchcrossingmustbeapproachedwiththeexpectationthatatrainiscoming.

Types of CrossingsPassive crossings. Thistypeofcrossingdoesnothaveany

typeoftrafficcontroldevice.Thedecisiontostoporproceedrestsentirelyinyourhands.Passivecrossingsrequireyoutorecognizethecrossing,searchforanytrainusingthetracksanddecideifthereissufficientclearspacetocrosssafely.Passivecrossingshaveyellowcircularadvancewarningsigns,pavementmarkingsandcrossbuckstoassistyouinrecognizingacrossing.

Active crossings. Thistypeofcrossinghasatrafficcontroldeviceinstalledatthecrossingtoregulatetrafficatthecrossing.Theseactivedevicesincludeflashingredlights,withorwithoutbellsandflashingredlightswithbellsandgates.

Warning Signs and DevicesAdvance warning signs. Theround,black-on-yellowwarning

signisplacedaheadofapublicrailroad-highwaycrossing.Theadvancewarningsigntellsyoutoslowdown,lookandlistenforthetrain,andbepreparedtostopatthetracksifatrainiscoming.SeeFigure2.15.

Pavement markings. Pavementmarkingsmeanthesameastheadvancewarningsign.Theyconsistofan“X”withtheletters“RR”andano-passingmarkingontwo-laneroads.SeeFigure2.16.

Figure 2.15 Figure 2.16Round yellow warning sign Pavement markings

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RAIL

ROADCROSSING

3

TRACKS

Thereisalsoanopassingzonesignontwo-laneroads.Theremaybeawhitestoplinepaintedonthepavementbeforetherailroadtracks.Thefrontofthevehiclemustremainbehindthislinewhilestoppedatthecrossing.

Crossbuck signs. Thissignmarksthegradecrossing.Itrequiresyoutoyieldtheright-of-waytothetrain.Ifthereisnowhitelinepaintedonthepavement,youmuststopthevehiclebeforethecrossbucksign.Whentheroadcrossesovermorethanonesetoftracks,asignbelowthecrossbuckindicatesthenumberoftracks.SeeFigure2.17.

Figure 2.17Multiple tracks

Flashing red light signals. Atmanyhighway-railgradecrossings,thecrossbucksignhasflashingredlightsandbells.Whenthelightsbegintoflash,stop!Atrainisapproaching.Youarerequiredtoyieldtheright-of-waytothetrain.Ifthereismorethanonetrack,makesurealltracksareclearbeforecrossing.SeeFigure2.18.

Gates. Manyrailroad-highwaycrossingshavegateswithflashingredlightsandbells.Stopwhenthelightsbegintoflashandbeforethegatelowersacrosstheroadlane.Remainstoppeduntilthegatesgoupandthelightshavestoppedflashing.Proceedwhenitissafe.SeeFigure2.18.

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RAIL

ROADCROSSING

TRACKS

3

Figure 2.18Gates/Lights

Driving ProceduresNever race a train to a crossing.Neverattempttoracea

traintoacrossing.Itisextremelydifficulttojudgethespeedofanapproachingtrain.

Reduce speed. Speedmustbereducedinaccordancewithyourabilitytoseeapproachingtrainsinanydirection,andspeedmustbeheldtoapointwhichwillpermityoutostopshortofthetracksincaseastopisnecessary.

Don’t expect to hear a train. Becauseofnoiseinsideyourvehicle,youcannotexpecttohearthetrainhornuntilthetrainisdangerouslyclosetothecrossing.

Don’t rely on signals. Youshouldnotrelysolelyuponthepresenceofwarningsignals,gates,orflagmentowarnoftheapproachoftrains.Beespeciallyalertatcrossingsthatdonothavegatesorflashingredlightsignals.

Double tracks require a double check. Rememberthatatrainononetrackmayhideatrainontheothertrack.Lookbothwaysbeforecrossing.Afteronetrainhasclearedacrossing,besurenoothertrainsarenearbeforestartingacrossthetracks.

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Yard areas and grade crossings in cities and towns. Yardareasandgradecrossingsincitiesandtownsarejustasdangerousasruralgradecrossings.Approachthemwithasmuchcaution.

Stopping Safely at Railroad-highway CrossingsAfullstopisrequiredatgradecrossingswhenever:• Thenatureofthecargomakesastopmandatoryunderstateorfederalregulations.

• Suchastopisotherwiserequiredbylaw.

Whenstoppingbesureto:• Checkfortrafficbehindyouwhilestoppinggradually.Useapulloutlane,ifavailable.

• Turnonyourfour-wayemergencyflashers.

Crossing the TracksRailroadcrossingswithsteepapproachescancauseyourunitto

hanguponthetracks.Neverpermittrafficconditionstotrapyouinapositionwhereyou

havetostoponthetracks.Besureyoucangetallthewayacrossthetracksbeforeyoustartacross.Ittakesatypicaltractor-trailerunitatleast14secondstoclearasingletrackandmorethan15secondstoclearadoubletrack.Donotshiftgearswhilecrossingrailroadtracks.

Special SituationsBeAware!Thesetrailerscangetstuckonraisedcrossings:• Lowslungunits(lowboy,carcarrier,movingvan,possum-bellylivestocktrailer).

• Single-axletractorpullingalongtrailerwithitslandinggearsettoaccommodateatandem-axletractor.

Ifforanyreasonyougetstuckonthetracks,getoutofthevehicleandawayfromthetracks.Checksignpostsorsignalhousingatthecrossingforemergencynotificationinformation.Call911orotheremergencynumber.Givethelocationofthecrossingusingallidentifiablelandmarks,especiallytheDOTnumber,ifposted.

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2.16 – Mountain DrivingInmountaindriving,gravityplaysamajorrole.Onanyupgrade,

gravityslowsyoudown.Thesteeperthegrade,thelongerthegrade,and/ortheheaviertheload–themoreyouwillhavetouselowergearstoclimbhillsormountains.Incomingdownlong,steepdowngrades,gravitycausesthespeedofyourvehicletoincrease.Youmustselectanappropriatesafespeed,thenusealowgear,andproperbrakingtechniques.Youshouldplanaheadandobtaininformationaboutanylong,steepgradesalongyourplannedrouteoftravel.Ifpossible,talktootherdriverswhoarefamiliarwiththegradestofindoutwhatspeedsaresafe.Youmustgoslowlyenoughsoyourbrakescanholdyouback

withoutgettingtoohot.Ifthebrakesbecometoohot,theymaystartto“fade.”Thismeansyouhavetoapplythemharderandhardertogetthesamestoppingpower.Ifyoucontinuetousethebrakeshard,theycankeepfadinguntilyoucannotslowdownorstopatall.

Select a “Safe” SpeedYourmostimportantconsiderationistoselectaspeedthatisnot

toofastforthe:• Totalweightofthevehicleandcargo.• Lengthofthegrade.• Steepnessofthegrade.• Roadconditions.• Weather.

Ifaspeedlimitisposted,orthereisasignindicating“MaximumSafeSpeed,”neverexceedthespeedshown.Also,lookforandheedwarningsignsindicatingthelengthandsteepnessofthegrade.Youmustusethebrakingeffectoftheengineastheprincipal

wayofcontrollingyourspeed.Thebrakingeffectoftheengineisgreatestwhenitisnearthegovernedrpmsandthetransmissionisinthelowergears.Saveyourbrakessoyouwillbeabletosloworstopasrequiredbyroadandtrafficconditions.

Select the Right Gear Before Starting Down the GradeShiftthetransmissiontoalowgearbeforestartingdownthe

grade.Donottrytodownshiftafteryourspeedhasalreadybuiltup.Youwillnotbeabletoshiftintoalowergear.Youmaynotevenbeabletogetbackintoanygearandallenginebrakingeffectwillbelost.Forcinganautomatictransmissionintoalowergearathighspeedcoulddamagethetransmissionandalsoleadtolossofallenginebrakingeffect.

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Witholdertrucks,aruleforchoosinggearsistousethesamegeargoingdownahillthatyouwouldneedtoclimbthehill.However,newtruckshavelowfrictionpartsandstreamlinedshapesforfueleconomy.Theymayalsohavemorepowerfulengines.Thismeanstheycangouphillsinhighergearsandhavelessfrictionandairdragtoholdthembackgoingdownhills.Forthatreason,driversofmoderntrucksmayhavetouselowergearsgoingdownahillthanwouldberequiredtogoupthehill.Youshouldknowwhatisrightforyourvehicle.

Brake Fading or FailureBrakesaredesignedsobrakeshoesorpadsrubagainstthe

brakedrumordiskstoslowthevehicle.Brakingcreatesheat,butbrakesaredesignedtotakealotofheat.However,brakescanfadeorfailfromexcessiveheatcausedbyusingthemtoomuchandnotrelyingontheenginebrakingeffect.Brakefadeisalsoaffectedbyadjustment.Tosafelycontrola

vehicle,everybrakemustdoitsshareofthework.Brakesoutofadjustmentwillstopdoingtheirsharebeforethosethatareinadjustment.Theotherbrakescanthenoverheatandfade,andtherewillnotbeenoughbrakingavailabletocontrolthevehicle.Brakescangetoutofadjustmentquickly,especiallywhentheyareusedalot;also,brakeliningswearfasterwhentheyarehot.Therefore,brakeadjustmentmustbecheckedfrequently.

Proper Braking TechniqueRemember.Theuseofbrakesonalongand/orsteepdowngrade

isonlyasupplementtothebrakingeffectoftheengine.Oncethevehicleisintheproperlowgear,thefollowingaretheproperbrakingtechniques:Applythebrakesjusthardenoughtofeeladefiniteslowdown.Whenyourspeedhasbeenreducedtoapproximatelyfivemph

belowyour“safe”speed,releasethebrakes.(Thisbrakeapplicationshouldlastforaboutthreeseconds.)Whenyourspeedhasincreasedtoyour“safe”speed,repeat

steps1and2.Forexample,ifyour“safe”speedis40mph,youwouldnotapply

thebrakesuntilyourspeedreaches40mph.Younowapplythebrakeshardenoughtograduallyreduceyourspeedto35mphandthenreleasethebrakes.Repeatthisasoftenasnecessaryuntilyouhavereachedtheendofthedowngrade.Escaperampshavebeenbuiltonmanysteepmountain

downgrades.Escaperampsaremadetostoprunawayvehiclessafelywithoutinjuringdriversandpassengers.Escaperamps

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usealongbedofloose,softmaterialtoslowarunawayvehicle,sometimesincombinationwithanupgrade.Knowescaperamplocationsonyourroute.Signsshowdrivers

whereramparelocated.Escaperampssavelives,equipmentandcargo.

Test your knowledge1. Whatfactorsdetermineyourselectionofa“safe”speedwhengoingdownalong,steepdowngrade?

2. Whyshouldyoubeinthepropergearbeforestartingdownahill?

3. Describetheproperbrakingtechniquewhengoingdownalong,steepdowngrade.

4. Whattypeofvehiclescangetstuckonarailroad-highwaycrossing?

5. Howlongdoesittakeforatypicaltractor-trailerunittoclearadoubletrack?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.15and2.16.

2.17 – Driving EmergenciesTrafficemergenciesoccurwhentwovehiclesareabouttocollide.

Vehicleemergenciesoccurwhentires,brakes,orothercriticalpartsfail.Followingthesafetypracticesinthismanualcanhelppreventemergencies.Butifanemergencydoeshappen,yourchancesofavoidingacrashdependuponhowwellyoutakeaction.Actionsyoucantakearediscussedbelow.

Steering to Avoid a CrashStoppingisnotalwaysthesafestthingtodoinanemergency.

Whenyoudon’thaveenoughroomtostop,youmayhavetosteerawayfromwhat’sahead.Remember,youcanalmostalwaysturntomissanobstaclemorequicklythanyoucanstop.(However,top-heavyvehiclesandtractorswithmultipletrailersmayflipover.)

Keep both hands on the steering wheel. Inordertoturnquickly,youmusthaveafirmgriponthesteeringwheelwithbothhands.Thebestwaytohavebothhandsonthewheel,ifthereisanemergency,istokeepthemthereallthetime.

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How to turn quickly and safely. Aquickturncanbemadesafely,ifit’sdonetherightway.Herearesomepointsthatsafedriversuse:• Donotapplythebrakewhileyouareturning.It’sveryeasytolockyourwheelswhileturning.Ifthathappens,youmayskidoutofcontrol.

• Donotturnanymorethanneededtoclearwhateverisinyourway.Themoresharplyyouturn,thegreaterthechancesofaskidorrollover.

• Bepreparedto“countersteer,”thatis,toturnthewheelbackintheotherdirection,onceyou’vepassedwhateverwasinyourpath.Unlessyouarepreparedtocountersteer,youwon’tbeabletodoitquicklyenough.Youshouldthinkofemergencysteeringandcountersteeringastwopartsofonedrivingaction.

Where to steer. Ifanoncomingdriverhasdriftedintoyourlane,amovetoyourrightisbest.Ifthatdriverrealizeswhathashappened,thenaturalresponsewillbetoreturntohisorherownlane.Ifsomethingisblockingyourpath,thebestdirectiontosteerwill

dependonthesituation.Ifyouhavebeenusingyourmirrors,you’llknowwhichlaneis

emptyandcanbesafelyused.Iftheshoulderisclear,goingrightmaybebest.Nooneislikely

tobedrivingontheshoulderbutsomeonemaybepassingyouontheleft.Youwillknowifyouhavebeenusingyourmirrors.Ifyouareblockedonbothsides,amovetotherightmaybebest.

Atleastyouwon’tforceanyoneintoanopposingtrafficlaneandapossiblehead-oncollision.

Leaving the road. Insomeemergencies,youmayhavetodriveofftheroad.Itmaybelessriskythanfacingacollisionwithanothervehicle.Mostshouldersarestrongenoughtosupporttheweightofa

largevehicleand,therefore,offeranavailableescaperoute.Herearesomeguidelines,ifyoudoleavetheroad.

Avoid braking. Ifpossible,avoidusingthebrakesuntilyourspeedhasdroppedtoabout20mph.Thenbrakeverygentlytoavoidskiddingonaloosesurface.

Keep one set of wheels on the pavement, if possible. Thishelpstomaintaincontrol.

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Stay on the shoulder. Iftheshoulderisclear,stayonituntilyourvehiclehascometoastop.Signalandcheckyourmirrorsbeforepullingbackontotheroad.

Returning to the road. Ifyouareforcedtoreturntotheroadbeforeyoucanstop,usethefollowingprocedure:• Holdthewheeltightlyandturnsharplyenoughtogetrightbackontheroadsafely.Don’ttrytoedgegraduallybackontheroad.Ifyoudo,yourtiresmightgrabunexpectedlyandyoucouldlosecontrol.

• Whenbothfronttiresareonthepavedsurface,countersteerimmediately.Thetwoturnsshouldbemadeasasingle“steer-countersteer”move.

How to Stop Quickly and SafelyIfsomebodysuddenlypullsoutinfrontofyou,yournatural

responseistohitthebrakes.Thisisagoodresponseifthere’senoughdistancetostop,andyouusethebrakescorrectly.Youshouldbrakeinawaythatwillkeepyourvehicleinastraight

lineandallowyoutoturnifitbecomesnecessary.Youcanusethe“controlledbraking”methodorthe“stabbraking”method.

Controlled braking. Withthismethod,youapplythebrakesashardasyoucanwithoutlockingthewheels.Keepsteeringwheelmovementsverysmallwhiledoingthis.Ifyouneedtomakealargersteeringadjustmentorifthewheelslock,releasethebrakes.Reapplythebrakesassoonasyoucan.

Stab braking • Applyyourbrakesalltheway.• Releasebrakeswhenwheelslockup.• Assoonasthewheelsstartrolling,applythebrakesfullyagain.(Itcantakeuptoonesecondforthewheelstostartrollingafteryoureleasethebrakes.Ifyoureapplythebrakesbeforethewheelsstartrolling,thevehiclewon’tstraightenout.)

Don’t jam on the brakes. Emergencybrakingdoesnotmeanpushingdownonthebrakepedalashardasyoucan.Thatwillonlykeepthewheelslockedupandcauseaskid.Ifthewheelsareskidding,youcannotcontrolthevehicle.

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Brake FailureBrakeskeptingoodconditionrarelyfail.Mosthydraulicbrake

failuresoccurforoneoftworeasons:(AirbrakesarediscussedinSection5.)• Lossofhydraulicpressure.• Brakefadeonlonghills.

Loss of hydraulic pressure. Whenthesystemwon’tbuilduppressure,thebrakepedalwillfeelspongyorgotothefloor.Herearesomethingsyoucando.

Downshift. Puttingthevehicleintoalowergearwillhelptoslowthevehicle.

Pump the brakes. Sometimespumpingthebrakepedalwillgenerateenoughhydraulicpressuretostopthevehicle.

Use the parking brake. Theparkingoremergencybrakeisseparatefromthehydraulicbrakesystem.Therefore,itcanbeusedtoslowthevehicle.However,besuretopressthereleasebuttonorpullthereleaseleveratthesametimeyouusetheemergencybrakesoyoucanadjustthebrakepressureandkeepthewheelsfromlockingup.

Find an escape route. Whileslowingthevehicle,lookforanescaperoute–anopenfield,sidestreet,orescaperamp.Turninguphillisagoodwaytoslowandstopthevehicle.Makesurethevehicledoesnotstartrollingbackwardafteryoustop.Putitinlowgear,applytheparkingbrake,and,ifnecessary,rollbackintosomeobstaclethatwillstopthevehicle.

Brake failure on downgrades. Goingslowenoughandbrakingproperlywillalmostalwayspreventbrakefailureonlongdowngrades.Oncethebrakeshavefailed,however,youaregoingtohavetolookoutsideyourvehicleforsomethingtostopit.Yourbesthopeisanescaperamp.Ifthereisone,there’llbe

signstellingyouaboutit.Useit.Rampsareusuallylocatedafewmilesfromthetopofthedowngrade.Everyyear,hundredsofdriversavoidinjurytothemselvesordamagetotheirvehiclesbyusingescaperamps.Someescaperampsusesoftgravelthatresiststhemotionofthevehicleandbringsittoastop.Othersturnuphill,usingthehilltostopthevehicleandsoftgraveltoholditinplace.

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Anydriverwholosesbrakesgoingdownhillshoulduseanescaperampifit’savailable.Ifyoudon’tuseit,yourchancesofhavingaseriouscrashmaybemuchgreater.Ifnoescaperampisavailable,taketheleasthazardousescape

routeyoucan–suchasanopenfieldorasideroadthatflattensoutorturnsuphill.Makethemoveassoonasyouknowyourbrakesdon’twork.Thelongeryouwait,thefasterthevehiclewillgo,andtheharderitwillbetostop.

Tire FailureRecognize tire failure. Quicklyknowingyouhaveatirefailure

willletyouhavemoretimetoreact.Havingjustafewextrasecondstorememberwhatitisyou’resupposedtodocanhelpyou.Themajorsignsoftirefailureare:• Sound.Theloud“bang”ofablowoutisaneasilyrecognizedsign.Becauseitcantakeafewsecondsforyourvehicletoreact,youmightthinkitwassomeothervehicle.Butanytimeyouhearatireblow,you’dbesafesttoassumeitisyours.

• Vibration.Ifthevehiclethumpsorvibratesheavily,itmaybeasignthatoneofthetireshasgoneflat.Withareartire,thatmaybetheonlysignyouget.

• Feel.Ifthesteeringfeels“heavy,”itisprobablyasignthatoneofthefronttireshasfailed.Sometimes,failureofareartirewillcausethevehicletoslidebackandforthor“fishtail.”However,dualreartiresusuallypreventthis.

Respond to tire failure. Whenatirefails,yourvehicleisindanger.Youmustimmediately:• HoldtheSteeringWheelFirmly.Ifafronttirefails,itcantwistthesteeringwheeloutofyourhand.Theonlywaytopreventthisistokeepafirmgriponthesteeringwheelwithbothhandsatalltimes.

• StayOfftheBrake.It’snaturaltowanttobrakeinanemergency.However,brakingwhenatirehasfailedcouldcauselossofcontrol.Unlessyou’reabouttorunintosomething,stayoffthebrakeuntilthevehiclehassloweddown.Thenbrakeverygently,pullofftheroad,andstop.

• ChecktheTires.Afteryou’vecometoastop,getoutandcheckallthetires.Dothisevenifthevehicleseemstobehandlingallright.Ifoneofyourdualtiresgoes,theonlywayyoumayknowitisbygettingoutandlookingatit.

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2.18 – Antilock Braking Systems (ABS)ABSisacomputerizedsystemthatkeepsyourwheelsfrom

lockingupduringhardbrakeapplications.ABSisanadditiontoyournormalbrakes.Itdoesnotdecrease

orincreaseyournormalbrakingcapability.ABSonlyactivateswhenwheelsareabouttolockup.ABSdoesnotnecessarilyshortenyourstoppingdistance,butit

doeshelpyoukeepthevehicleundercontrolduringhardbraking.

How Antilock Braking Systems WorkSensorsdetectpotentialwheellockup.Anelectroniccontrolunit

(ECU)willthendecreasebrakepressuretoavoidwheellockup.Brakepressureisadjustedtoprovidethemaximumbraking

withoutdangeroflockup.ABSworksfarfasterthanthedrivercanrespondtopotential

wheellockup.Atallothertimesthebrakesystemwilloperatenormally.

Vehicles Required to Have Antilock Braking SystemsTheDepartmentofTransportationrequiresthatABSbeon:• TrucktractorswithairbrakesbuiltonorafterMarch1,1997.• Otherairbrakevehicles,(trucks,buses,trailers,andconverterdollies)builtonorafterMarch1,1998.

• Hydraulicallybrakedtrucksandbuseswithagrossvehicleweightratingof10,000lbsormorebuiltonorafterMarch1,1999.

ManycommercialvehiclesbuiltbeforethesedateshavebeenvoluntarilyequippedwithABS.

How to Know If Your Vehicle Is Equipped with ABSTractors,trucks,andbuseswillhaveyellowABSmalfunction

lampsontheinstrumentpanel.TrailerswillhaveyellowABSmalfunctionlampsontheleftside,

eitheronthefrontorrearcorner.DolliesmanufacturedonorafterMarch1,1998,arerequiredto

havealampontheleftside.Asasystemcheckonnewervehicles,themalfunctionlamp

comesonatstart-upforabulbcheck,andthengoesoutquickly.Onoldersystems,thelampcouldstayonuntilyouaredrivingoverfivemph.Ifthelampstaysonafterthebulbcheck,orgoesononceyou

areunderway,youmayhavelostABScontrol.

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InthecaseoftowedunitsmanufacturedbeforeitwasrequiredbytheDepartmentofTransportation,itmaybedifficulttotelliftheunitisequippedwithABS.LookunderthevehiclefortheECUandwheelspeedsensorwirescomingfromthebackofthebrakes.

How ABS Helps YouWhenyoubrakehardonslipperysurfacesinavehiclewithout

ABS,yourwheelsmaylockup.Whenyoursteeringwheelslockup,youlosesteeringcontrol.Whenyourotherwheelslockup,youmayskid,jackknife,orevenspinthevehicle.ABShelpsyouavoidwheellockupandmaintaincontrol.You

mayormaynotbeabletostopfasterwithABS,butyoushouldbeabletosteeraroundanobstaclewhilebraking,andavoidskidscausedbyoverbraking.

ABS on the Tractor Only or Only on the TrailerHavingABSononlythetractor,onlythetrailer,orevenon

onlyoneaxle,stillgivesyoumorecontroloverthevehicleduringbraking.Brakenormally.WhenonlythetractorhasABS,youshouldbeabletomaintain

steeringcontrol,andthereislesschanceofjackknifing.Butkeepyoureyeonthetrailerandletuponthebrakes(ifyoucansafelydoso)ifitbeginstoswingout.WhenonlythetrailerhasABS,thetrailerislesslikelytoswing

out,butifyoulosesteeringcontrolorstartatractorjackknife,letuponthebrakes(ifyoucansafelydoso)untilyouregaincontrol.

Braking with ABSWhenyoudriveavehiclewithABS,youshouldbrakeasyou

alwayshave.Inotherwords:• Useonlythebrakingforcenecessarytostopsafelyandstayincontrol.

• Brakethesameway,regardlessofwhetheryouhaveABSonthebus,tractor,thetrailer,orboth.

• Asyouslowdown,monitoryourtractorandtrailerandbackoffthebrakes(ifitissafetodoso)tostayincontrol.

Thereisonlyoneexceptiontothisprocedure.IfyoudriveastraighttruckorcombinationwithworkingABSonallaxles,inanemergencystop,youcanfullyapplythebrakes.

Braking If ABS Is Not WorkingWithoutABSyoustillhavenormalbrakefunctions.Driveand

brakeasyoualwayshave.

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VehicleswithABShaveyellowmalfunctionlampstotellyouifsomethingisn’tworking.Asasystemcheckonnewervehicles,themalfunctionlamp

comesonatstart-upforabulbcheckandthengoesoutquickly.Onoldersystems,thelampcouldstayonuntilyouaredrivingoverfivemph.Ifthelampstaysonafterthebulbcheck,orgoesononceyou

areunderway,youmayhavelostABScontrolononeormorewheels.Remember,ifyourABSmalfunctions,youstillhaveregular

brakes.Drivenormally,butgetthesystemservicedsoon.

Safety Reminders• ABSwon’tallowyoutodrivefaster,followmoreclosely,ordrivelesscarefully.

• ABSwon’tpreventpowerorturningskids–ABSshouldpreventbrake-inducedskidsorjackknifes,butnotthosecausedbyspinningthedrivewheelsorgoingtoofastinaturn.

• ABSwon’tnecessarilyshortenstoppingdistance.ABSwillhelpmaintainvehiclecontrol,butnotalwaysshortenstoppingdistance.

• ABSwon’tincreaseordecreaseultimatestoppingpower–ABSisan“add-on”toyournormalbrakes,notareplacementforthem.

• ABSwon’tchangethewayyounormallybrake.Undernormalbrakeconditions,yourvehiclewillstopasitalwaysstopped.ABSonlycomesintoplaywhenawheelwouldnormallyhavelockedupbecauseofoverbraking.

• ABSwon’tcompensateforbadbrakesorpoorbrakemaintenance.

• Remember:Thebestvehiclesafetyfeatureisstillasafedriver.• Remember:DrivesoyouneverneedtouseyourABS.• Remember:Ifyouneedit,ABScouldhelptopreventaseriouscrash.

2.19 – Skid Control and RecoveryAskidhappenswheneverthetireslosetheirgripontheroad.

Thisiscausedinoneoffourways:• Over-braking. Brakingtoohardandlockingupthewheels.Skidsalsocanoccurwhenusingthespeedretarderwhentheroadisslippery.

• Over-steering. Turningthewheelsmoresharplythanthevehiclecanturn.

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Lineoftravel

Directionofslide

Reartractorwheelslocked-uporspinning

• Over-acceleration. Supplyingtoomuchpowertothedrivewheels,causingthemtospin.

• Driving too fast. Mostseriousskidsresultfromdrivingtoofastforroadconditions.Driverswhoadjusttheirdrivingtoconditionsdon’tover-accelerateanddon’thavetoover-brakeorover-steerfromtoomuchspeed.

Drive-wheel SkidsByfarthemostcommonskidisoneinwhichtherearwheels

losetractionthroughexcessivebrakingoracceleration.Skidscausedbyaccelerationusuallyhappenoniceorsnow.Takingyourfootofftheacceleratorcaneasilystopthem.(Ifitisveryslippery,pushtheclutchin.Otherwise,theenginecankeepthewheelsfromrollingfreelyandregainingtraction.)Rearwheelbrakingskidsoccurwhenthereardrivewheelslock.

Becauselockedwheelshavelesstractionthanrollingwheels,therearwheelsusuallyslidesidewaysinanattemptto“catchup”withthefrontwheels.Inabusorstraighttruck,thevehiclewillslidesidewaysina“spinout.”Withvehiclestowingtrailers,adrive-wheelskidcanletthetrailerpushthetowingvehiclesideways,causingasuddenjackknife.SeeFigure2.19.

Figure 2.19, Tractor jacknife

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Correcting a Drive-wheel Braking SkidDothefollowingtocorrectadrive-wheelbrakingskid.• Stop braking. Thiswilllettherearwheelsrollagain,andkeeptherearwheelsfromsliding.

• Countersteer. Asavehicleturnsbackoncourse,ithasatendencytokeeponturning.Unlessyouturnthesteeringwheelquicklytheotherway,youmayfindyourselfskiddingintheoppositedirection.Learningtostayoffthebrake,turnthesteeringwheelquickly,pushintheclutch,andcountersteerinaskidtakesalotofpractice.Thebestplacetogetthispracticeisonalargedrivingrangeor“skidpad.”

Front-wheel SkidsDrivingtoofastforconditionscausesmostfront-wheelskids.

Othercausesincludelackoftreadonthefronttiresandcargoloadedsonotenoughweightisonthefrontaxle.Inafront-wheelskid,thefrontendtendstogoinastraightlineregardlessofhowmuchyouturnthesteeringwheel.Onaveryslipperysurface,youmaynotbeabletosteeraroundacurveorturn.Whenafront-wheelskidoccurs,theonlywaytostoptheskidis

toletthevehicleslowdown.Stopturningand/orbrakingsohard.Slowdownasquicklyaspossiblewithoutskidding.

Test your knowledge1. Stoppingisnotalwaysthesafestthingtodoinanemergency.TrueorFalse?

2. Whataresomeadvantagesofgoingrightinsteadofleftaroundanobstacle?

3. Whatisan“escaperamp?”4. Ifatireblowsout,youshouldputthebrakesonhardtostopquickly.TrueorFalse?

5. Howdoyouknowifyourvehiclehasantilockbrakes?6. Whatistheproperbrakingtechniquewhendrivingavehiclewithantilockbrakes?

7. Howdoantilockbrakeshelpyou?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.17,2.18,and2.19.

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2.20 – Accident ProceduresWhenyou’reinanaccidentandnotseriouslyhurt,youneedto

acttopreventfurtherdamageorinjury.Thebasicstepstobetakenatanyaccidentareto:• Protectthearea.• Notifyauthorities.• Carefortheinjured.

Protect the AreaThefirstthingtodoatanaccidentsceneistokeepanother

accidentfromhappeninginthesamespot.Toprotecttheaccidentarea:• Ifyourvehicleisinvolvedintheaccident,trytogetittothesideoftheroad.Thiswillhelppreventanotheraccidentandallowtraffictomove.

• Ifyou’restoppingtohelp,parkawayfromtheaccident.Theareaimmediatelyaroundtheaccidentwillbeneededforemergencyvehicles.

• Putonyourflashers.• Setoutreflectivetrianglestowarnothertraffic.Makesureotherdriverscanseethemintimetoavoidtheaccident.

Notify AuthoritiesIfyouhaveacellphoneorCB,callforassistancebeforeyouget

outofyourvehicle.Ifnot,waituntilaftertheaccidentscenehasbeenproperlyprotected,thenphoneorsendsomeonetophonethepolice.Trytodeterminewhereyouaresoyoucangivetheexactlocation.

Care for the InjuredIfaqualifiedpersonisattheaccidentandhelpingtheinjured,

stayoutofthewayunlessaskedtoassist.Otherwise,dothebestyoucantohelpanyinjuredparties.Herearesomesimplestepstofollowingivingassistance:• Don’tmoveaseverelyinjuredpersonunlessthedangeroffireorpassingtrafficmakesitnecessary.

• Stopheavybleedingbyapplyingdirectpressuretothewound.• Keeptheinjuredpersonwarm.

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2.21 – FiresTruckfirescancausedamageandinjury.Learnthecausesof

firesandhowtopreventthem.Knowwhattodotoextinguishfires.

Causes of FireThefollowingaresomecausesofvehiclefires:• After accidents. Spilledfuel,improperuseofflares.• Tires. Under-inflatedtiresanddualsthattouch.• Electrical system. Shortcircuitsduetodamagedinsulation,looseconnections.

• Fuel. Driversmoking,improperfueling,loosefuelconnections.• Cargo. Flammablecargo,improperlysealedorloadedcargo,poorventilation.

Fire PreventionPayattentiontothefollowing:• Pre-trip inspection. Makeacompleteinspectionoftheelectrical,fuel,andexhaustsystems,tires,andcargo.Besuretocheckthatthefireextinguisherischarged.

• En route inspection. Checkthetires,wheels,andtruckbodyforsignsofheatwheneveryoustopduringatrip.

• Follow safe procedures. Followcorrectsafetyproceduresforfuelingthevehicle,usingbrakes,handlingflares,andotheractivitiesthatcancauseafire.

• Monitoring. Checktheinstrumentsandgaugesoftenforsignsofoverheatingandusethemirrorstolookforsignsofsmokefromtiresorthevehicle.

• Caution. Usenormalcautioninhandlinganythingflammable.

Fire FightingKnowinghowtofightfiresisimportant.Driverswhodidn’tknow

whattodohavemadefiresworse.Knowhowthefireextinguisherworks.Studytheinstructionsprintedontheextinguisherbeforeyouneedit.Herearesomeprocedurestofollowincaseoffire.

Pull off the road. Thefirststepistogetthevehicleofftheroadandstop.Indoingso:• Parkinanopenarea,awayfrombuildings,trees,brush,othervehicles,oranythingthatmightcatchfire.

• Don’tpullintoaservicestation!• Notifyemergencyservicesofyourproblemandyourlocation.

Keep the fire from spreading. Beforetryingtoputoutthefire,makesurethatitdoesn’tspreadanyfurther.

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Withanenginefire,turnofftheengineassoonasyoucan.Don’topenthehoodifyoucanavoidit.Shootfoamthroughlouvers,radiator,orfromthevehicle’sunderside.Foracargofireinavanorboxtrailer,keepthedoorsshut,

especiallyifyourcargocontainshazardousmaterials.Openingthevandoorswillsupplythefirewithoxygenandcancauseittoburnveryfast.

Extinguish the fire. Herearesomerulestofollowinputtingoutafire:• Whenusingtheextinguisher,stayasfarawayfromthefireaspossible.

• Aimatthesourceorbaseofthefire,notupintheflames.

Use the right fire extinguisher. Figures2.20and2.21detailthetypeoffireextinguishertousebyclassoffire.• TheB:Ctypefireextinguisherisdesignedtoworkonelectricalfiresandburningliquids.

• TheA:B:Ctypeisdesignedtoworkonburningwood,paper,andclothaswell.

• Watercanbeusedonwood,paper,orcloth,butdon’tusewateronanelectricalfire(cancauseshock)oragasolinefire(itwillspreadtheflames).

• Aburningtiremustbecooled.Lotsofwatermayberequired.• Ifyou’renotsurewhattouse,especiallyonahazardousmaterialsfire,waitforfirefighters.

• Positionyourselfupwind.Letthewindcarrytheextinguishertothefire.

• Continueuntilwhateverwasburninghasbeencooled.Absenceofsmokeorflamedoesnotmeanthefirecannotrestart.

2-75

Class/Type of fires

Class Type

A Wood,paper,ordinarycombustiblesExtinguish by cooling and quenching using water or dry chemicals.

B Gasoline,oil,grease,othergreasyliquidsExtinguish by smothering, cooling or heat shielding using carbon dioxide or dry chemicals.

C ElectricalequipmentfiresExtinguish with nonconducting agents such as carbon dioxide or dry chemicals. Do not use water.

D FiresincombustiblemetalsExtinguish by using specialized extinguishing powders.

Figure 2.20

Class of fire/Type of extinguisher

Class of fire Fire extinguisher type

BorC Regulardrychemical

A,B,C,orD Multi-purposedrychemical

D PurpleKdrychemical

BorC KCLdrychemical

D Drypowderspecialcompound

BorC Carbondioxide(Dry)

BorC Halogenatedagent(Gas)

A Water

A Waterwithanti-freeze

AorB Water,loadedsteamstyle

B,onsomeA Foam

Figure 2.21

2-76

Test your knowledge1. Whataresomethingstodoatanaccidentscenetopreventanotheraccident?

2. Nametwocausesoftirefires.3. WhatkindsoffiresisaB:Cextinguishernotgoodfor?4. Whenusingyourextinguisher,shouldyougetascloseaspossibletothefire?

5. Namesomecausesofvehiclefires.

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.20and2.21.

2.22 – Alcohol, Other Drugs, and Driving

Alcohol and DrivingDrinkingalcoholandthendrivingisverydangerousanda

seriousproblem.Peoplewhodrinkalcoholareinvolvedintrafficaccidentsresultinginover20,000deathseveryyear.Alcoholimpairsmusclecoordination,reactiontime,depthperception,andnightvision.Italsoaffectsthepartsofthebrainthatcontroljudgmentandinhibition.Forsomepeople,onedrinkisallittakestoshowsignsofimpairment.

How alcohol works. Alcoholgoesdirectlyintothebloodstreamandiscarriedtothebrain.Afterpassingthroughthebrain,asmallpercentageisremovedinurine,perspiration,andbybreathing,whiletherestiscarriedtotheliver.Thelivercanonlyprocessone-thirdanounceofalcoholperhour,whichisconsiderablylessthanthealcoholinastandarddrink.Thisisafixedrate,soonlytime,notblackcoffeeoracoldshower,willsoberyouup.Ifyouhavedrinksfasterthanyourbodycangetridofthem,youwillhavemorealcoholinyourbody,andyourdrivingwillbemoreaffected.TheBloodAlcoholConcentration(BAC)commonlymeasurestheamountofalcoholinyourbody.SeeFigure2.22.Allofthefollowingdrinkscontainthesameamountofalcohol:• A12-ounceglassof5%beer.• A5-ounceglassof12%wine.• A11/2-ounceshotof80proofliquor.

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What determines blood alcohol concentration? BACisdeterminedbytheamountofalcoholyoudrink(morealcoholmeanshigherBAC),howfastyoudrink(fasterdrinkingmeanshigherBAC),andyourweight(asmallpersondoesn’thavetodrinkasmuchtoreachthesameBAC).

Alcohol and the brain. AlcoholaffectsmoreandmoreofthebrainasBACbuildsup.Thefirstpartofthebrainaffectedcontrolsjudgmentandself-control.Oneofthebadthingsaboutthisisitcankeepdrinkersfromknowingtheyaregettingdrunk.And,goodjudgmentandself-controlareabsolutelynecessaryforsafedriving.

What Is a drink? Itisthealcoholindrinksthataffectshumanperformance.Itdoesn’tmakeanydifferencewhetherthatalcoholcomesfrom“acoupleofbeers,”orfromtwoglassesofwine,ortwoshotsofhardliquor

Approximate blood alcohol content

Drinks per hour

Body weight in pounds

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240

0 Only safe driving limit

1 .04 .03 .03 .02 .02 .02 .02 .02

2 .08 .06 .05 .05 .04 .04 .03 .03

3 .11 .09 .08 .07 .06 .06 .05 .05

4 .15 .12 .11 .09 .08 .08 .07 .06

5 .19 .16 .13 .12 .11 .09 .09 .08

6 .23 .19 .16 .14 .13 .11 .10 .09

7 .26 .22 .19 .16 .15 .13 .12 .11

8 .30 .25 .21 .19 .17 .15 .14 .13

9 .34 .28 .24 .21 .19 .17 .15 .14

10 .38 .31 .27 .23 .21 .19 .17 .16

Subtract.01%foreach40minutesofdrinking.Onedrink=1.50oz.of80proofliquor,12oz.ofbeer,or5oz.oftablewine.

Figure 2.22

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AsBACcontinuestobuildup,musclecontrol,vision,andcoordinationareaffectedmoreandmore.Effectsondrivingmayinclude:• Straddlinglanes.• Quick,jerkystarts.• Notsignaling,failuretouselights.• Runningstopsignsandredlights.• Improperpassing.

SeeFigure2.23.

Theseeffectsmeanincreasedchancesofacrashandchancesoflosingyourdriver’slicense.Accidentstatisticsshowthatthechanceofacrashismuchgreaterfordriverswhohavebeendrinkingthanfordriverswhohavenot.

Effects of Increasing Blood Alcohol ContentBloodAlcoholContentistheamountofalcoholinyourblood

recordedinmilligramsofalcoholper100millilitersofblood.YourBACdependsontheamountofblood(whichincreaseswithweight)andtheamountofalcoholyouconsumeovertime(howfastyoudrink).Thefasteryoudrink,thehigheryourBAC,asthelivercanonlyhandleaboutonedrinkperhour—therestbuildsupinyourblood.

BAC What happens

.02 Abilitytotrackmovingobjectsanddotasksrequiringdividedattentionmaysuffer.

.05 Thought,judgment,andrestraintaremorelax.Steeringerrorsincrease.Visionimpaired.

.08 Legallimit.You’re3-4timesmorelikelythanasoberdrivertocrash.Movementsareclumsy.Reactiontimeslows.

.10* Youare6timesmorelikelytocrash.Movementsareclumsy.Reactiontimeslowsevenmore.

.15 Crashingis25timesmorelikely.Reactiontimeisincreasinglyaffected,especiallyindividedtasks.Fieldofvisionnarrows.

*BACof.10meansthat1/10of1%(or1/1000)ofyourtotalbloodcontentisalcohol.

Figure 2.23

2-79

How alcohol affects driving. Alldriversareaffectedbydrinkingalcohol.Alcoholaffectsjudgment,vision,coordination,andreactiontime.Itcausesseriousdrivingerrors,suchas:• Increasedreactiontimetohazards.• Drivingtoofastortooslow.• Drivinginthewronglane.• Runningoverthecurb.• Weaving.

Other DrugsBesidesalcohol,otherlegalandillegaldrugsarebeingused

moreoften.Lawsprohibitpossessionoruseofmanydrugswhileonduty.Theyprohibitbeingundertheinfluenceofany“controlledsubstance,”amphetamines(including“peppills,”“uppers,”and“bennies”),narcotics,oranyothersubstance,whichcanmakethedriverunsafe.Thiscouldincludeavarietyofprescriptionandover-the-counterdrugs(coldmedicines),whichmaymakethedriverdrowsyorotherwiseaffectsafedrivingability.However,possessionanduseofadruggiventoadriverbyadoctorispermittedifthedoctorinformsthedriverthatitwillnotaffectsafedrivingability.Payattentiontowarninglabelsforlegitimatedrugsand

medicines,andtodoctor’sordersregardingpossibleeffects.Stayawayfromillegaldrugs.Don’tuseanydrugthathidesfatigue–theonlycureforfatigueis

rest.Alcoholcanmaketheeffectsofotherdrugsmuchworse.Thesafestruleisdon’tmixdrugswithdrivingatall.Useofdrugscanleadtotrafficaccidentsresultingindeath,

injury,andpropertydamage.Furthermore,itcanleadtoarrest,fines,andjailsentences.Itcanalsomeantheendofaperson’sdrivingcareer.

2.23 – Staying Alert and Fit to DriveDrivingavehicleforlonghoursistiring.Eventhebestofdrivers

willbecomelessalert.However,therearethingsthatgooddriversdotohelpstayalertandsafe.

Be Ready to DriveGet enough sleep. Sleepisnotlikemoney.Youcan’tsaveitup

aheadoftimeandyoucan’tborrowit.But,justaswithmoney,youcangointodebtwithit.Ifyoudon’tsleepenough,you“owe”moresleeptoyourself.Thisdebtcanonlybepaidoffbysleeping.Youcan’tovercomeitwithwillpower,anditwon’tgoawaybyitself.Theaveragepersonneedssevenoreighthoursofsleepevery24hours.

2-80

Leavingonalongtripwhenyou’realreadytiredisdangerous.Ifyouhavealongtripscheduled,makesurethatyougetenoughsleepbeforeyougo.

Schedule trips safely. Trytoarrangeyourschedulesoyouarenotin“sleepdebt”beforealongtrip.Yourbodygetsusedtosleepingduringcertainhours.Ifyouaredrivingduringthosehours,youwillbelessalert.Ifpossible,trytoscheduletripsforthehoursyouarenormallyawake.Manyheavymotorvehicleaccidentsoccurbetweenmidnightand6a.m.Tireddriverscaneasilyfallasleepatthesetimes,especiallyiftheydon’tregularlydriveatthosehours.Tryingtopushonandfinishalongtripatthesetimescanbeverydangerous.

Exercise regularly. Resistancetofatigueandimprovedsleepareamongthebenefitsofregularexercise.Trytoincorporateexerciseintoyourdailylife.InsteadofsittingandwatchingTVinyoursleeper,walkorjogafewlapsaroundtheparkinglot.Alittlebitofdailyexercisewillgiveyouenergythroughouttheday.

Eat healthy. Itisoftenhardfordriverstofindhealthyfood.Butwithalittleextraeffort,youcaneathealthy,evenontheroad.Trytofindrestaurantswithhealthy,balancedmeals.Ifyoumusteatatfast-foodrestaurants,picklow-fatitems.Anothersimplewaytoreduceyourcaloricintakeistoeliminatefatteningsnacks.Instead,tryfruitorvegetables.

Avoid medication. Manymedicinescanmakeyousleepy.Thosethatdohavealabelwarningagainstoperatingvehiclesormachinery.Themostcommonmedicineofthistypeisanordinarycoldpill.Ifyouhavetodrivewithacold,youarebetteroffsufferingfromthecoldthanfromtheeffectsofthemedicine.

Visit your doctor. Regularcheckupsliterallycanbelifesavers.Illnessessuchasdiabetes,heartdisease,andskinandcoloncancercanbedetectedeasilyandtreatediffoundintime.Youshouldconsultyourphysicianoralocalsleepdisorder

centerifyousufferfromfrequentdaytimesleepiness,havedifficultysleepingatnight,takefrequentnaps,fallasleepatstrangetimes,snoreloudly,gaspandchokeinyoursleep,and/orwakeupfeelingasthoughyouhavenothadenoughsleep.

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While You Are DrivingKeep cool. Ahot,poorlyventilatedvehiclecanmakeyousleepy.

Keepthewindoworventcrackedopenorusetheairconditioner,ifyouhaveone.

Take breaks. Shortbreakscankeepyoualert.Butthetimetotakethemisbeforeyoufeelreallydrowsyortired.Stopoften.Walkaroundandinspectyourvehicle.Itmayhelptodosomephysicalexercises.Besuretotakeamid-afternoonbreakandplantosleepbetween

midnightand6a.m.

Recognize the danger signals of drowsy driving. Sleepisnotvoluntary.Ifyou’redrowsy,youcanfallasleepandneverevenknowit.Ifyouaredrowsy,youarelikelytohave“microsleeps”–briefnapsthatlastaroundfourorfiveseconds.At55milesanhour,that’smorethan100yards,andplentyoftimeforacrash.Evenifyouarenotawareofbeingdrowsy,ifyouhaveasleepdebtyouarestillatrisk.Hereareafewwaystotellifyou’reabouttofallasleep.Ifyouexperienceanyofthesedangersigns,takethemasawarningthatyoucouldfallasleepwithoutmeaningto.• Youreyescloseorgooutoffocusbythemselves.• Youhavetroublekeepingyourheadup.• Youcan’tstopyawning.• Youhavewandering,disconnectedthoughts.• Youdon’trememberdrivingthelastfewmiles.• Youdriftbetweenlanes,tailgate,ormisstrafficsigns.• Youkeepjerkingthetruckbackintothelane.• Youhavedriftedofftheroadandnarrowlymissedcrashing.

Ifyouhaveevenoneofthesesymptoms,youmaybeindangeroffallingasleep.Pullofftheroadinasafeplaceandtakeanap.

When You Do Become SleepyWhenyouaresleepy,tryingto“pushon”isfarmoredangerous

thanmostdriversthink.Itisamajorcauseoffatalaccidents.Herearesomeimportantrulestofollow.

Stop to sleep. Whenyourbodyneedssleep,sleepistheonlythingthatwillwork.Ifyouhavetomakeastopanyway,makeitwheneveryoufeelthefirstsignsofsleepiness,evenifitisearlierthanyouplanned.Bygettingupalittleearlierthenextday,youcankeeponschedulewithoutthedangerofdrivingwhileyouarenotalert.

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Take a nap. Ifyoucan’tstopforthenight,atleastpulloffatasafeplace,suchasarestareaortruckstop,andtakeanap.Anapasshortasahalf-hourwilldomoretoovercomefatiguethanahalf-hourcoffeestop.

Avoid drugs. Therearenodrugsthatcanovercomebeingtired.Whiletheymaykeepyouawakeforawhile,theywon’tmakeyoualert.Andeventually,you’llbeevenmoretiredthanifyouhadn’ttakenthematall.Sleepistheonlythingthatcanovercomefatigue.

Do not. Donotrelyoncoffeeoranothersourceofcaffeinetokeepyouawake.Donotcountontheradio,anopenwindow,orothertrickstokeepyouawake.

IllnessOnceinawhile,youmaybecomesoillthatyoucannotoperate

amotorvehiclesafely.Ifthishappenstoyou,youmustnotdrive.However,incaseofanemergency,youmaydrivetothenearestplacewhereyoucansafelystop.

2.24 – Hazardous Materials RulesAlldriversshouldknowsomethingabouthazardousmaterials.

Youmustbeabletorecognizehazardouscargo,andyoumustknowwhetherornotyoucanhaulitwithouthavingahazardousmaterialsendorsementonyourCDLlicense.

What Are Hazardous Materials?Hazardousmaterialsareproductsthatposearisktohealth,

safety,andpropertyduringtransportation.SeeFigure2.24.

Why Are There Rules?Youmustfollowthemanyrulesabouttransportinghazardous

materials.Theintentoftherulesisto:• Containtheproduct.• Communicatetherisk.• Ensuresafedriversandequipment.

To contain the product. Manyhazardousproductscaninjureorkilloncontact.Toprotectdriversandothersfromcontact,therulestellshippershowtopackagesafely.Similarrulestelldrivershowtoload,transport,andunloadbulktanks.Thesearecontainmentrules.

2-83

Hazard Class Definitions

Class Class Name Example

1 Explosives Ammunition,Dynamite,Fireworks

2 Gases Propane,Oxygen,Helium

3 Flammable GasolineFuel,Acetone

4 FlammableSolids Matches,Fuses

5 Oxidizers AmmoniumNitrate,HydrogenPeroxide

6 Poisons Pesticides,Arsenic

7 Radioactive Uranium,Plutonium

8 Corrosives HydrochloricAcid,BatteryAcid

9 MiscellaneousHazardousMaterials

Formaldehyde,Asbestos

None ORM-D(OtherRegulatedMaterial-Domestic)

HairSprayorCharcoal

None CombustibleLiquids FuelOils,LighterFluid

Figure 2.24

To communicate the risk. Theshipperusesashippingpaperanddiamondshapedhazardlabelstowarndockworkersanddriversoftherisk.Afteranaccidentorhazardousmaterialspillorleak,youmay

beinjuredandunabletocommunicatethehazardsofthematerialsyouaretransporting.Firefightersandpolicecanpreventorreducetheamountofdamageorinjuryatthesceneiftheyknowwhathazardousmaterialsarebeingtransported.Yourlife,andthelivesofothers,maydependonquicklylocatingthehazardousmaterialsshippingpapers.Forthatreason,youmustidentifyshippingpapersrelatedtohazardousmaterialsorkeepthemontopofothershippingpapers.Youmustalsokeepshippingpapers:• Inapouchonthedriver’sdoor,or• Inclearviewwithinreachwhiledriving,or• Onthedriver’sseatwhenoutofthevehicle.

2-84

Lists of Regulated ProductsPlacards areusedtowarnothersofhazardousmaterials.

Placardsaresignsputontheoutsideofavehiclethatidentifythehazardclassofthecargo.Aplacardedvehiclemusthaveatleastfouridenticalplacards.Theyareputonthefront,rear,andbothsides.Placardsmustbereadablefromallfourdirections.Theymustbeatleast103/4inchessquare,turneduprightonapoint,inadiamondshape.Cargotanksandotherbulkpackagingdisplaytheidentificationnumberoftheircontentsonplacardsororangepanels.

Identification numbers areafourdigitcodeusedbyfirstresponderstoidentifyhazardousmaterials.Anidentificationnumbermaybeusedtoidentifymorethanonechemicalonshippingpapers.Theidentificationnumberwillbeprecededbytheletters“NA”or“UN”.TheUSDOTEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG)liststhechemicalsandtheidentificationnumbersassignedtothem.Notallvehiclescarryinghazardousmaterialsneedtohave

placards.TherulesaboutplacardsaregiveninSection9ofthismanual.Youcandriveavehiclethatcarrieshazardousmaterialsifitdoesnotrequireplacards.Ifitrequiresplacards,youcannotdriveitunlessyourdriverlicensehasthehazardousmaterialsendorsement.SeeFigure2.25.Therulesrequirealldriversofplacardedvehiclestolearn

howtosafelyloadandtransporthazardousproducts.Theymusthaveacommercialdriverlicensewiththehazardousmaterialsendorsement.Togettherequiredendorsement,youmustpassawrittentestonmaterialfoundinSection9ofthismanual.Atankendorsementisrequiredforcertainvehiclesthattransportliquidsorgases.Theliquidorgasdoesnothavetobeahazardousmaterial.AtankendorsementisrequiredifyourvehicleneedsaClassAorBCDLandyourvehiclehasapermanentlymountedcargotankratedat119gallonsormore;oryourvehicleiscarryingaportabletankwithacapacityof1,000gallonsormore.AtankendorsementisalsorequiredforClassCvehicleswhenthevehicleisusedtotransporthazardousmaterialinaliquidorgasformintheabovedescribedratedtanks.Driverswhoneedthehazardousmaterialsendorsementmust

learntheplacardrules.Ifyoudonotknowifyourvehicleneedsplacards,askyouremployer.Neverdriveavehicleneedingplacardsunlessyouhavethehazardousmaterialsendorsement.Todosoisacrime.Whenstopped,youwillbecitedandyouwillnotbeallowedtodriveyourtruckfurther.Itwillcostyoutimeandmoney.Afailuretoplacardwhenneededmayriskyourlifeandothersifyouhaveanaccident.Emergencyhelpwillnotknowofyourhazardouscargo.

2-85

Figure 2.25Placards

Hazardousmaterialsdriversmustalsoknowwhichproductstheycanloadtogether,andwhichtheycannot.TheserulesarealsoinSection9.Beforeloadingatruckwithmorethanonetypeofproduct,youmustknowifitissafetoloadthemtogether.Ifyoudonotknow,askyouremployerandconsultregulations.

2-86

Test Your Knowledge1. Commonmedicinesforcoldscanmakeyousleepy.TrueorFalse?

2. Whatshouldyoudoifyoubecomesleepywhiledriving?3. Coffeeandalittlefreshairwillhelpadrinkersoberup.TrueorFalse?

4. Whatisahazardousmaterialsplacard?5. Whyareplacardsused?6. Whatis“sleepdebt”?7. Whatarethedangersignalsofdrowsydriving?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections2.22,2.23,and2.24.

3-1

Transporting Cargo Safely

This section covers:• Inspecting cargo• Cargo weight and balance• Securing cargo• Cargo needing special attention

Thissectiontellsyouabouthaulingcargosafely.YoumustunderstandbasiccargosafetyrulestogetaCDL.Ifyouloadcargowrongordonotsecureit,itcanbeadangerto

othersandyourself.Loosecargothatfallsoffavehiclecancausetrafficproblemsandotherscouldbehurtorkilled.Loosecargocouldhurtorkillyouduringaquickstoporcrash.Yourvehiclecouldbedamagedbyanoverload.Steeringcouldbeaffectedbyhowavehicleisloaded,makingitmoredifficulttocontrolthevehicle.Whetherornotyouloadandsecurethecargoyourself,youare

responsiblefor:• Inspectingyourcargo.• Recognizingoverloadsandpoorlybalancedweight.• Knowingyourcargoisproperlysecuredanddoesnotobscureyourviewaheadortothesides.

• Knowingyourcargodoesnotrestrictyouraccesstoemergencyequipment.

Ifyouintendtocarryhazardousmaterialthatrequiresplacardsonyourvehicle,youwillalsoneedtohaveahazardousmaterialsendorsement.Section9ofthismanualhastheinformationyouneedtopassthehazardousmaterialstest.

3-2

3.1 – Inspecting CargoAspartofyourpre-tripinspection,makesurethetruckisnot

overloadedandthecargoisbalancedandsecuredproperly.

After starting. Inspectthecargoanditssecuringdevicesagainwithinthefirst50milesafterbeginningatrip.Makeanyadjustmentsneeded.

Recheck. Recheckthecargoandsecuringdevicesasoftenasnecessaryduringatriptokeeptheloadsecure.Youneedtoinspectagain:• Afteryouhavedrivenfor3hoursor150miles.• Aftereverybreakyoutakeduringdriving.

Federal,state,andlocalregulationsforcommercialvehicleweight,securingcargo,coveringloads,andwhereyoucandrivelargevehiclesvaryfromplacetoplace.Knowtheruleswhereyouwillbedriving.

3.2 – Weight and BalanceYouareresponsiblefornotbeingoverloaded.Thefollowingare

somedefinitionsofweightyoushouldknow.

Definitions You Should KnowGross Vehicle Weight (GVW). Thetotalweightofasingle

vehicleplusitsload.

Gross Combination Weight (GCW). Thetotalweightofapoweredunit,plustrailer(s),plusthecargo.

Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR). ThemaximumGVWspecifiedbythemanufacturerforasinglevehicleplusitsload.

Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR). ThemaximumGCWspecifiedbythemanufacturerforaspecificcombinationofvehiclesplusitsload.

Axle weight. Theweighttransmittedtothegroundbyoneaxleoronesetofaxles.

Tire load. Themaximumsafeweightatirecancarryataspecifiedpressure.Thisratingisstatedonthesideofeachtire.

3-3

Suspension systems. Suspensionsystemshaveamanufacturer’sweightcapacityrating.

Coupling device capacity. Couplingdevicesareratedforthemaximumweighttheycanpulland/orcarry.

Legal Weight LimitsYoumustkeepweightswithinlegallimits.Stateshavemaximums

forGVWs,GCWs,andaxleweights.Often,maximumaxleweightsaresetbyabridgeformula.Abridgeformulapermitslessmaximumaxleweightforaxlesthatareclosertogether.Thisistopreventoverloadingbridgesandroadways.Overloadingcanhavebadeffectsonsteering,braking,and

speedcontrol.Overloadedtruckshavetogoveryslowlyonupgrades.Worse,theymaygaintoomuchspeedondowngrades.Stoppingdistanceincreases.Brakescanfailwhenforcedtoworktoohard.Duringbadweatherorinmountains,itmaynotbesafeto

operateatlegalmaximumweights.Takethisintoaccountbeforedriving.

Don’t Be Top-heavyTheheightofthevehicle’scenterofgravityisveryimportant

forsafehandling.Ahighcenterofgravity(cargopileduphighorheavycargoontop)meansyouaremorelikelytotipover.Itismostdangerousincurves,orifyouhavetoswervetoavoidahazard.Itisveryimportanttodistributethecargosoitisaslowaspossible.Puttheheaviestpartsofthecargounderthelightestparts.

Balance the WeightPoorweightbalancecanmakevehiclehandlingunsafe.Too

muchweightonthesteeringaxlecancausehardsteering.Itcandamagethesteeringaxleandtires.Under-loadedfrontaxles(causedbyshiftingweighttoofartotherear)canmakethesteeringaxleweighttoolighttosteersafely.Toolittleweightonthedrivingaxlescancausepoortraction.Thedrivewheelsmayspineasily.Duringbadweather,thetruckmaynotbeabletokeepgoing.Weightthatisloadedsothereisahighcenterofgravitycausesgreaterchanceofrollover.Onflatbedvehicles,thereisalsoagreaterchancethattheloadwillshifttothesideorfalloff.SeeFigure3.1.

3-4

Wrong Right

Wrong

Right

Wrong

Wrong Right

3.3 – Securing Cargo

Blocking and BracingBlockingisusedinthefront,back,and/orsidesofapieceof

cargotokeepitfromsliding.Blockingisshapedtofitsnuglyagainstcargo.Itissecuredtothecargodecktopreventcargomovement.Bracingisalsousedtopreventmovementofcargo.Bracinggoesfromtheupperpartofthecargotothefloorand/orwallsofthecargocompartment.

Figure 3.1Loading cargo

Cargo TiedownOnflatbedtrailersortrailerswithoutsides,cargomustbe

securedtokeepitfromshiftingorfallingoff.Inclosedvans,tiedownscanalsobeimportanttopreventcargoshiftingthatmayaffectthehandlingofthevehicle.Tiedownsmustbeofthepropertypeandproperstrength.Federalregulationsrequirethetotalworkingloadlimitofanysecurementsystemusedtosecureanarticleorgroupofarticlesagainstmovementmustbeatleastone-halftimestheweightofthearticleorgroupofarticles.Proper

3-5

Tie down devices. Cargoshouldhaveatleastonetie-downforeach10feetofcargo.Makesureyouhaveenoughtie-downtomeetthisneed.Nomatterhowsmallthecargois,thereshouldbeatleasttwotie-downsholdingit.

tiedownequipmentmustbeused,includingropes,straps,chains,andtensioningdevices(winches,ratchets,clinchingcomponents).Tiedownsmustbeattachedtothevehiclecorrectly(hooks,bolts,rails,rings).Seefigure3.2.

Figure 3.2

Cargoshouldhaveatleastonetiedownforeachtenfeetofcargo.Makesureyouhaveenoughtiedownstomeetthisneed.Nomatterhowsmallthecargo,itshouldhaveatleasttwotiedowns.Therearespecialrequirementsforsecuringvariousheavy

piecesofmetal.Findoutwhattheyareifyouaretocarrysuchloads.

Header BoardsFront-endheaderboards(“headacheracks”)protectyoufrom

yourcargoincaseofacrashoremergencystop.Makesurethefront-endstructureisingoodcondition.Thefront-endstructureshouldblocktheforwardmovementofanycargoyoucarry.

Covering CargoTherearetwobasicreasonsforcoveringcargo:• Toprotectpeoplefromspilledcargo.• Toprotectthecargofromweather.

Spillprotectionisasafetyrequirementinmanystates.Befamiliarwiththelawsinthestatesyoudrivein.Youshouldlookatyourcargocoversinthemirrorsfromtimeto

timewhiledriving.Aflappingcovercantearloose,uncoveringthecargo,andpossiblyblockyourvieworsomeoneelse’s.

3-6

Sealed and Containerized LoadsContainerizedloadsgenerallyareusedwhenfreightiscarried

partwaybyrailorship.Deliverybytruckoccursatthebeginningand/orendofthejourney.Somecontainershavetheirowntiedowndevicesorlocksthatattachdirectlytoaspecialframe.Othershavetobeloadedontoflatbedtrailers.Theymustbeproperlysecuredjustlikeanyothercargo.Youcannotinspectsealedloads,butyoushouldcheckthatyou

don’texceedgrossweightandaxleweightlimits.

3.4 – Cargo Needing Special Attention

Dry BulkDrybulktanksrequirespecialcarebecausetheyhaveahigh

centerofgravity,andtheloadcanshift.Beextremelycautious(slowandcareful)goingaroundcurvesandmakingsharpturns.

Hanging MeatHangingmeat(suspendedbeef,pork,lamb)inarefrigerated

truckcanbeaveryunstableloadwithahighcenterofgravity.Particularcautionisneededonsharpcurvessuchasofframpsandonramps.Goslowly.

LivestockLivestockcanmovearoundinatrailer,causingunsafehandling.

Withlessthanafullload,usefalsebulkheadstokeeplivestockbunchedtogether.Evenwhenbunched,specialcareisnecessarybecauselivestockcanleanoncurves.Thisshiftsthecenterofgravityandmakesrollovermorelikely.

Oversized LoadsOver-length,over-width,and/oroverweightloadsrequirespecial

transitpermits.Drivingisusuallylimitedtocertaintimes.Specialequipmentmaybenecessarysuchas“wideload”signs,flashinglights,flags,etc.Suchloadsmayrequireapoliceescortorpilotvehiclesbearingwarningsignsand/orflashinglights.Thesespecialloadsrequirespecialdrivingcare.

3-7

Test your knowledge1. Whatfourthingsrelatedtocargoaredriversresponsiblefor?2. Howoftenmustyoustopwhileontheroadtocheckyourcargo?

3. HowisGrossCombinationWeightRatingdifferentfromGrossCombinationWeight?

4. Nametwosituationswherelegalmaximumweightsmaynotbesafe.

5. Whatcanhappenifyoudon’thaveenoughweightonthefrontaxle?

6. Whatistheminimumnumberoftiedownsforanyflatbedload?7. Whatistheminimumnumberoftiedownsfora20-footload?8. Namethetwobasicreasonsforcoveringcargoonanopenbed.

9. Whatmustyoucheckbeforetransportingasealedload?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadSection3.

3-8

4-1

Transporting Passengers Safely

This section covers:• Vehicle inspection• Loading• On the road• After-trip vehicle inspection• Prohibited practices• Use of brake-door interlocks

If you need a passenger or school bus endorsement, study this section.

You also need to study:• Section 1, Introduction and State Laws• Section 2, Driving Safely• Section 3, Transporting Cargo Safely• Section 5, Air Brakes, if your bus has air brakes• Section 10, School Bus, if you want to drive a school bus.

Busdriversmusthaveacommercialdriverlicenseiftheydriveavehicledesignedtoseatmorethan16ormorepersons,includingthedriver.

4-2

4.1 – Vehicle InspectionBeforedrivingyourbus,youmustbesureitissafe.Youmust

reviewtheinspectionreportmadebythepreviousdriver.Onlyifdefectsreportedearlierhavebeencertifiedasrepairedornotneededtoberepaired,shouldyousignthepreviousdriver’sreport.Thisisyourcertificationthatthedefectsreportedearlierhavebeenfixed.

Vehicle SystemsMakesurethesethingsareingoodworkingorderbeforedriving:• Servicebrakes.• Parkingbrake.• Steeringmechanism.• Lightsandreflectors.• Tires(frontwheelsmustnothaverecappedorregroovedtires).

• Horn.• Windshieldwiperorwipers.• Rear-visionmirrorormirrors.• Wheelsandrims.• Emergencyequipment.

Access Doors and PanelsAsyouchecktheoutsideofthebus,closeanyopenemergency

exits.Also,closeanyopenaccesspanels(forbaggage,restroomservice,engine,etc.)beforedriving.

Bus InteriorPeoplesometimesdamageunattendedbuses.Alwayscheckthe

interiorofthebusbeforedrivingtoensureridersafety.Aislesandstairwellsshouldalwaysbeclear.Thefollowingpartsofyourbusmustbeinsafeworkingcondition:• Eachhandholdandrailing.• Floorcovering.• Signalingdevices,includingtherestroomemergencybuzzer,ifthebushasarestroom.

• Emergencyexithandles.

Theseatsmustbesafeforriders.Allseatsmustbesecurelyfastenedtothebus.Neverdrivewithanopenemergencyexitdoororwindow.The

“EmergencyExit”signonanemergencydoormustbeclearlyvisible.Ifthereisaredemergencydoorlight,itmustwork.Turnitonatnightoranyothertimeyouuseyouroutsidelights.

4-3

Roof HatchesYoumaylocksomeemergencyroofhatchesinapartlyopen

positionforfreshair.Donotleavethemopenasaregularpractice.Keepinmindthebus’shigherclearancewhiledrivingwiththemopen.Makesureyourbushasthefireextinguisherandemergency

reflectorsrequiredbylaw.Thebusmustalsohavespareelectricalfuses,unlessequippedwithcircuitbreakers.

Use Your Seatbelt!Thedriver’sseatmusthaveaseatbelt.Alwaysuseitforsafety.

4.2 – Loading and Trip StartDonotallowriderstoleavecarry-onbaggageinadoorway

oraisle.Thereshouldbenothingintheaislethatmighttripotherriders.Securebaggageandfreightinwaysthatavoiddamageand:• Allowthedrivertomovefreelyandeasily.• Allowriderstoexitbyanywindowordoorinanemergency.• Protectridersfrominjuryifcarry-onsfallorshift.

Hazardous MaterialsWatchforcargoorbaggagecontaininghazardousmaterials.

Mosthazardousmaterialscannotbecarriedonabus.TheFederalHazardousMaterialsTableshowswhichmaterials

arehazardous.Theyposearisktohealth,safety,andpropertyduringtransportation.Therulesrequireshipperstomarkcontainersofhazardousmaterialwiththematerial’sname,identificationnumber,andhazardlabel.Thereareninedifferentfour-inch,diamond-shapedhazardlabels.SeeFigure4.1.Watchforthediamond-shapedlabels.Donottransportanyhazardousmaterialunlessyouaresuretherulesallowit.

4-4

Hazard class definitions

Class Class name Example

1 Explosives Ammunition,Dynamite,Fireworks

2 Gases Propane,Oxygen,Helium

3 Flammable Gasolinefuel,Acetone

4 Flammablesolids Matches,Fuses

5 Oxidizers Ammoniumnitrate,Hydrogenperoxide

6 Poisons Pesticides,Arsenic

7 Radioactive Uranium,Plutonium

8 Corrosives Hydrochloricacid,Batteryacid

9 Miscellaneoushazardousmaterials

Formaldehyde,Asbestos

None ORM-D(Otherregulatedmaterial-domestic)

Hairsprayorcharcoal

None Combustibleliquids Fueloils,Lighterfluid

Figure 4.1

Forbidden Hazardous MaterialsBusesmaycarrysmall-armsammunitionlabeledORM-D,

emergencyhospitalsupplies,anddrugs.Youcancarrysmallamountsofsomeotherhazardousmaterialsiftheshippercannotsendthemanyotherway.Busesmustnevercarry:• Division2.3poisongas,liquidClass6poison,teargas,irritatingmaterial.

• Morethan100poundsofsolidClass6poisons.• Explosivesinthespaceoccupiedbypeople,exceptsmallarmsammunition.

• Labeledradioactivematerialsinthespaceoccupiedbypeople.

• Morethan500poundstotalofallowedhazardousmaterials,andnomorethan100poundsofanyoneclass.

Riderssometimesboardabuswithanunlabeledhazardousmaterial.Donotallowriderstocarryoncommonhazardssuchascarbatteriesorgasoline.

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Standee LineNoridermaystandforwardoftherearofthedriver’sseat.Buses

designedtoallowstandingmusthaveatwo-inchlineonthefloororsomeothermeansofshowingriderswheretheycannotstand.Thisiscalledthestandeeline.Allstandingridersmuststaybehindit.

At Your DestinationWhenarrivingatthedestinationorintermediatestops,

announce:• Thelocation.• Reasonforstopping.• Nextdeparturetime.• Busnumber.

Remindriderstotakecarry-onswiththemiftheygetoffthebus.Iftheaisleisonalowerlevelthantheseats,remindridersofthestep-down.Itisbesttotellthembeforecomingtoacompletestop.Charterbusdriversshouldnotallowridersonthebusuntil

departuretime.Thiswillhelppreventtheftorvandalismofthebus.

4.3 – On the Road

Passenger SupervisionManycharterandintercitycarriershavepassengercomfortand

safetyrules.Mentionrulesaboutsmoking,drinking,oruseofradioandtapeplayersatthestartofthetrip.Explainingtherulesatthestartwillhelptoavoidtroublelateron.Whiledriving,scantheinteriorofyourbusaswellastheroad

ahead,tothesides,andtotherear.Youmayhavetoremindridersaboutrules,ortokeeparmsandheadsinsidethebus.

At StopsRiderscanstumblewhengettingonoroff,andwhenthebus

startsorstops.Cautionriderstowatchtheirstepwhenleavingthebus.Waitforthemtositdownorbracethemselvesbeforestarting.Startingandstoppingshouldbeassmoothaspossibletoavoidriderinjury.Occasionally,youmayhaveadrunkordisruptiverider.Youmust

ensurethisrider’ssafetyaswellasthatofothers.Don’tdischargesuchriderswhereitwouldbeunsafeforthem.Itmaybesaferatthenextscheduledstoporawell-lightedareawherethereareotherpeople.Manycarriershaveguidelinesforhandlingdisruptiveriders.

4-6

Common AccidentsThe most common bus accidents. Busaccidentsoftenhappen

atintersections.Usecaution,evenifasignalorstopsigncontrolsothertraffic.Schoolandmasstransitbusessometimesscrapeoffmirrorsorhitpassingvehicleswhenpullingoutfromabusstop.Remembertheclearanceyourbusneeds,andwatchforpolesandtreelimbsatstops.Knowthesizeofthegapyourbusneedstoaccelerateandmergewithtraffic.Waitforthegaptoopenbeforeleavingthestop.Neverassumeotherdriverswillbraketogiveyouroomwhenyousignalorstarttopullout.

Speed on CurvesCrashesoncurvesthatkillpeopleanddestroybusesresult

fromexcessivespeed,oftenwhenrainorsnowhasmadetheroadslippery.Everybankedcurvehasasafe“designspeed.”Ingoodweather,thepostedspeedissafeforcarsbutitmaybetoohighformanybuses.Withgoodtraction,thebusmayrollover;withpoortraction,itmightslideoffthecurve.Reducespeedforcurves!Ifyourbusleanstowardtheoutsideonabankedcurve,youaredrivingtoofast.

Railroad-highway Crossings Stops

Stop at RR Crossings:Stopyourbusbetween15and50feetbeforerailroadcrossings.Listenandlookinbothdirectionsfortrains.Youshouldopen

yourforwarddoorifitimprovesyourabilitytoseeorhearanapproachingtrain.Beforecrossingafteratrainhaspassed,makesurethereisn’t

anothertraincomingintheotherdirectiononothertracks.Ifyourbushasamanualtransmission,neverchangegearswhile

crossingthetracks.Youdonothavetostop,butmustslowdownandcarefullycheck

forothervehicles:• Atstreetcarcrossings.• Wherepoliceorflaggersaredirectingtraffic.• Ifatrafficsignalisgreen.• Atcrossingsmarkedas“exempt”or“abandoned.”

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DrawbridgesStop at drawbridges. Stopatdrawbridgesthatdonothavea

signallightortrafficcontrolattendant.Stopatleast50feetbeforethedrawofthebridge.Looktomakesurethedrawiscompletelyclosedbeforecrossing.Youdonotneedtostop,butmustslowdownandmakesureit’ssafe,when:• Thereisatrafficlightshowinggreen.• Thebridgehasanattendantortrafficofficerwhocontrolstrafficwheneverthebridgeopens.

4.4 – After-trip Vehicle InspectionInspectyourbusattheendofeachshift.Ifyouworkforan

interstatecarrier,youmustcompleteawritteninspectionreportforeachbusdriven.Thereportmustspecifyeachbusandlistanydefectthatwouldaffectsafetyorresultinabreakdown.Iftherearenodefects,thereportshouldsayso.Riderssometimesdamagesafety-relatedpartssuchas

handholds,seats,emergencyexits,andwindows.Ifyoureportthisdamageattheendofashift,mechanicscanmakerepairsbeforethebusgoesoutagain.Masstransitdriversshouldalsomakesurepassengersignalingdevicesandbrake-doorinterlocksworkproperly.

4.5 – Prohibited PracticesAvoidfuelingyourbuswithridersonboardunlessabsolutely

necessary.Neverrefuelinaclosedbuildingwithridersonboard.Don’ttalkwithriders,orengageinanyotherdistractingactivity,

whiledriving.Donottoworpushadisabledbuswithridersaboardthevehicle,

unlessgettingoffwouldbeunsafe.Onlytoworpushthebustothenearestsafespottodischargepassengers.Followyouremployer’sguidelinesontowingorpushingdisabledbuses.

4.6 – Use of Brake-door InterlocksUrbanmasstransitcoachesmayhaveabrakeandaccelerator

interlocksystem.Theinterlockappliestheservicebrakesandholdsthethrottleinidlepositionwhenthereardoorisopen.Theinterlockreleaseswhenyouclosethereardoor.Donotusethissafetyfeatureinplaceoftheparkingbrake.

4-8

Test your knowledge1. Namesomethingstocheckintheinteriorofabusduringapre-tripinspection.

2. Whataresomehazardousmaterialsyoucantransportbybus?3. Whataresomehazardousmaterialsyoucan’ttransportbybus?

4. Whatisastandeeline?5. Doesitmatterwhereyoumakeadisruptivepassengergetoffthebus?

6. Howfarfromarailroadcrossingshouldyoustop?7. Whenmustyoustopbeforecrossingadrawbridge?8. Describefrommemorythe“prohibitedpractices”listedinthemanual.

9. Thereardoorofatransitbushastobeopentoputontheparkingbrake.TrueorFalse?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadSection4.

5-1

Air Brakes

This section covers:• Air brake system parts • Dual air brake systems• Inspecting air brakes• Using air brakes

If you will drive a vehicle with air brakes, study this section.You also need to study:• Section 6, Combination Vehicles, if you will pull a trailer

with air brakes.The air brake test will have questions from these sections.

Thissectiontellsyouaboutairbrakes.Ifyouwanttodriveatruckorbuswithairbrakes,orpullatrailerwithairbrakes,youneedtoreadthissection.Ifyouwanttopullatrailerwithairbrakes,youalsoneedtoreadSection6,CombinationVehicles.Airbrakesusecompressedairtomakethebrakeswork.Air

brakesareagoodandsafewayofstoppinglargeandheavyvehicles,butthebrakesmustbewellmaintainedandusedproperly.Airbrakesarereallythreedifferentbrakingsystems:service

brake,parkingbrake,andemergencybrake.• Theservicebrakesystemappliesandreleasesthebrakeswhenyouusethebrakepedalduringnormaldriving.

• Theparkingbrakesystemappliesandreleasestheparkingbrakeswhenyouusetheparkingbrakecontrol.

• Theemergencybrakesystemusespartsoftheserviceandparkingbrakesystemstostopthevehicleinabrakesystemfailure.

Thepartsofthesesystemsarediscussedhereingreaterdetail.

5-2

5.1 – The Parts of an Air Brake SystemTherearemanypartstoanairbrakesystem.Youshouldknow

aboutthepartsdiscussedhere.

Air CompressorTheaircompressorpumpsairintotheairstoragetanks

(reservoirs).Theaircompressorisconnectedtotheenginethroughgearsorav-belt.Thecompressormaybeair-cooledormaybecooledbytheenginecoolingsystem.Itmayhaveitsownoilsupplyorbelubricatedbyengineoil.Ifthecompressorhasitsownoilsupply,checktheoillevelbeforedriving

Air Compressor GovernorThegovernorcontrolswhentheaircompressorwillpumpairinto

theairstoragetanks.Whenairtankpressurerisestothe“cut-out”level(around125poundsper-square-inchor“psi”),thegovernorstopsthecompressorfrompumpingair.Whenthetankpressurefallstothe“cut-in”pressure(around100psi),thegovernorallowsthecompressortostartpumpingagain.

Air Storage TanksAirstoragetanksareusedtoholdcompressedair.Thenumber

andsizeofairtanksvariesamongvehicles.Thetankswillholdenoughairtoallowthebrakestobeusedseveraltimes,evenifthecompressorstopsworking.

Air Tank DrainsCompressedairusuallyhassomewaterandsomecompressor

oilinit,whichisbadfortheairbrakesystem.Forexample,thewatercanfreezeincoldweatherandcausebrakefailure.Thewaterandoiltendtocollectinthebottomoftheairtank.Besurethatyoudraintheairtankscompletely.Eachairtankisequippedwithadrainvalveinthebottom.Therearetwotypes:• Manuallyoperatedbyturningaquarterturnorbypullingacable.Youmustdrainthetanksyourselfattheendofeachdayofdriving.SeeFigure5.1.

• Automatic–thewaterandoilareautomaticallyexpelled.Thesetanksmaybeequippedformanualdrainingaswell.

Automaticairtanksareavailablewithelectricheatingdevices.Thesehelppreventfreezingoftheautomaticdrainincoldweather.

5-3

Manualdrainvalve

Airtank

Figure 5.1

Alcohol EvaporatorSomeairbrakesystemshaveanalcoholevaporatortoput

alcoholintotheairsystem.Thishelpstoreducetheriskoficeinairbrakevalvesandotherpartsduringcoldweather.Iceinsidethesystemcanmakethebrakesstopworking.Checkthealcoholcontainerandfillupasnecessary,everyday

duringcoldweather.Dailyairtankdrainageisstillneededtogetridofwaterandoil.(Unlessthesystemhasautomaticdrainvalves.)

Safety ValveAsafetyreliefvalveisinstalledinthefirsttanktheair

compressorpumpsairto.Thesafetyvalveprotectsthetankandtherestofthesystemfromtoomuchpressure.Thevalveisusuallysettoopenat150psi.Ifthesafetyvalvereleasesair,somethingiswrong.Havethefaultfixedbyamechanic.

The Brake PedalYouputonthebrakesbypushingdownthebrakepedal.(also

calledthefootvalveortreadlevalve.)Pushingthepedaldownharderappliesmoreairpressure.Lettinguponthebrakepedalreducestheairpressureandreleasesthebrakes.Releasingthebrakesletssomecompressedairgooutofthesystem,sotheairpressureinthetanksisreduced.Itmustbemadeupbytheaircompressor.Pressingandreleasingthepedalunnecessarilycanletairoutfasterthanthecompressorcanreplaceit.Ifthepressuregetstoolow,thebrakeswon’twork.

5-4

BrakedrumBrakechamber

Slackadjuster

Adjustingnut

Brakecam

Camroller

Brake

Brakeshoelining

Returnspring

Axle

Foundation BrakesFoundationbrakesareusedateachwheel.Themostcommon

typeisthes-camdrumbrake.Thepartsofthebrakearediscussedbelow.

Brake drums, shoes, and linings. Brakedrumsarelocatedoneachendofthevehicle’saxles.Thewheelsareboltedtothedrums.Thebrakingmechanismisinsidethedrum.Tostop,thebrakeshoesandliningsarepushedagainsttheinsideofthedrum.Thiscausesfriction,whichslowsthevehicle(andcreatesheat).Theheatadrumcantakewithoutdamagedependsonhowhardandhowlongthebrakesareused.Toomuchheatcanmakethebrakesstopworking.

S-cam brakes. Whenyoupushthebrakepedal,airisletintoeachbrakechamber.Airpressurepushestherodout,movingtheslackadjuster,thustwistingthebrakecamshaft.Thisturnsthes-cam(socalledbecauseitisshapedliketheletter“S”).Thes-camforcesthebrakeshoesawayfromoneanotherandpressesthemagainsttheinsideofthebrakedrum.Whenyoureleasethebrakepedal,thes-camrotatesbackandaspringpullsthebrakeshoesawayfromthedrum,lettingthewheelsrollfreelyagain.SeeFigure5.2.

Figure 5.2, Drum brake

5-5

Wedge brakes. Inthistypeofbrake,thebrakechamberpushrodpushesawedgedirectlybetweentheendsoftwobrakeshoes.Thisshovesthemapartandagainsttheinsideofthebrakedrum.Wedgebrakesmayhaveasinglebrakechamber,ortwobrakechambers,pushingwedgesinatbothendsofthebrakeshoes.Wedgetypebrakesmaybeself-adjustingormayrequiremanualadjustment.

Disc brakes. Inair-operateddiscbrakes,airpressureactsonabrakechamberandslackadjuster,likes-cambrakes.Butinsteadofthes-cam,a“powerscrew”isused.Thepressureofthebrakechamberontheslackadjusterturnsthepowerscrew.Thepowerscrewclampsthediscorrotorbetweenthebrakeliningpadsofacaliper,similartoalargec-clamp.

Wedgebrakesanddiscbrakesarelesscommonthans-cambrakes.

Supply Pressure GaugesAllvehicleswithairbrakeshaveapressuregaugeconnectedto

theairtank.Ifthevehiclehasadualairbrakesystem,therewillbeagaugeforeachhalfofthesystem.(Orasinglegaugewithtwoneedles.)Dualsystemswillbediscussedlater.Thesegaugestellyouhowmuchpressureisintheairtanks.

Application Pressure GaugeThisgaugeshowshowmuchairpressureyouareapplyingtothe

brakes.(Thisgaugeisnotonallvehicles.)Increasingapplicationpressuretoholdthesamespeedmeansthebrakesarefading.Youshouldslowdownandusealowergear.Theneedforincreasedpressurecanalsobecausedbybrakesoutofadjustment,airleaks,ormechanicalproblems.

Low Air Pressure WarningAlowairpressurewarningsignalisrequiredonvehicleswith

airbrakes.Awarningsignalyoucanseemustcomeonbeforetheairpressureinthetanksfallsbelow60psi.(Oronehalfthecompressorgovernorcutoutpressureonoldervehicles.)Thewarningisusuallyaredlightandabuzzer.Anothertypeofwarningisthe“wigwag.”Thisdevicedropsa

mechanicalarmintoyourviewwhenthepressureinthesystemdropsbelow60psi.Anautomaticwigwagwillriseoutofyourview

5-6

whenthepressureinthesystemgoesabove60psi.Themanualresettypemustbeplacedinthe“outofview”positionmanually.Itwillnotstayinplaceuntilthepressureinthesystemisabove60psi.Onbusesitiscommonforthelowpressurewarningdevicesto

signalat80-85psi.

Stoplight SwitchDriversbehindyoumustbewarnedwhenyouputyourbrakes

on.Theairbrakesystemdoesthiswithanelectricswitchthatworksbyairpressure.Theswitchturnsonthebrakelightswhenyouputontheairbrakes.

Front Brake Limiting ValveSomeoldervehicles(madebefore1975)haveafrontbrake

limitingvalveandacontrolinthecab.Thecontrolisusuallymarked“normal”and“slippery.”Whenyouputthecontrolinthe“slippery”position,thelimitingvalvecutsthe“normal”airpressuretothefrontbrakesbyhalf.Limitingvalveswereusedtoreducethechanceofthefrontwheelsskiddingonslipperysurfaces.However,theyactuallyreducethestoppingpowerofthevehicle.Frontwheelbrakingisgoodunderallconditions.Testshaveshownfrontwheelskidsfrombrakingarenotlikelyevenonice.Makesurethecontrolisinthe“normal”positiontohavenormalstoppingpower.Manyvehicleshaveautomaticfront-wheellimitingvalves.They

reducetheairtothefrontbrakesexceptwhenthebrakesareputonveryhard(60psiormoreapplicationpressure).Thesevalvescannotbecontrolledbythedriver.

Spring BrakesAlltrucks,trucktractors,andbusesmustbeequippedwith

emergencybrakesandparkingbrakes.Theymustbeheldonbymechanicalforce(becauseairpressurecaneventuallyleakaway).Springbrakesareusuallyusedtomeettheseneeds.Whendriving,powerfulspringsareheldbackbyairpressure.Iftheairpressureisremoved,thespringsputonthebrakes.Aparkingbrakecontrolinthecaballowsthedrivertolettheairoutofthespringbrakes.Thisletsthespringsputthebrakeson.Aleakintheairbrakesystem,whichcausesalltheairtobelost,willalsocausethespringstoputonthebrakes.Tractor,straighttruck,andbusspringbrakeswillcomefullyon

whenairpressuredropstoarangeof20to45psi(typically20to30psi).Donotwaitforthebrakestocomeonautomatically.Whenthelowairpressurewarninglightandbuzzerfirstcomeon,bring

5-7

thevehicletoasafestoprightaway,whileyoucanstillcontrolthebrakes.Thebrakingpowerofspringbrakesdependsonthebrakesbeing

inadjustment.Ifthebrakesarenotadjustedproperly,neithertheregularbrakesnortheemergency/parkingbrakeswillworkright.

Parking Brake ControlsInnewervehicleswithairbrakes,youputontheparkingbrakes

usingadiamond-shaped,yellow,push-pullcontrolknob.Youpulltheknobouttoputtheparkingbrakes(springbrakes)on,andpushitintoreleasethem.Onoldervehicles,theparkingbrakesmaybecontrolledbyalever.Usetheparkingbrakeswheneveryoupark.

Caution. Never push the brake pedal down when the spring brakes are on. Ifyoudo,thebrakescouldbedamagedbythecombinedforcesofthespringsandtheairpressure.Manybrakesystemsaredesignedsothiswillnothappen.Butnotallsystemsaresetupthatway,andthosethataremaynotalwayswork.Itismuchbettertodevelopthehabitofnotpushingthebrakepedaldownwhenthespringbrakesareon.

Modulating control valves. Insomevehiclesacontrolhandleonthedashboardmaybeusedtoapplythespringbrakesgradually.Thisiscalledamodulatingvalve.Itisspring-loadedsoyouhaveafeelforthebrakingaction.Themoreyoumovethecontrollever,theharderthespringbrakescomeon.Theyworkthiswaysoyoucancontrolthespringbrakesiftheservicebrakesfail.Whenparkingavehiclewithamodulatingcontrolvalve,movetheleverasfarasitwillgoandholditinplacewiththelockingdevice.

Dual parking control valves. Whenmainairpressureislost,thespringbrakescomeon.Somevehicles,suchasbuses,haveaseparateairtankwhichcanbeusedtoreleasethespringbrakes.Thisissoyoucanmovethevehicleinanemergency.Oneofthevalvesisapush-pulltypeandisusedtoputonthespringbrakesforparking.Theothervalveisspringloadedinthe“out”position.Whenyoupushthecontrolin,airfromtheseparateairtankreleasesthespringbrakessoyoucanmove.Whenyoureleasethebutton,thespringbrakescomeonagain.Thereisonlyenoughairintheseparatetanktodothisafewtimes.Therefore,plancarefullywhenmoving.Otherwise,youmaybestoppedinadangerouslocationwhentheseparateairsupplyrunsout.SeeFigure5.3.

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Tractor Protection Valve and Emergency Trailer Brake OperationTractorprotectionvalve• Providesairsupply• Closesautomaticallyifairsupplydropswhendriving.

Theparkingbrakes,whenapplied,closethetractorprotectionvalveandsetthespringbrakesatthesametime.

Antilock Braking Systems (ABS)TrucktractorswithairbrakesbuiltonorafterMarch1,1997,

andotherairbrakesvehicles,(trucks,buses,trailers,andconverterdollies)builtonorafterMarch1,1998,arerequiredtobeequippedwithantilockbrakes.ManycommercialvehiclesbuiltbeforethesedateshavebeenvoluntarilyequippedwithABS.CheckthecertificationlabelforthedateofmanufacturetodetermineifyourvehicleisequippedwithABS.ABSisacomputerizedsystemthatkeepsyourwheelsfromlockingupduringhardbrakeapplications.VehicleswithABShaveyellowmalfunctionlampstotellyouif

somethingisn’tworking.Tractors,trucks,andbuseswillhaveyellowABSmalfunction

lampsontheinstrumentpanel.TrailerswillhaveyellowABSmalfunctionlampsontheleftside,

eitheronthefrontorrearcorner.DolliesmanufacturedonorafterMarch1,1998arerequiredtohavealampontheleftside.

Figure 5.3

5-9

Handvalve

Footvalve

Pressuregauge

Highwayvalve

Compressor

One-waycheckvalve

Lowpressurewarningbuzzerandswitch

Dry

Wet

MainreservoirsSafetyvalveTractorparkingbrakevalve(Blue)

Emergencyvalve Parkingmaxi-

brakespringbrake

Tractorprotectionvalve

Emergencygladhands

Emergencyrelayvalve

Parkingbrakeandemergencybrakevalve(Yellow)

Quickreleasevalve

Trailerbrakechambers

Trailerreservoir

Tractor Trailer

Air brake system components and location(Single circuit system)

Onnewervehicles,themalfunctionlampcomesonatstart-upforabulbcheck,andthengoesoutquickly.Onoldersystems,thelampcouldstayonuntilyouaredrivingoverfivemph.Ifthelampstaysonafterthebulbcheck,orgoesononceyou

areunderway,youmayhavelostABScontrolatoneormorewheels.Inthecaseoftowedunitsmanufacturedbeforeitwasrequired

bytheDepartmentofTransportation,itmaybedifficulttotelliftheunitisequippedwithABS.Lookunderthevehiclefortheelectroniccontrolunit(ECU)andwheelspeedsensorwirescomingfromthebackofthebrakes.ABSisanadditiontoyournormalbrakes.Itdoesnotdecrease

orincreaseyournormalbrakingcapability.ABSonlyactivateswhenwheelsareabouttolockup.ABSdoesnotnecessarilyshortenyourstoppingdistance,butit

doeshelpyoukeepthevehicleundercontrolduringhardbraking.

Figure 5.4

5-10

Test your knowledge1. Whymustairtanksbedrained?2. Whatisasupplypressuregaugeusedfor?3. Allvehicleswithairbrakesmusthavealowairpressurewarningsignal.TrueorFalse?

4. Whatarespringbrakes?5. Frontwheelbrakesaregoodunderallconditions.TrueorFalse?

6. Howdoyouknowifyourvehicleisequippedwithantilockbrakes?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection5.1.

5.2 – Dual Air BrakeMostheavy-dutyvehiclesusedualairbrakesystemsforsafety.

Adualairbrakesystemhastwoseparateairbrakesystems,whichuseasinglesetofbrakecontrols.Eachsystemhasitsownairtanks,hoses,lines,etc.Onesystemtypicallyoperatestheregularbrakesontherearaxleoraxles.Theothersystemoperatestheregularbrakesonthefrontaxle(andpossiblyonerearaxle).Bothsystemssupplyairtothetrailer(ifthereisone).Thefirstsystemiscalledthe“primary”system.Theotheriscalledthe“secondary”system.SeeFigure5.4.Beforedrivingavehiclewithadualairsystem,allowtimefor

theaircompressortobuildupaminimumof100psipressureinboththeprimaryandsecondarysystems.Watchtheprimaryandsecondaryairpressuregauges(orneedles,ifthesystemhastwoneedlesinonegauge).Payattentiontothelowairpressurewarninglightandbuzzer.Thewarninglightandbuzzershouldshutoffwhenairpressureinbothsystemsrisestoavaluesetbythemanufacturer.Thisvaluemustbegreaterthan60psi.Thewarninglightandbuzzershouldcomeonbeforetheair

pressuredropsbelow60psiineithersystem.Ifthishappenswhiledriving,youshouldstoprightawayandsafelyparkthevehicle.Ifoneairsystemisverylowonpressure,eitherthefrontortherearbrakeswillnotbeoperatingfully.Thismeansitwilltakeyoulongertostop.Bringthevehicletoasafestop,andhavetheairbrakessystemfixed.

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5.3 – Inspecting Air Brake SystemsYoushouldusethebasicseven-stepinspectionprocedure

describedinSection2toinspectyourvehicle.Therearemorethingstoinspectonavehiclewithairbrakesthanonewithoutthem.Thesethingsarediscussedbelow,intheordertheyfitintotheseven-stepmethod.

During Step 2 Engine Compartment ChecksCheckAirCompressorDriveBelt(ifcompressorisbelt-driven).If

theaircompressorisbelt-driven,checktheconditionandtightnessofthebelt.Itshouldbeingoodcondition.

During Step 5 Walkaround InspectionCheck slack adjusters on S-cam brakes. Parkonlevelground

andchockthewheelstopreventthevehiclefrommoving.Releasetheparkingbrakessoyoucanmovetheslackadjusters.Useglovesandpullhardoneachslackadjusterthatyoucanreach.Ifaslackadjustermovesmorethanaboutoneinchwherethepushrodattachestoit,itprobablyneedsadjustment.Adjustitorhaveitadjusted.Vehicleswithtoomuchbrakeslackcanbeveryhardtostop.Out-of-adjustmentbrakesarethemostcommonproblemfoundinroadsideinspections.Besafe.Checktheslackadjusters.Allvehiclesbuiltsince1994haveautomaticslackadjustors.

Even though automatic slack adjustors adjust themselves during full brake applications, they must be checked.Automaticadjustersshouldnothavetobemanuallyadjusted

exceptwhenperformingmaintenanceonthebrakesandduringinstallationoftheslackadjusters.Inavehicleequippedwithautomaticadjusters,whenthepushrodstrokeexceedsthelegalbrakeadjustmentlimit,itisanindicationthatamechanicalproblemexistsintheadjusteritself,aproblemwiththerelatedfoundationbrakecomponents,orthattheadjusterwasimproperlyinstalled.Themanualadjustmentofanautomaticadjustertobringabrake

pushrodstrokewithinlegallimitsisgenerallymaskingamechanicalproblemandisnotfixingit.Further,routineadjustmentofmostautomaticadjusterswilllikelyresultinprematurewearoftheadjusteritself.Itisrecommendedthatwhenbrakesequippedwithautomaticadjustersarefoundtobeoutofadjustment,thedrivertakethevehicletoarepairfacilityassoonaspossibletohavetheproblemcorrected.Themanualadjustmentofanautomaticadjustershouldonly

beusedasatemporarymeasuretocorrecttheadjustmentinanemergencysituationasitislikelythebrakewillsoonbebackoutof

5-12

adjustmentsincethisprocedureusuallydoesnotfixtheunderlyingadjustmentproblem.(Note:Automaticslackadjustersaremadebydifferent

manufacturersanddonotalloperatethesame.Therefore,thespecificmanufacturer’sServiceManualshouldbeconsultedpriortotroubleshootingabrakeadjustmentproblem.Vehiclesequippedwithautomaticslackadjusterscanbe

dangerousbecauseitgivesyouafalsesenseofsecurityabouttheeffectivenessofthebrakingsystem.)

Check brake drums (or discs), linings, and hoses. Brakedrums(ordiscs)mustnothavecrackslongerthanonehalfthewidthofthefrictionarea.Linings(frictionmaterial)mustnotbelooseorsoakedwithoilorgrease.Theymustnotbedangerouslythin.Mechanicalpartsmustbeinplace,notbrokenormissing.Checktheairhosesconnectedtothebrakechamberstomakesuretheyaren’tcutorwornduetorubbing.

Step 7 Air Supply System ChecksDothefollowingchecksinsteadofthehydraulicbrakecheck

showninSection2,Step7:CheckBrakeSystem.

Test air-leakage rate.Withafully-chargedairsystem(typically125psi),turnofftheengine,releaseallbrakes,andtimetheairpressuredrop.Thelossrateshouldbelessthantwopsiinoneminuteforsinglevehiclesandlessthanthreepsiinoneminuteforcombinationvehicles.Next,withthebrakesreleased,makeafullbrakeapplicationwiththebrakepedal.Aftertheinitialpressuredrop,iftheairpressurefallsmorethanthreepsiinoneminuteforsinglevehicles(morethanfourpsiforcombinationvehicles),theairlossrateistoomuch.Checkforairleaksandfixbeforedrivingthevehicle.Otherwise,youcouldloseyourbrakeswhiledriving.

Test low pressure warning signal. Withtheengineoffandallthebrakesreleased,turnthekeyonandsteponandoffthebrakepedaltoreduceairtankpressure.Thelowairpressurewarningsignalmustcomeonbeforethepressuredropstolessthan60psiintheairtank(ortankwiththelowestairpressure,indualairsystems).SeeFigure5.5.Ifthewarningsignaldoesn’twork,youcouldloseairpressure

andyouwouldnotknowit.Thiscouldcausesuddenemergencybrakinginasingle-circuitairsystem.Indualsystemsthestoppingdistancewillbeincreased.Onlylimitedbrakingcanbedonebeforethespringbrakescomeon.

5-13

DIFF LOW LOW LOCK OIL WATER AIR

Light

Lowpressurewarning

LOWAIR

Droparm“wig-wag”

Somevehiclesareequippedwitha“wig-wag”thatdropsintothedriver’sview,andwillnotstayupinplaceuntilthedesiredairpressureisrestored.

Low air pressure warning devices

Figure 5.5

Check that spring brakes come on automatically. Continuetofanofftheairpressurebysteppingonandoffthebrakepedaltoreducetankpressure.Thetractorprotectionvalveandparkingbrakevalveshouldclose(popout)onacombinationvehicleandtheparkingbrakevalveshouldclose(popout)onasinglevehiclewhentheairpressurefallstothemanufacturer’sspecification(20–45psi).Thiswillcausethespringbrakestocomeon.

Check rate of air pressure buildup. Whentheengineisatoperatingrpms,thepressureshouldbuildfrom85to100psiwithin45secondsindualairsystems.(Ifthevehiclehaslargerthanminimumairtanks,thebuilduptimecanbelongerandstillbesafe.Checkthemanufacturer’sspecifications.)Insingleairsystems(pre-1975),typicalrequirementsarepressurebuildupfrom50to90psiwithin3minuteswiththeengineatanidlespeedof600-900rpms.

5-14

Ifairpressuredoesnotbuildupfastenough,yourpressuremaydroptoolowduringdriving,requiringanemergencystop.Don’tdriveuntilyougettheproblemfixed.

Check air compressor governor cut-in and cut-out pressures. Pumpingbytheaircompressorshouldstartatabout100psiandstopatabout125psi.(Somevehiclesmayexceed125psi.Checkmanufacturer’sspecifications.)Runtheengineatafastidle.Theairgovernorshouldcut-outtheaircompressorataboutthemanufacturer’sspecifiedpressure.Theairpressureshownbyyourgauge(s)willstoprising.Withtheengineidling,steponandoffthebraketoreducetheairtankpressure.Thecompressorshouldcut-inataboutthemanufacturer’sspecifiedcut-inpressure.Thepressureshouldbegintorise.Iftheairgovernordoesnotworkasdescribedabove,itmay

needtobefixed.Agovernorthatdoesnotworkproperlymaynotkeepenoughairpressureforsafedriving.

Brake checksTest parking brake. Stopthevehicle,puttheparkingbrakeon,

andgentlypullagainstitinalowgeartotestthattheparkingbrakewillhold.

Test service brakes. Waitfornormalairpressure,releasetheparkingbrake,movethevehicleforwardslowly,andapplythebrakesfirmlyusingthebrakepedal.Noteanyvehicle“pulling”tooneside,unusualfeel,noises,ordelayedstoppingaction.

Test trailer hand valve(whenequipped).Applythetrailerhandvalveandattempttopullforwardorpullforwardslowlyandapplythetrailerhandvalve.

Thesetestsmayshowyouproblems,whichyouotherwisewouldn’tknowaboutuntilyouneededthebrakesontheroad.

5-15

Test your knowledge1. Whatisadualairbrakesystem?2. Whataretheslackadjusters?3. Howcanyoucheckslackadjusters?4. Howcanyoutestthelowpressurewarningsignal?5. Howcanyoucheckthatthespringbrakescomeonautomatically?

6. Whatarethemaximumleakagerates?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections5.2and5.3.

5.4 – Using Air Brakes

Normal StopsPushthebrakepedaldown.Controlthepressuresothevehicle

comestoasmooth,safestop.Ifyouhaveamanualtransmission,don’tpushtheclutchinuntiltheenginerpmisdownclosetoidle.Whenstopped,selectastartinggear.

Braking with Antilock BrakesWhenyoubrakehardonslipperysurfacesinavehiclewithout

ABS,yourwheelsmaylockup.Whenyoursteeringwheelslockup,youlosesteeringcontrol.Whenyourotherwheelslockup,youmayskid,jackknife,orevenspinthevehicle.ABShelpsyouavoidwheellockup.Thecomputersenses

impendinglockup,reducesthebrakingpressuretoasafelevel,andyoumaintaincontrol.YoumayormaynotbeabletostopfasterwithABS,butyou

shouldbeabletosteeraroundanobstaclewhilebraking,andavoidskidscausedbyoverbraking.HavingABSononlythetractor,onlythetrailer,orevenon

onlyoneaxle,stillgivesyoumorecontroloverthevehicleduringbraking.Brakenormally.WhenonlythetractorhasABS,youshouldbeabletomaintain

steeringcontrol,andthereislesschanceofjackknifing.But,keepyoureyeonthetrailerandletuponthebrakes(ifyoucansafelydoso)ifitbeginstoswingout.WhenonlythetrailerhasABS,thetrailerislesslikelytoswing

out,butifyoulosesteeringcontrolorstartatractorjackknife,letuponthebrakes(ifyoucansafelydoso)untilyougaincontrol.Whenyoudriveatractor-trailercombinationwithABS,you

shouldbrakeasyoualwayshave.Inotherwords:

5-16

• Useonlythebrakingforcenecessarytostopsafelyandstayincontrol.

• Brakethesameway,regardlessofwhetheryouhaveABSonthetractor,thetrailer,orboth.

• Asyouslowdown,monitoryourtractorandtrailerandbackoffthebrakes(ifitissafetodoso)tostayincontrol.

Thereisonlyoneexceptiontothisprocedure,ifyoualwaysdriveastraighttruckorcombinationwithworkingABSonallaxles,inanemergencystop,youcanfullyapplythebrakes.WithoutABS,youstillhavenormalbrakefunctions.Driveand

brakeasyoualwayshave.Remember,ifyourABSmalfunctions,youstillhaveregular

brakes.Drivenormally,butgetthesystemservicedsoon.

Emergency StopsIfsomebodysuddenlypullsoutinfrontofyou,yournatural

responseistohitthebrakes.Thisisagoodresponseifthere’senoughdistancetostop,andyouusethebrakescorrectly.Youshouldbrakeinawaythatwillkeepyourvehicleinastraight

lineandallowyoutoturnifitbecomesnecessary.Youcanusethe“controlledbraking”methodorthe“stabbraking”method.

Controlled braking. Withthismethod,youapplythebrakesashardasyoucanwithoutlockingthewheels.Keepsteeringwheelmovementsverysmallwhiledoingthis.Ifyouneedtomakealargersteeringadjustmentorifthewheelslock,releasethebrakes.Reapplythebrakesassoonasyoucan.

Stab Braking • Applyyourbrakesalltheway.• Releasebrakeswhenwheelslockup.• Assoonasthewheelsstartrolling,applythebrakesfullyagain.Itcantakeuptoonesecondforthewheelstostartrollingafteryoureleasethebrakes.Ifyoureapplythebrakesbeforethewheelsstartrolling,thevehiclewon’tstraightenout.

Stopping DistanceStoppingdistancewasdescribedinSection2under“Speedand

StoppingDistance.”Withairbrakesthereisanaddeddelay–“BrakeLag.”Thisisthetimerequiredforthebrakestoworkafterthebrakepedalispushed.Withhydraulicbrakes(usedoncarsandlight/mediumtrucks),thebrakesworkinstantly.However,withairbrakes,ittakesalittletime(onehalfsecondormore)fortheairtoflow

5-17

throughthelinestothebrakes.Thus,thetotalstoppingdistanceforvehicleswithairbrakesystemsismadeupoffourdifferentfactors.

PerceptionDistance+ReactionDistance+BrakeLagDistance+EffectiveStoppingDistance=TotalStoppingDistance

Theairbrakelagdistanceat55mphondrypavementaddsabout32feet.Soat55mphforanaveragedriverundergoodtractionandbrakeconditions,thetotalstoppingdistanceisover450feet.SeeFigure5.6.

Figure 5.6

Brake Fading or FailureBrakesaredesignedsobrakeshoesorpadsrubagainstthe

brakedrumordiskstoslowthevehicle.Brakingcreatesheat,butbrakesaredesignedtotakealotofheat.However,brakescanfadeorfailfromexcessiveheatcausedbyusingthemtoomuchandnotrelyingontheenginebrakingeffect.

5-18

Excessiveuseoftheservicebrakesresultsinoverheatingandleadstobrakefade.Brakefaderesultsfromexcessiveheatcausingchemicalchangesinthebrakelining,whichreducefriction,andalsocausingexpansionofthebrakedrums.Astheoverheateddrumsexpand,thebrakeshoesandliningshavetomovefarthertocontactthedrums,andtheforceofthiscontactisreduced.Continuedoverusemayincreasebrakefadeuntilthevehiclecannotbesloweddownorstopped.Brakefadeisalsoaffectedbyadjustment.Tosafelycontrola

vehicle,everybrakemustdoitsshareofthework.Brakesoutofadjustmentwillstopdoingtheirsharebeforethosethatareinadjustment.Theotherbrakescanthenoverheatandfade,andtherewillnotbeenoughbrakingavailabletocontrolthevehicle.Brakescangetoutofadjustmentquickly,especiallywhentheyarehot.Therefore,checkbrakeadjustmentoften.

Proper Braking TechniqueRemember. Theuseofbrakesonalongand/orsteep

downgradeisonlyasupplementtothebrakingeffectoftheengine.Oncethevehicleisintheproperlowgear,thefollowingistheproperbrakingtechnique:• Applythebrakesjusthardenoughtofeeladefiniteslowdown.• Whenyourspeedhasbeenreducedtoapproximatelyfivemphbelowyour“safe”speed,releasethebrakes.(Thisapplicationshouldlastforaboutthreeseconds.)

• Whenyourspeedhasincreasedtoyour“safe”speed,repeatsteps1and2.

Forexample,ifyour“safe”speedis40mph,youwouldnotapplythebrakesuntilyourspeedreaches40mph.Younowapplythebrakeshardenoughtograduallyreduceyourspeedto35mphandthenreleasethebrakes.Repeatthisasoftenasnecessaryuntilyouhavereachedtheendofthedowngrade.

Low Air PressureIf the low air pressure warning comes on, stop and safely park

your vehicle as soon as possible. Theremightbeanairleakinthesystem.Controlledbrakingispossibleonlywhileenoughairremainsintheairtanks.Thespringbrakeswillcomeonwhentheairpressuredropsintotherangeof20to45psi.Aheavilyloadedvehiclewilltakealongdistancetostopbecausethespringbrakesdonotworkonallaxles.Lightlyloadedvehiclesorvehiclesonslipperyroadsmayskidoutofcontrolwhenthespringbrakescomeon.Itismuchsafertostopwhilethereisenoughairinthetankstousethefootbrakes.

5-19

5.4.8 – Parking BrakesAny time you park, use the parking brakes, exceptasnoted

below.Pulltheparkingbrakecontrolknobouttoapplytheparkingbrakes,pushitintorelease.Thecontrolwillbeayellow,diamond-shapedknoblabeled“parkingbrakes”onnewervehicles.Onoldervehicles,itmaybearoundblueknoborsomeothershape(includingaleverthatswingsfromsidetosideorupanddown).Don’tusetheparkingbrakesifthebrakesareveryhot(from

justhavingcomedownasteepgrade),orifthebrakesareverywetinfreezingtemperatures.Iftheyareusedwhiletheyareveryhot,theycanbedamagedbytheheat.Iftheyareusedinfreezingtemperatureswhenthebrakesareverywet,theycanfreezesothevehiclecannotmove.Usewheelchocksonalevelsurfacetoholdthevehicle.Lethotbrakescoolbeforeusingtheparkingbrakes.Ifthebrakesarewet,usethebrakeslightlywhiledrivinginalowgeartoheatanddrythem.Ifyourvehicledoesnothaveautomaticairtankdrains,drainyour

airtanksattheendofeachworkingdaytoremovemoistureandoil.Otherwise,thebrakescouldfail.Neverleaveyourvehicleunattendedwithoutapplyingtheparking

brakesorchockingthewheels.Yourvehiclemightrollawayandcauseinjuryanddamage.

Test your knowledge1. Whyshouldyoubeinthepropergearbeforestartingdownahill?

2. Whatfactorscancausebrakestofadeorfail?3. Theuseofbrakesonalong,steepdowngradeisonlyasupplementtothebrakingeffectoftheengine.TrueorFalse?

4. Ifyouareawayfromyourvehicleonlyashorttime,youdonotneedtousetheparkingbrake.TrueorFalse?

5. Howoftenshouldyoudrainairtanks?6. Howdoyoubrakewhenyoudriveatractor-trailercombinationwithABS?

7. YoustillhavenormalbrakefunctionsifyourABSisnotworking.TrueorFalse?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection5.4.

5-20

6-1

Combination Vehicles

This section covers:• Driving combinations • Combination vehicle air brakes• Antilock brake systems• Coupling and uncoupling• Inspecting combinations

If you will pull a trailer, study this section.You also need to study:• Section 5, Air Brakes.• Section 7, if you drive doubles or triple trailers.Your combination test will have questions from each of

these sections.

Thissectionprovidesinformationneededtopassthetestsforcombinationvehicles(tractor-trailer,doubles,triples,straighttruckwithtrailer).Theinformationisonlytogiveyoutheminimumknowledgeneededfordrivingcommoncombinationvehicles.

6-2

6.1 – Driving Combination Vehicles SafelyCombinationvehiclesareusuallyheavier,longer,andrequire

moredrivingskillthansinglecommercialvehicles.Thismeansthatdriversofcombinationvehiclesneedmoreknowledgeandskillthandriversofsinglevehicles.Inthissection,wetalkaboutsomeimportantsafetyfactorsthatapplyspecificallytocombinationvehicles.

Rollover RisksMorethanhalfoftruckdriverdeathsincrashesaretheresultof

truckrollovers.Whenmorecargoispiledupinatruck,the“centerofgravity”moveshigherupfromtheroad.Thetruckbecomeseasiertoturnover.Fullyloadedrigsaretentimesmorelikelytorolloverinacrashthanemptyrigs.Thesetwothingswillhelpyoupreventrollover:• Keepthecargoasclosetothegroundaspossible.• Driveslowlyaroundturns.

Keepingcargolowisevenmoreimportantincombinationvehiclesthaninstraighttrucks.Also,keeptheloadcenteredonyourrig.Iftheloadistoonesidesoitmakesatrailerlean,arolloverismorelikely.Makesureyourcargoiscenteredandspreadoutasmuchaspossible.(CargodistributioniscoveredinSection3ofthismanual.)Rollovershappenwhenyouturntoofast.Driveslowlyaround

corners,onramps,andofframps.Avoidquicklanechanges,especiallywhenfullyloaded.

Steer GentlyTruckswithtrailershaveadangerous“crack-the-whip”effect.

Whenyoumakeaquicklanechange,thecrack-the-whipeffectcanturnthetrailerover.Therearemanyaccidentswhereonlythetrailerhasoverturned.“Rearwardamplification”causesthecrack-the-whipeffect.Figure

6.1showseighttypesofcombinationvehiclesandtherearwardamplificationeachhasinaquicklanechange.Rigswiththeleastcrack-the-whipeffectareshownatthetopandthosewiththemost,atthebottom.Rearwardamplificationof2.0inthechartmeansthatthereartraileristwiceaslikelytoturnoverasthetractor.Youcanseethattripleshavearearwardamplificationof3.5.Thismeansyoucanrollthelasttraileroftriples3.5timesaseasilyasafive-axletractor.Steergentlyandsmoothlywhenyouarepullingtrailers.Ifyou

makeasuddenmovementwithyoursteeringwheel,yourtrailer

6-3

1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.05axletractorsemitrailerwith45ft.

3axletractorsemitrailerwith27ft.

turnpikedouble45ft.trailers

B-traindouble27ft.trailers

Rockymountaindouble-45ft.

Californiatruckfulltrailer

65ft.conventionaldouble-27ft.

Triple27ft.trailers

Influenceofcombinationtypeonrearwardamplification

couldtipover.Followfarenoughbehindothervehicles(atleast1secondforeach10feetofyourvehiclelength,plusanothersecondifgoingover40mph).Lookfarenoughdowntheroadtoavoidbeingsurprisedandhavingtomakeasuddenlanechange.Atnight,driveslowlyenoughtoseeobstacleswithyourheadlightsbeforeitistoolatetochangelanesorstopgently.Slowdowntoasafespeedbeforegoingintoaturn.

Brake EarlyControlyourspeedwhetherfullyloadedorempty.Large

combinationvehiclestakelongertostopwhentheyareemptythanwhentheyarefullyloaded.Whenlightlyloaded,theverystiffsuspensionspringsandstrongbrakesgivepoortractionandmakeitveryeasytolockupthewheels.Yourtrailercanswingoutandstrikeothervehicles.Yourtractorcanjackknifeveryquickly.Youalsomustbeverycarefulaboutdriving“bobtail”tractors(tractorswithoutsemitrailers).Testshaveshownthatbobtailscanbeveryhardtostopsmoothly.Ittakesthemlongertostopthanatractor-semitrailerloadedtomaximumgrossweight.Inanycombinationrig,allowlotsoffollowingdistanceandlook

farahead,soyoucanbrakeearly.Don’tbecaughtbysurpriseandhavetomakea“panic”stop.

Figure 6.1

6-4

Railroad-highway CrossingsRailroad-highwaycrossingscanalsocauseproblems,

particularlywhenpullingtrailerswithlowunderneathclearance.Thesetrailerscangetstuckonraisedcrossings:• Low-slungunits(lowboy,carcarrier,movingvan,possum-bellylivestocktrailer).

• Single-axletractorpullingalongtrailerwithitslandinggearsettoaccommodateatandem-axletractor.

Ifforanyreasonyougetstuckonthetracks,getoutofthevehicleandawayfromthetracks.Checksignpostsorsignalhousingatthecrossingforemergencynotificationinformation.Call911orotheremergencynumber.Givethelocationofthecrossingusingallidentifiablelandmarks,especiallytheDOTnumber,ifposted.

Prevent Trailer SkidsWhenthewheelsofatrailerlockup,thetrailerwilltendtoswing

around.Thisismorelikelytohappenwhenthetrailerisemptyorlightlyloaded.Thistypeofjackknifeisoftencalleda“trailerjackknife.”SeeFigure6.2.Theprocedureforstoppingatrailerskidis:• Recognize the skid. Theearliestandbestwaytorecognizethatthetrailerhasstartedtoskidisbyseeingitinyourmirrors.Anytimeyouapplythebrakeshard,checkthemirrorstomakesurethetrailerisstayingwhereitshouldbe.Oncethetrailerswingsoutofyourlane,it’sverydifficulttopreventajackknife.* (From R.D. Ervin, R.L. Nisconger, C.C. MacAdam, and P.S. Fancher, “Influence of size and weigh variables on the stability and control properties of heavy trucks, “University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute, 1983).

• Stop using the brake. Releasethebrakestogettractionback.Donotusethetrailerhandbrake(ifyouhaveone)to“straightenouttherig.”Thisisthewrongthingtodosincethebrakesonthetrailerwheelscausedtheskidinthefirstplace.Oncethetrailerwheelsgriptheroadagain,thetrailerwillstarttofollowthetractorandstraightenout.

6-5

Line of travel

Trailer wheels locked-up and sliding

Figure 6.2Trailer jacknife

Turn WideWhenavehiclegoesaroundacorner,therearwheelsfollow

adifferentpaththanthefrontwheels.Thisiscalledofftrackingor“cheating.”Figure6.3showshowofftrackingcausesthepathfollowedbyatractortobewiderthantherigitself.Longervehicleswillofftrackmore.Therearwheelsofthepoweredunit(truckortractor)willofftracksome,andtherearwheelsofthetrailerwillofftrackevenmore.Ifthereismorethanonetrailer,therearwheelsofthelasttrailerwillofftrackthemost.Steerthefrontendwideenougharoundacornersotherearenddoesnotrunoverthecurb,pedestrians,etc.However,keeptherearofyourvehicleclosetothecurb.Thiswillstopotherdriversfrompassingyouontheright.Ifyoucannotcompleteyourturnwithoutenteringanothertrafficlane,turnwideasyoucompletetheturn.Thisisbetterthanswingingwidetotheleftbeforestartingtheturnbecauseitwillkeepotherdriversfrompassingyouontheright.SeeFigure6.4.

6-6

JughandleINCORRECT

ButtonhookCORRECT

Maximumwidthofsweptpath

Pathfollowedbytheinnermosttire

Pathfollowedbytheousidetractortire

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Backing with a Trailer.Backing with a trailer. Whenbackingacar,straighttruck,or

bus,youturnthetopofthesteeringwheelinthedirectionyouwanttogo.Whenbackingatrailer,youturnthesteeringwheelintheoppositedirection.Oncethetrailerstartstoturn,youmustturnthewheeltheotherwaytofollowthetrailer.Wheneveryoubackupwithatrailer,trytopositionyourvehicle

soyoucanbackinastraightline.Ifyoumustbackonacurvedpath,backtothedriver’ssidesoyoucansee.SeeFigure6.5.

6-7

TurnwheelthiswaytomaketrailergoRIGHT

TurnwheelthiswaytomaketrailergoLEFT

Goright Goleft

Figure 6.5Backing a trailer

Look at your path. Lookatyourlineoftravelbeforeyoubegin.Getoutandwalkaroundthevehicle.Checkyourclearancetothesidesandoverhead,inandnearthepathyourvehicle.

Use mirrors on both sides. Checktheoutsidemirrorsonbothsidesfrequently.Getoutofthevehicleandre-inspectyourpathifyouareunsure.

Use warning devices.Useyourfour-wayflashersbeforebacking.Soundyourhornifyourvehicledoesnothaveaworkingbackupwarningdevice.

6-8

Back slowly. Thiswillletyoumakecorrectionsbeforeyougettoofaroffcourse.

Correct drift immediately. Assoonasyouseethetrailergettingofftheproperpath,correctitbyturningthetopofthesteeringwheelinthedirectionofthedrift.

Pull forward. Whenbackingatrailer,makepull-upstore-positionyourvehicleasneeded.

Test your knowledge1. Whattwothingsareimportanttopreventrollover?2. Whenyouturnsuddenlywhilepullingdoubles,whichtrailerismostlikelytoturnover?

3. Whyshouldyounotusethetrailerhandbraketostraightenoutajackknifingtrailer?

4. Whatisofftracking?5. Whenyoubackatrailer,youshouldpositionyourvehiclesoyoucanbackinacurvedpathtothedriver’sside.TrueorFalse?

6. Whattypeoftrailerscangetstuckonrailroad-highwaycrossings?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection6.1.

6.2 – Combination Vehicle Air BrakesYoushouldstudySection5:AirBrakesbeforereadingthis.In

combinationvehiclesthebrakingsystemhaspartstocontrolthetrailerbrakes,inadditiontothepartsdescribedinSection5.Thesepartsaredescribedbelow.

Trailer Hand ValveThetrailerhandvalve(alsocalledthetrolleyvalveorJohnson

bar)worksthetrailerbrakes.Thetrailerhandvalveshouldbeusedonlytotestthetrailerbrakes.Donotuseitindrivingbecauseofthedangerofmakingthetrailerskid.Thefootbrakesendsairtoallofthebrakesonthevehicle(includingthetrailer(s)).Thereismuchlessdangerofcausingaskidorjackknifewhenusingjustthefootbrake.Neverusethehandvalveforparkingbecausealltheairmight

leakout,unlockingthebrakes(intrailersthatdon’thavespring

6-9

brakes).Alwaysusetheparkingbrakeswhenparking.Ifthetrailerdoesnothavespringbrakes,usewheelchockstokeepthetrailerfrommoving.

Tractor Protection ValveThetractorprotectionvalvekeepsairinthetractorortruckbrake

systemshouldthetrailerbreakawayordevelopabadleak.Thetractorprotectionvalveiscontrolledbythe“trailerairsupply”controlvalveinthecab.Thecontrolvalveallowsyoutoopenandshutthetractorprotectionvalve.Thetractorprotectionvalvewillcloseautomaticallyifairpressureislow(intherangeof20to45psi).Whenthetractorprotectionvalvecloses,itstopsanyairfromgoingoutofthetractor.Italsoletstheairoutofthetraileremergencyline.Thiscausesthetraileremergencybrakestocomeon,withpossiblelossofcontrol.(Emergencybrakesarecoveredlater.)

Trailer Air Supply ControlThetrailerairsupplycontrolonnewervehiclesisaredeight-

sidedknob,whichyouusetocontrolthetractorprotectionvalve.Youpushitintosupplythetrailerwithair,andpullitouttoshuttheairoffandputonthetraileremergencybrakes.Thevalvewillpopout(thusclosingthetractorprotectionvalve)whentheairpressuredropsintotherangeof20to45psi.Tractorprotectionvalvecontrolsor“emergency”valvesonoldervehiclesmaynotoperateautomatically.Theremaybealeverratherthanaknob.The“normal”positionisusedforpullingatrailer.The“emergency”positionisusedtoshuttheairoffandputonthetraileremergencybrakes.

Trailer Air LinesEverycombinationvehiclehastwoairlines,theserviceline

andtheemergencyline.Theyrunbetweeneachvehicle(tractortotrailer,trailertodolly,dollytosecondtrailer,etc.)

Service air line. Theserviceline(alsocalledthecontrollineorsignalline)carriesair,whichiscontrolledbythefootbrakeorthetrailerhandbrake.Dependingonhowhardyoupressthefootbrakeorhandvalve,thepressureintheservicelinewillsimilarlychange.Theservicelineisconnectedtorelayvalves.Thesevalvesallowthetrailerbrakestobeappliedmorequicklythanwouldotherwisebepossible.

Emergency air line. Theemergencyline(alsocalledthesupplyline)hastwopurposes.First,itsuppliesairtothetrailerairtanks.Second,theemergencylinecontrolstheemergencybrakeson

6-10

combinationvehicles.Lossofairpressureintheemergencylinecausesthetraileremergencybrakestocomeon.Thepressurelosscouldbecausedbyatrailerbreakingloose,thustearingaparttheemergencyairhose.Oritcouldbecausedbyahose,metaltubing,orotherpartbreaking,lettingtheairout.Whentheemergencylinelosespressure,italsocausesthetractorprotectionvalvetoclose(theairsupplyknobwillpopout).Emergencylinesareoftencodedwiththecolorred(redhose,

redcouplers,orotherparts)tokeepfromgettingthemmixedupwiththeblueserviceline.

Hose Couplers (Glad Hands)Gladhandsarecouplingdevicesusedtoconnecttheservice

andemergencyairlinesfromthetruckortractortothetrailer.Thecouplershavearubberseal,whichpreventsairfromescaping.Cleanthecouplersandrubbersealsbeforeaconnectionismade.Whenconnectingthegladhands,pressthetwosealstogetherwiththecouplersata90degreeangletoeachother.Aturnofthegladhandattachedtothehosewilljoinandlockthecouplers.Whencoupling,makesuretocouplethepropergladhands

together.Tohelpavoidmistakes,colorsaresometimesused.Blueisusedfortheservicelinesandredfortheemergency(supply)lines.Sometimes,metaltagsareattachedtothelineswiththewords“service”and“emergency”stampedonthem.SeeFigure6.6.Ifyoudocrosstheairlines,supplyairwillbesenttotheservice

lineinsteadofgoingtochargethetrailerairtanks.Airwillnotbeavailabletoreleasethetrailerspringbrakes(parkingbrakes).Ifthespringbrakesdon’treleasewhenyoupushthetrailerairsupplycontrol,checktheairlineconnections.Oldertrailersdonothavespringbrakes.Iftheairsupplyinthe

trailerairtankhasleakedawaytherewillbenoemergencybrakes,andthetrailerwheelswillturnfreely.Ifyoucrossedtheairlines,youcoulddriveawaybutyouwouldn’thavetrailerbrakes.Thiswouldbeverydangerous.Alwaystestthetrailerbrakesbeforedrivingwiththehandvalveorbypullingtheairsupply(tractorprotectionvalve)control.Pullgentlyagainsttheminalowgeartomakesurethebrakeswork.Somevehicleshave“deadend”ordummycouplerstowhichthe

hosesmaybeattachedwhentheyarenotinuse.Thiswillpreventwateranddirtfromgettingintothecouplerandtheairlines.Usethedummycouplerswhentheairlinesarenotconnectedtoatrailer.Iftherearenodummycouplers,thegladhandscansometimesbelockedtogether(dependingonthecouplings).Itisveryimportanttokeeptheairsupplyclean.

6-11

Checkforcracks

Truckline Trailerline

Emergency line

Service line

Figure 6.6

Trailer Air TanksEachtrailerandconverterdollyhasoneormoreairtanks.They

arefilledbytheemergency(supply)linefromthetractor.Theyprovidetheairpressureusedtooperatetrailerbrakes.Airpressureissentfromtheairtankstothebrakesbyrelayvalves.Thepressureintheservicelinetellshowmuchpressurethe

relayvalvesshouldsendtothetrailerbrakes.Thepressureintheservicelineiscontrolledbythebrakepedal(andthetrailerhandbrake).Itisimportantthatyoudon’tletwaterandoilbuildupintheair

tanks.Ifyoudo,thebrakesmaynotworkcorrectly.Eachtankhasadrainvalveonitandyoushoulddraineachtankeveryday.Ifyourtankshaveautomaticdrains,theywillkeepmostmoistureout.Butyoushouldstillopenthedrainstomakesure.

Shut-off ValvesShut-offvalves(alsocalledcut-outcocks)areusedintheservice

andsupplyairlinesatthebackoftrailersusedtotowothertrailers.Thesevalvespermitclosingtheairlinesoffwhenanothertrailerisnotbeingtowed.Youmustcheckthatallshut-offvalvesareintheopenpositionexcepttheonesatthebackofthelasttrailer,whichmustbeclosed.

6-12

Trailer Service, Parking, and Emergency BrakesNewertrailershavespringbrakesjustliketrucksandtruck

tractors.However,converterdolliesandtrailersbuiltbefore1975arenotrequiredtohavespringbrakes.Thosethatdonothavespringbrakeshaveemergencybrakes,whichworkfromtheairstoredinthetrailerairtank.Theemergencybrakescomeonwheneverairpressureintheemergencylineislost.Thesetrailershavenoparkingbrake.Theemergencybrakescomeonwhenevertheairsupplyknobispulledoutorthetrailerisdisconnected.Amajorleakintheemergencylinewillcausethetractorprotectionvalvetocloseandthetraileremergencybrakestocomeon.Butthebrakeswillholdonlyaslongasthereisairpressureinthetrailerairtank.Eventually,theairwillleakawayandthentherewillbenobrakes.Therefore,itisveryimportantforsafetythatyouusewheelchockswhenyouparktrailerswithoutspringbrakes.Youmaynotnoticeamajorleakintheservicelineuntilyoutryto

putthebrakeson.Then,theairlossfromtheleakwilllowertheairtankpressurequickly.Ifitgoeslowenough,thetraileremergencybrakeswillcomeon.

Test your knowledge1. Whyshouldyounotusethetrailerhandvalvewhiledriving?2. Describewhatthetrailerairsupplycontroldoes.3. Describewhattheservicelineisfor.4. Whatistheemergencyairlinefor?5. Whyshouldyouusechockswhenparkingatrailerwithoutspringbrakes?

6. Whereareshut-offvalves?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection6.2.

6.3 – Antilock Brake Systems

Trailers Required to Have ABSAlltrailersandconverterdolliesbuiltonorafterMarch1,1998,

arerequiredtohaveABS.However,manytrailersandconverterdolliesbuiltbeforethisdatehavebeenvoluntarilyequippedwithABS.TrailerswillhaveyellowABSmalfunctionlampsontheleft

side,eitheronthefrontorrearcorner.SeeFigure6.7.DolliesmanufacturedonorafterMarch1,1998,arerequiredtohavealampontheleftside.

6-13

ABStestlight

TestingABSSystems

Inthecaseofvehiclesmanufacturedbeforetherequireddate,itmaybedifficulttotelliftheunitisequippedwithABS.LookunderthevehiclefortheECUandwheelspeedsensorwirescomingfromthebackofthebrakes.

Figure 6.7

6.3.2 – Braking with ABSABSisanadditiontoyournormalbrakes.Itdoesnotdecrease

orincreaseyournormalbrakingcapability.ABSonlyactivateswhenwheelsareabouttolockup.ABSdoesnotnecessarilyshortenyourstoppingdistance,butit

doeshelpyoukeepthevehicleundercontrolduringhardbraking.ABShelpsyouavoidwheellockup.Thecomputersenses

impendinglockup,reducesthebrakingpressuretoasafelevel,andyoumaintaincontrol.HavingABSononlythetrailer,orevenononlyoneaxle,still

givesyoumorecontroloverthevehicleduringbraking.WhenonlythetrailerhasABS,thetrailerislesslikelytoswing

out,butifyoulosesteeringcontrolorstartatractorjackknife,letuponthebrakes(ifyoucansafelydoso)untilyougaincontrol.

6-14

Whenyoudriveatractor-trailercombinationwithABS,youshouldbrakeasyoualwayshave.Inotherwords:• Useonlythebrakingforcenecessarytostopsafelyandstayincontrol.

• Brakethesameway,regardlessofwhetheryouhaveABSonthetractor,thetrailer,orboth.

• Asyouslowdown,monitoryourtractorandtrailerandbackoffthebrakes(ifitissafetodoso)tostayincontrol.

Remember,ifyourABSmalfunctions,youstillhaveregularbrakes.Drivenormally,butgetthesystemservicedsoon.ABSwon’tallowyoutodrivefaster,followmoreclosely,ordrive

lesscarefully.

6.4 – Coupling and UncouplingKnowinghowtocoupleanduncouplecorrectlyisbasictosafe

operationofcombinationvehicles.Wrongcouplinganduncouplingcanbeverydangerous.Generalcouplinganduncouplingstepsarelistedbelow.Therearedifferencesbetweendifferentrigs,solearnthedetailsofcouplinganduncouplingthetruck(s)youwilloperate.

Coupling Tractor-Semitrailers

Step 1. Inspect fifth wheel• Checkfordamaged/missingparts.• Checktoseethatthemountingtothetractorissecure,nocracksinframe,etc.

• Besurethatthefifthwheelplateisgreasedasrequired.Failuretokeepthefifthwheelplatelubricatedcouldcausesteeringproblemsbecauseoffrictionbetweenthetractorandtrailer.

Checkifthefifthwheelisinproperpositionforcoupling.• Wheeltilteddowntowardrearoftractor.• Jawsopen.• Safetyunlockinghandleintheautomaticlockposition.• Ifyouhaveaslidingfifthwheel,makesureitislocked.• Makesurethetrailerkingpinisnotbentorbroken.

6-15

Step 2. Inspect area and chock wheels• Makesuretheareaaroundthevehicleisclear.• Besuretrailerwheelsarechockedorspringbrakesareon.• Checkthatcargo(ifany)issecuredagainstmovementduetothetractorbeingcoupledtothetrailer.

Step 3. Position tractor• Putthetractordirectlyinfrontofthetrailer.(Neverbackunderthetraileratananglebecauseyoumightpushthetrailersidewaysandbreakthelandinggear.)

• Checkposition,usingoutsidemirrors,bylookingdownbothsidesofthetrailer.

Step 4. Back slowly• Backuntilthefifthwheeljusttouchesthetrailer.• Don’thitthetrailer.

Step 5. Secure tractor• Putontheparkingbrake.• Putthetransmissioninneutral.

Step 6. Check trailer height• Thetrailershouldbelowenoughthatitisraisedslightlybythetractorwhenthetractorisbackedunderit.Raiseorlowerthetrailerasneeded.(Ifthetraileristoolow,thetractormaystrikeanddamagethetrailernose;ifthetraileristoohigh,itmaynotcouplecorrectly.)

• Checkthatthekingpinandfifthwheelarealigned.

Step 7. Connect air lines to trailer• Checkthegladhandsealsandconnectthetractoremergencyairlinetothetraileremergencygladhand.

• Checkthegladhandsealsandconnectthetractorserviceairlinetothetrailerservicegladhand.

• Makesuretheairlinesaresafelysupportedwheretheywon’tbecrushedorcaughtwhilethetractorisbackingunderthetrailer.

6-16

Step 8. Supply air to trailer• Fromthecab,pushinthe“airsupply”knobormovethetractorprotectionvalvecontrolfromthe“emergency”tothe“normal”positiontosupplyairtothetrailerbrakesystem.

• Waituntiltheairpressureisnormal.• Checkthebrakesystemforcrossedairlines.- Shuttheengineoffsoyoucanhearthebrakes.- Applyandreleasethetrailerbrakesandlistenforthesoundofthetrailerbrakesbeingappliedandreleased.Youshouldhearthebrakesmovewhenappliedandtheairescapewhenthebrakesarereleased.- Checktheairbrakesystempressuregaugeforsignsofmajorairloss.

• Whenyouaresurethetrailerbrakesareworking,starttheengine.

• Makesuretheairpressureisuptonormal.

Step 9. Lock trailer brakes• Pulloutthe“airsupply”knobormovethetractorprotectionvalvecontrolfrom“normal”to“emergency.”

Step 10. Back under trailer• Usethelowestreversegear.• Backthetractorslowlyunderthetrailertoavoidhittingthekingpintoohard.

• Stopwhenthekingpinislockedintothefifthwheel.

Step 11. Check connection for security• Raisethetrailerlandinggearslightlyofftheground.• Pullthetractorgentlyforwardwhilethetrailerbrakesarestilllockedtocheckthatthetrailerislockedontothetractor.

Step 12. Secure vehicle• Putthetransmissioninneutral.• Puttheparkingbrakeson.• Shutofftheengineandtakethekeywithyousosomeoneelsewon’tmovethetruckwhileyouareunderit.

6-17

Step 13. Inspect coupling• Useaflashlight,ifnecessary.• Makesurethereisnospacebetweentheupperandlowerfifthwheel.Ifthereisspace,somethingiswrong(kingpinmaybeontopoftheclosedfifthwheeljaws,andthetrailerwouldcomelooseveryeasily).

• Goundertrailerandlookintothebackofthefifthwheel.Makesurethefifthwheeljawshaveclosedaroundtheshankofthekingpin.

• Checkthatthelockingleverisinthe“lock”position.• Checkthatthesafetylatchisinpositionoverlockinglever.(Onsomefifthwheelsthecatchmustbeputinplacebyhand.)

• Ifthecouplingisn’tright,don’tdrivethecoupledunit;getitfixed.

Step 14. Connect the electrical cord and check air lines• Plugtheelectricalcordintothetrailerandfastenthesafetycatch.

• Checkboththeairlinesandtheelectricallineforsignsofdamage.

• Makesuretheairandelectricallineswillnothitanymovingpartsofvehicle.

Step 15. Raise front trailer supports (Landing gear)• Usethelowgearrange(ifsoequipped)tobeginraisingthelandinggear.Oncefreeofweight,switchtothehighgearrange.

• Raisethelandinggearallthewayup.(Neverdrivewiththelandinggearonlypartwayupasitmaycatchonrailroadtracksorotherthings.)

• Afterraisingthelandinggear,securethecrankhandlesafely.• Whenthefullweightofthetrailerisrestingonthetractor:- Checkforenoughclearancebetweentherearofthetractorframeandthelandinggear.(Whenthetractorturnssharply,itmustnothitthelandinggear.)- Checkthatthereisenoughclearancebetweenthetopofthetractortiresandthenoseofthetrailer.

Step 16. Remove trailer wheel chocks• Removeandstorethewheelchocksinasafeplace.

6-18

Uncoupling Tractor-SemitrailersThefollowingstepswillhelpyoutouncouplesafely.

Step 1. Position rig• Makesurethesurfaceoftheparkingareacansupporttheweightofthetrailer.

• Havethetractorlinedupwiththetrailer.(Pullingoutatananglecandamagelandinggear.)

Step 2. Ease pressure on locking jaws• Shutoffthetrailerairsupplytolockthetrailerbrakes.• Easepressureonthefifthwheellockingjawsbybackingupgently.(Thiswillhelpyoureleasethefifthwheellockinglever.)

• Puttheparkingbrakesonwhilethetractorispushingagainstthekingpin.(Thiswillholdtherigwithpressureoffthelockingjaws.)

Step 3. Chock trailer wheels• Chockthetrailerwheelsifthetrailerdoesn’thavespringbrakesorifyou’renotsure.(Theaircouldleakoutofthetrailerairtank,releasingitsemergencybrakes.Withoutchocks,thetrailercouldmove.)

Step 4. Lower the landing gear• Ifthetrailerisempty,lowerthelandinggearuntilitmakesfirmcontactwiththeground.

• Ifthetrailerisloaded,afterthelandinggearmakesfirmcontactwiththeground,turnthecrankinlowgearafewextraturns.Thiswillliftsomeweightoffthetractor.(Donotliftthetraileroffthefifthwheel.)Thiswill:- Makeiteasiertounlatchthefifthwheel.- Makeiteasiertocouplenexttime.

Step 5. Disconnect air lines and electrical cable• Disconnecttheairlinesfromthetrailer.Connecttheairlinegladhandstodummycouplersatthebackofthecaborcouplethemtogether.

• Hangtheelectricalcablewiththeplugdowntopreventmoisturefromenteringit.

• Makesurethelinesaresupportedsotheywon’tbedamagedwhiledrivingthetractor.

6-19

Step 6. Unlock fifth wheel • Raisethereleasehandlelock.• Pullthereleasehandleto“open”position.• Keepthelegsandfeetclearofthereartractorwheelstoavoidseriousinjuryincasethevehiclemoves.

Step 7. Pull tractor partially clear of trailer• Pullthetractorforwarduntilthefifthwheelcomesoutfromunderthetrailer.

• Stopwiththetractorframeunderthetrailer(preventsthetrailerfromfallingtothegroundifthelandinggearshouldcollapseorsink).

Step 8. Secure tractor• Applytheparkingbrake.• Placethetransmissioninneutral.

Step 9. Inspect trailer supports• Makesurethegroundissupportingtrailer.• Makesurethelandinggearisnotdamaged.

Step 10. Pull tractor clear of trailer• Releasetheparkingbrakes.• Checktheareaanddrivethetractorforwarduntilitclears.

Test your knowledge1. Whatmighthappenifthetraileristoohighwhenyoutrytocouple?

2. Aftercoupling,howmuchspaceshouldbebetweentheupperandlowerfifthwheel?

3. Youshouldlookintothebackofthefifthwheeltoseeifitislockedontothekingpin.TrueorFalse?

4. Todriveyouneedtoraisethelandinggearonlyuntilitjustliftsoffthepavement.TrueorFalse?

5. Howdoyouknowifyourtrailerisequippedwithantilockbrakes?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections6.3and6.4.

6-20

Kingpin

Base

Kingpin

Shank

Head

6.5 – Inspecting a Combination VehicleUsetheseven-stepinspectionproceduredescribedinSection

2toinspectyourcombinationvehicle.Therearemorethingstoinspectonacombinationvehiclethanonasinglevehicle.(Forexample,tires,wheels,lights,reflectors,etc.)However,therearealsosomenewthingstocheck.Thesearediscussedbelow.

Additional Things to Check During a Walkaround InspectionDothesechecksinadditiontothosealreadylistedinSection2.

Coupling system areas

Checkthefifthwheel(lower).• Securelymountedtoframe.• Nomissingordamagedparts.• Enoughgrease.• Novisiblespacebetweenupperandlowerfifthwheel.• Lockingjawsaroundtheshank,nottheheadofkingpin.SeeFigure6.8.

• Releasearmproperlyseatedandsafetylatch/lockengaged.

Figure 6.8

6-21

Checkthefifthwheel(upper).• Glideplatesecurelymountedtotrailerframe.• Kingpinnotdamaged.

Airandelectriclinestotrailer.• Electricalcordfirmlypluggedinandsecured.• Airlinesproperlyconnectedtogladhands,noairleaks,properlysecuredwithenoughslackforturns.

• Alllinesfreefromdamage.

Slidingfifthwheel.• Slidenotdamagedorpartsmissing.• Properlygreased.• Alllockingpinspresentandlockedinplace.• Ifairpowered–noairleaks.• Checkthatfifthwheelisnotsofarforwardthattractorframewillhitthelandinggear,orthecabhitthetrailer,duringturns.

Landinggear:• Fullyraised,nomissingparts,notbentorotherwisedamaged.• Crankhandleinplaceandsecured.• Ifpoweroperated,noairorhydraulicleaks.

Combination Vehicle Brake CheckDothesechecksinadditiontoSection5.3,InspectingAirBrake

Systems.Thefollowingsectionexplainshowtocheckairbrakeson

combinationvehicles.Checkthebrakesonadoubleortripletrailerasyouwouldanycombinationvehicle.

Check that air flows to all trailers. Usethetractorparkingbrakeand/orchockthewheelstoholdthevehicle.Waitforairpressuretoreachnormal,thenpushinthered“trailerairsupply”knob.Thiswillsupplyairtotheemergency(supply)lines.Usethetrailerhandbraketoprovideairtotheserviceline.Gototherearoftherig.Opentheemergencylineshut-offvalveattherearofthelasttrailer.Youshouldhearairescaping,showingtheentiresystemischarged.Closetheemergencylinevalve.Opentheservicelinevalvetocheckthatservicepressuregoesthroughallthetrailers(thistestassumesthatthetrailerhandbrakeortheservicebrakepedalison),andthenclosethevalve.Ifyoudonothearairescapingfrombothlines,checkthattheshut-offvalvesonthetrailer(s)anddolly(ies)areintheopenposition.Youmusthaveairallthewaytothebackforallthebrakestowork.

6-22

Test tractor protection valve. Chargethetrailerairbrakesystem.(Thatis,buildupnormalairpressureandpushthe“airsupply”knobin.)Shuttheengineoff.Steponandoffthebrakepedalseveraltimestoreducetheairpressureinthetanks.Thetrailerairsupplycontrol(alsocalledthetractorprotectionvalvecontrol)shouldpopout(orgofrom“normal”to“emergency”position)whentheairpressurefallsintothepressurerangespecifiedbythemanufacturer.(Usuallywithintherangeof20to45psi.)Ifthetractorprotectionvalvedoesn’tworkright,anairhoseor

trailerbrakeleakcoulddrainalltheairfromthetractor.Thiswouldcausetheemergencybrakestocomeon,withpossiblelossofcontrol.

Test trailer emergency brakes. Chargethetrailerairbrakesystemandcheckthatthetrailerrollsfreely.Thenstopandpulloutthetrailerairsupplycontrol(alsocalledtractorprotectionvalvecontrolortraileremergencyvalve),orplaceitinthe“emergency”position.Pullgentlyonthetrailerwiththetractortocheckthatthetraileremergencybrakesareon.

Test trailer service brakes. Checkfornormalairpressure,releasetheparkingbrakes,movethevehicleforwardslowly,andapplytrailerbrakeswiththehandcontrol(trolleyvalve),ifsoequipped.Youshouldfeelthebrakescomeon.Thistellsyouthetrailerbrakesareconnectedandworking.(Thetrailerbrakesshouldbetestedwiththehandvalvebutcontrolledinnormaloperationwiththefootpedal,whichappliesairtotheservicebrakesatallwheels.)

Test your knowledge1. Whichshut-offvalvesshouldbeopenandwhichclosed?2. Howcanyoutestthatairflowstoalltrailers?3. Howcanyoutestthetractorprotectionvalve?4. Howcanyoutestthetraileremergencybrakes?5. Howcanyoutestthetrailerservicebrakes?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerallofthem,rereadsubsection6.5.

7-1

Doubles and Triples

This section covers:• Pulling double/triple trailers• Coupling and uncoupling• Inspecting doubles and triples• Checking air brakes

If you will pull a double-triple trailer, study this section.You also need to study:• Section 2, Driving Safely.• Section 5, Air Brakes.• Section 6, Combination Vehicles.The doubles/triples test will have questions from these

sections.

ThissectionhasinformationyouneedtopasstheCDLknowledgetestfordrivingsafelywithdoubleandtripletrailers.Ittellsabouthowimportantitistobeverycarefulwhendrivingwithmorethanonetrailer,howtocoupleanduncouplecorrectly,andaboutinspectingdoublesandtriplescarefully.

7-2

7.1 – Pulling Double/Triple TrailersTakespecialcarewhenpullingtwoandthreetrailers.There

aremorethingsthatcangowrong,anddoubles/triplesarelessstablethanothercommercialvehicles.Someareasofconcernarediscussedbelow.

Prevent Trailer from Rolling OverTopreventtrailersfromrollingover,youmuststeergentlyand

goslowlyaroundcorners,onramps,offramps,andcurves.Asafespeedonacurveforastraighttruckorasingletrailercombinationvehiclemaybetoofastforasetofdoublesortriples.

Beware of the Crack-the-whip EffectDoublesandtriplesaremorelikelytoturnoverthanother

combinationvehiclesbecauseofthe“crack-the-whip”effect.Youmuststeergentlywhenpullingtrailers.Thelasttrailerinacombinationismostlikelytoturnover.Ifyoudon’tunderstandthecrack-the-whipeffect,studysubsection6.1ofthismanual.

Inspect CompletelyTherearemorecriticalpartstocheckwhenyouhavetwoor

threetrailers.Checkthemall.Followtheproceduresdescribedlaterinthissection.

Look Far AheadDoublesandtriplesmustbedrivenverysmoothlytoavoid

rolloverorjackknife.Therefore,lookfaraheadsoyoucanslowdownorchangelanesgraduallywhennecessary.

Manage SpaceDoublesandtriplestakeupmorespacethanothercommercial

vehicles.Theyarenotonlylonger,butalsoneedmorespacebecausetheycan’tbeturnedorstoppedsuddenly.Allowmorefollowingdistance.Makesureyouhavelargeenoughgapsbeforeenteringorcrossingtraffic.Becertainyouareclearatthesidesbeforechanginglanes.

Adverse ConditionsBemorecarefulinadverseconditions.Inbadweather,slippery

conditions,andmountaindriving,youmustbeespeciallycarefulifyoudrivedoubleandtriplebottoms.Youwillhavegreaterlengthandmoredeadaxlestopullwithyourdriveaxlesthanotherdrivers.Thereismorechanceforskidsandlossoftraction.

7-3

Parking the VehicleMakesureyoudonotgetinaspotyoucannotpullstraight

through.Youneedtobeawareofhowparkinglotsarearrangedinordertoavoidalonganddifficultescape.

Antilock Braking Systems on Converter DolliesConverterdolliesbuiltonorafterMarch1,1998,arerequiredto

haveantilockbrakes.Thesedollieswillhaveayellowlampontheleftsideofthedolly.

7.2 – Coupling and UncouplingKnowinghowtocoupleanduncouplecorrectlyisbasictosafe

operationofdoublesandtriples.Wrongcouplinganduncouplingcanbeverydangerous.Couplinganduncouplingstepsfordoublesandtriplesarelistedbelow.

Coupling Twin TrailersSecure second (rear) trailer. Ifthesecondtrailerdoesn’thave

springbrakes,drivethetractorclosetothetrailer,connecttheemergencyline,chargethetrailerairtank,anddisconnecttheemergencyline.Thiswillsetthetraileremergencybrakes(iftheslackadjustersarecorrectlyadjusted).Chockthewheelsifyouhaveanydoubtaboutthebrakes.Forthesafesthandlingontheroad,themoreheavilyloaded

semitrailershouldbeinfirstpositionbehindthetractor.Thelightertrailershouldbeintherear.Aconvertergearonadollyisacouplingdeviceofoneortwo

axlesandafifthwheelbywhichasemitrailercanbecoupledtotherearofatractor-trailercombinationformingadoublebottomrig.SeeFigure7.1.

7-4

Leadtrailer Reartrailer

Airandelectricalconnections

Fifthwheel

Ringhitch

Airhoses

Kingpin

ConvertergearLandinggear

Figure 7.1

Position converter dolly in front of second (rear) trailer• Releasethedollybrakesbyopeningtheairtankpetcock.Or,ifthedollyhasspringbrakes,usethedollyparkingbrakecontrol.

• Ifthedistanceisnottoogreat,wheelthedollyintopositionbyhandsoitisinlinewiththekingpin.

• Or,usethetractorandthefirstsemitrailertopickuptheconverterdolly:- Positionthecombinationascloseaspossibletotheconverterdolly.- Movethedollytorearofthefirstsemitrailerandcoupleittothetrailer.- Lockthepintlehook.- Securethedollysupportintheraisedposition.- Pullthedollyintopositionascloseaspossibletothenoseofthesecondsemitrailer.- Lowerthedollysupport.- Unhookthedollyfromthefirsttrailer.- Wheelthedollyintopositioninfrontofthesecondtrailerinlinewiththekingpin.

Connect converter dolly to front trailer• Backthefirstsemitrailerintopositioninfrontofthedollytongue.• Hookthedollytothefronttrailer.• Lockthepintlehook.• Securetheconvertergearsupportintheraisedposition.

7-5

Connect converter dolly to rear trailer• Makesurethetrailerbrakesarelockedand/orthewheelschocked.

• Makesurethetrailerheightiscorrect.(Itmustbeslightlylowerthanthecenterofthefifthwheel,sothetrailerisraisedslightlywhenthedollyispushedunder.)

• Backtheconverterdollyunderthereartrailer.• Raisethelandinggearslightlyoffthegroundtopreventdamageifthetrailermoves.

• Testthecouplingbypullingagainstthepinofthesecondsemitrailer.

• Makeavisualcheckofthecoupling.(Nospacebetweentheupperandlowerfifthwheel.Lockingjawsclosedonkingpin.)

• Connectsafetychains,airhoses,andlightcords.• Closetheconverterdollyairtankpetcockandshut-offvalvesattherearofthesecondtrailer(serviceandemergencyshut-offs).

• Opentheshut-offvalvesattherearofthefirsttrailer(andonthedolly,ifsoequipped).

• Raisethelandinggearcompletely.• Chargethetrailerbrakes(pushthe“airsupply”knobin),andcheckforairattherearofthesecondtrailerbyopeningtheemergencylineshut-off.Iftheairpressureisn’tthere,somethingiswrongandthebrakeswon’twork.

Uncoupling Twin TrailersUncouple rear trailer• Parktheriginastraightlineonfirm,levelground.• Applytheparkingbrakessotherigwon’tmove.• Chockthewheelsofthesecondtrailerifitdoesn’thavespringbrakes.

• Lowerthelandinggearofthesecondsemitrailerenoughtoremovesomeweightfromthedolly.

• Closetheairshut-offsattherearofthefirstsemitrailer(andonthedollyifsoequipped).

• Disconnectallofthedollyairandelectriclinesandsecurethem.

• Releasethedollybrakes.• Releasetheconverterdollyfifthwheellatch.• Slowlypullthetractor,firstsemitrailer,anddollyforwardtopullthedollyoutfromundertherearsemitrailer.

7-6

Uncouple converter dolly• Lowerthedollylandinggear.• Disconnectthesafetychains.• Applytheconvertergearspringbrakesorchockwheels.• Releasethepintlehookonthefirstsemi-trailer.• Slowlypullclearofthedolly.

Neverunlockthepintlehookwiththedollystillunderthereartrailer.Thedollytowbarmayflyup,possiblycausinginjury,andmakingitverydifficulttore-couple.

Coupling and Uncoupling Triple TrailersCouple tractor/first semitrailer to second/third trailers• Couplethetractortothefirsttrailer.Usethemethodalreadydescribedforcouplingtractor-semitrailers.

• Movetheconverterdollyintopositionandcouplethefirsttrailertothesecondtrailerusingthemethodforcouplingdoubles.Thetriplesrigisnowcomplete.

Uncouple triple-trailer rig• Uncouplethethirdtrailerbypullingthedollyout,thenunhitchingthedollyusingthemethodforuncouplingdoubles.

• Uncoupletheremainderoftherigasyouwouldanydouble-bottomrigusingthemethodalreadydescribed.

Coupling and Uncoupling Other CombinationsThemethodsdescribedsofarapplytothemorecommon

tractor-trailercombinations.However,thereareotherwaysofcouplinganduncouplingthemanytypesoftruck-trailerandtractor-trailercombinationsthatareinuse.Therearetoomanytocoverinthismanual.Youwillneedtolearnthecorrectwaytocoupleanduncouplethevehicle(s)youwilldriveaccordingtothemanufacturerand/orownerspecifications.

7.3 – Inspecting Doubles and TriplesUsetheseven-stepinspectionproceduredescribedinSection

2toinspectyourcombinationvehicle.Therearemorethingstoinspectonacombinationvehiclethanonasinglevehicle.Manyoftheseitemsaresimplymoreofwhatyouwouldfindonasinglevehicle.(Forexample,tires,wheels,lights,reflectors,etc.)However,therearealsosomenewthingstocheck.Thesearediscussedhere.

7-7

Additional ChecksDothesechecksinadditiontothosealreadylistedinSection2,

Step5,Dowalkaroundinspection.

Coupling system areasCheckthefifthwheel(lower).• Securelymountedtotheframe.• Nomissingordamagedparts.• Enoughgrease.• Novisiblespacebetweentheupperandlowerfifthwheel.• Lockingjawsaroundtheshank,nottheheadofkingpin.• Releasearmisproperlyseatedandsafetylatch/lockisengaged.

Checkthefifthwheel(upper).• Glideplatesecurelymountedtotrailerframe.• Kingpinnotdamaged.

Airandelectriclinestothetrailer.• Electricalcordfirmlypluggedinandsecured.• Airlinesproperlyconnectedtogladhands,noairleaks,properlysecuredwithenoughslackforturns.

• Alllinesfreefromdamage.

Slidingfifthwheel.• Slidenotdamagedorpartsmissing.• Properlygreased.• Alllockingpinspresentandlockedinplace.• Ifairpowered,noairleaks.• Checkthatthefifthwheelisnotsofarforwardthatthetractorframewillhitthelandinggear,orthecabwillhitthetrailer,duringturns.

Landing gear• Fullyraised,nomissingparts,notbentorotherwisedamaged.• Crankhandleisinplaceandsecured.• Ifpower-operated,noairorhydraulicleaks.

Double and triple trailers• Shut-offvalves(atrearoftrailers,inserviceandemergencylines).• Rearoffronttrailers:OPEN.• Rearoflasttrailer:CLOSED.• Converterdollyairtankdrainvalve:CLOSED.

7-8

• Besureairlinesaresupportedandgladhandsareproperlyconnected.

• Ifthesparetireiscarriedontheconvertergear(dolly),makesureit’ssecured.

• Besurethepintle-eyeofthedollyisinplaceinthepintlehookofthetrailer(s).

• Makesurethepintlehookislatched.• Safetychainsshouldbesecuredtotrailer(s).• Besurethelightcordsarefirmlyinthesocketsontrailers.

Additional Things to Check During a Walkaround InspectionDothesechecksinadditiontosubsection5.3,InspectingAir

BrakeSystems.

7.4 – Doubles/Triples Air Brake CheckCheckthebrakesonadoubleortripletrailerasyouwouldany

combinationvehicle.Subsection6.5explainshowtocheckairbrakesoncombinationvehicles.Youmustalsomakethefollowingchecksonyourdoubleortripletrailers.

Additional Air Brake ChecksCheck that air flows to all trailers (double and triple trailers).• Usethetractorparkingbrakeand/orchockthewheelstoholdthevehicle.

• Waitforairpressuretoreachnormal,thenpushinthered“trailerairsupply”knob.Thiswillsupplyairtotheemergency(supply)lines.

• Usethetrailerhandbraketoprovideairtotheserviceline.• Gototherearoftherig.Opentheemergencylineshut-offvalveattherearofthelasttrailer.Youshouldhearairescaping,showingtheentiresystemischarged.

• Closetheemergencylinevalve.• Opentheservicelinevalvetocheckthatservicepressuregoesthroughallthetrailers(thistestassumesthatthetrailerhandbrakeortheservicebrakepedalison),andthenclosethevalve.

• Ifyoudonothearairescapingfrombothlines,checkthattheshut-offvalvesonthetrailer(s)anddolly(ies)areintheopenposition.Youmusthaveairallthewaytothebackforallthebrakestowork.

7-9

Test tractor protection valve. Chargethetrailerairbrakesystem.(Thatis,buildupnormalairpressureandpushthe“airsupply”knobin.)Shuttheengineoff.Steponandoffthebrakepedalseveraltimestoreducetheairpressureinthetanks.Thetrailerairsupplycontrol(alsocalledthetractorprotectionvalvecontrol)shouldpopout(orgofrom“normal”to“emergency”position)whentheairpressurefallsintothepressurerangespecifiedbythemanufacturer.(Usuallywithintherangeof20to45psi.)Ifthetractorprotectionvalvedoesn’tworkproperly,anairhose

ortrailerbrakeleakcoulddrainalltheairfromthetractor.Thiswouldcausetheemergencybrakestocomeon,withpossiblelossofcontrol.

Test trailer emergency brakes. Chargethetrailerairbrakesystemandcheckthatthetrailerrollsfreely.Thenstopandpulloutthetrailerairsupplycontrol(alsocalledtractorprotectionvalvecontrolortraileremergencyvalve)orplaceitinthe“emergency”position.Pullgentlyonthetrailerwiththetractortocheckthatthetraileremergencybrakesareon.

Test trailer service brakes. Checkfornormalairpressure,releasetheparkingbrakes,movethevehicleforwardslowly,andapplytrailerbrakeswiththehandcontrol(trolleyvalve),ifsoequipped.Youshouldfeelthebrakescomeon.Thistellsyouthetrailerbrakesareconnectedandworking.(Thetrailerbrakesshouldbetestedwiththehandvalve,butcontrolledinnormaloperationwiththefootpedal,whichappliesairtotheservicebrakesatallwheels.)

7-10

Test your knowledge1. Whatisaconverterdolly?2. Doconverterdollieshavespringbrakes?3. Whatthreemethodscanyouusetosecureasecondtrailerbeforecoupling?

4. Howdoyouchecktomakesuretrailerheightiscorrectbeforecoupling?

5. Whatdoyoucheckwhenmakingavisualcheckofcoupling?6. Whyshouldyoupulladollyoutfromunderatrailerbeforeyoudisconnectitfromthetrailerinfront?

7. Whatshouldyoucheckforwheninspectingtheconverterdolly?Thepintlehook?

8. Shouldtheshut-offvalvesontherearofthelasttrailerbeopenorclosed?Onthefirsttrailerinasetofdoubles?Onthemiddletrailerofasetoftriples?

9. Howcanyoutestthatairflowstoalltrailers?10. Howdoyouknowifyourconverterdollyisequippedwithantilockbrakes?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadSection7.

8-1

Tank Vehicles

This section covers:• Inspecting tank vehicles• Driving tank vehicles• Safe driving rules

If you will drive a vehicle with a tank, study this section.You also need to study:• Section 2, Driving Safely.• Section 6, Combination Vehicles.• Section 9, Hazardous Materials.Your tank vehicle test will have questions from each of these

sections.

ThissectionhasinformationneededtopasstheCDLknowledgetestfordrivingatankvehicle.Atankendorsementisrequiredforcertainvehiclesthattransportliquidsorgases.Theliquidorgasdoesnothavetobeahazardousmaterial.Atankendorsementisrequiredifyouwanttohaulaliquidorliquidgasinapermanentlymountedcargotankratedat119gallonsormoreoraportabletankratedat1,000gallonsormore.Beforeloading,unloading,ordrivingatanker,inspectthevehicle.

Thismakessurethatthevehicleissafetocarrytheliquidorgasandissafetodrive.

8-2

8.1 – Inspecting Tank VehiclesTankvehicleshavespecialitemsthatyouneedtocheck.Tank

vehiclescomeinmanytypesandsizes.Youneedtocheckthevehicle’soperatormanualtomakesureyouknowhowtoinspectyourtankvehicle.

LeaksOnalltankvehicles,themostimportantitemtocheckforis

leaks.Checkunderandaroundthevehicleforsignsofanyleaking.Don’tcarryliquidsorgasesinaleakingtank.Todosoisacrime.Youwillbecitedandpreventedfromdrivingfurther.Youmayalsobeliableforthecleanupofanyspill.Ingeneral,checkthefollowing:• Checkthetank’sbodyorshellfordentsorleaks.• Checktheintake,discharge,andcut-offvalves.Makesurethevalvesareinthecorrectpositionbeforeloading,unloading,ormovingthevehicle.

• Checkpipes,connections,andhosesforleaks,especiallyaroundjoints.

• Checkmanholecoversandvents.Makesurethecovershavegasketsandtheyclosecorrectly.Keeptheventsclearsotheyworkcorrectly.

Check Special Purpose EquipmentIfyourvehiclehasanyofthefollowingequipment,makesureit

works:• Vaporrecoverykits.• Groundingandbondingcables.• Emergencyshut-offsystems.• Built-infireextinguisher.

Neverdriveatankvehiclewithopenvalvesormanholecovers.

Special EquipmentChecktheemergencyequipmentrequiredforyourvehicle.Find

outwhatequipmentyou’rerequiredtocarryandmakesureyouhaveit(anditworks).

8-3

CG

60˝ - 78˝ high

CG 18 -̋24˝

8.2 – Driving Tank VehiclesHaulingliquidsintanksrequiresspecialskillsbecauseofthe

highcenterofgravityandliquidmovement.SeeFigure8.1.

Figure 8.1

High Center of GravityHighcenterofgravitymeansthatmuchoftheload’sweightis

carriedhighupofftheroad.Thismakesthevehicletop-heavyandeasytorollover.Liquidtankersareespeciallyeasytorollover.Testshaveshownthattankerscanturnoveratthespeedlimitspostedforcurves.Takehighwaycurvesandonramp/offrampcurveswellbelowthepostedspeeds.

Danger of SurgeLiquidsurgeresultsfrommovementoftheliquidinpartially

filledtanks.Thismovementcanhavebadeffectsonhandling.Forexample,whencomingtoastop,theliquidwillsurgebackandforth.Whenthewavehitstheendofthetank,ittendstopushthetruckinthedirectionthewaveismoving.Ifthetruckisonaslipperysurfacesuchasice,thewavecanshoveastoppedtruckoutintoanintersection.Thedriverofaliquidtankermustbeveryfamiliarwiththehandlingofthevehicle.

BulkheadsSomeliquidtanksaredividedintoseveralsmallertanksby

bulkheads.Whenloadingandunloadingthesmallertanks,thedrivermustpayattentiontoweightdistribution.Don’tputtoomuchweightonthefrontorrearofthevehicle.

8-4

Baffled TanksBaffledliquidtankshavebulkheadsinthemwithholesthatlet

theliquidflowthrough.Thebaffleshelptocontroltheforwardandbackwardliquidsurge.Side-to-sidesurgecanstilloccur.Thiscancausearollover.

Un-baffled TanksUn-baffledliquidtankers(sometimescalled“smoothbore”tanks)

havenothinginsidetoslowdowntheflowoftheliquid.Therefore,forward-and-backsurgeisverystrong.Un-baffledtanksareusuallythosethattransportfoodproducts(milk,forexample).(Sanitationregulationsforbidtheuseofbafflesbecauseofthedifficultyincleaningtheinsideofthetank.)Beextremelycautious(slowandcareful)indrivingsmoothboretanks,especiallywhenstartingandstopping.

OutageNeverloadacargotanktotallyfull.Liquidsexpandastheywarm

andyoumustleaveroomfortheexpandingliquid.Thisiscalled“outage.”Sincedifferentliquidsexpandbydifferentamounts,theyrequiredifferentamountsofoutage.Youmustknowtheoutagerequirementwhenhaulingliquidsinbulk.

How Much to Load?Afulltankofdenseliquid(suchassomeacids)mayexceed

legalweightlimits.Forthatreason,youmayoftenonlypartiallyfilltankswithheavyliquids.Theamountofliquidtoloadintoatankdependson:• Theamounttheliquidwillexpandintransit.• Theweightoftheliquid.• Legalweightlimits.

8.3 – Safe Driving RulesInordertodrivetankvehiclessafely,youmustrememberto

followallthesafedrivingrules.Afewoftheserulesare:

Drive SmoothlyBecauseofthehighcenterofgravityandthesurgeoftheliquid,

youmuststart,slowdown,andstopverysmoothly.Also,makesmoothturnsandlanechanges.

8-5

Controlling SurgeKeepasteadypressureonthebrakes.Donotreleasetoosoon

whencomingtoastop.Brakefarinadvanceofastopandincreaseyourfollowing

distance.Ifyoumustmakeaquickstoptoavoidacrash,usecontrolled

orstabbraking.Ifyoudonotrememberhowtostopusingthesemethods,reviewsubsection2.17.Also,rememberthatifyousteerquicklywhilebraking,yourvehiclemayrollover.

CurvesSlowdownbeforecurves,thenaccelerateslightlythroughthe

curve.Thepostedspeedforacurvemaybetoofastforatankvehicle.

Stopping DistanceKeepinmindhowmuchspaceyouneedtostopyourvehicle.

Rememberthatwetroadsdoublethenormalstoppingdistance.Emptytankvehiclesmaytakelongertostopthanfullones.

SkidsDon’toversteer,overaccelerate,oroverbrake.Ifyoudo,your

vehiclemayskid.Ontanktrailers,ifyourdrivewheelsortrailerwheelsbegintoskid,yourvehiclemayjackknife.Whenanyvehiclestartstoskid,youmusttakeactiontorestoretractiontothewheels.

Test your knowledge1. Howarebulkheadsdifferentthanbaffles?2. Shouldatankvehicletakecurves,onramps,orofframpsatthepostedspeedlimits?

3. Howaresmoothboretankersdifferenttodrivethanthosewithbaffles?

4. Whatthreethingsdeterminehowmuchliquidyoucanload?5. Whatisoutage?6. Howcanyouhelpcontrolsurge?7. Whattworeasonsmakespecialcarenecessarywhendrivingtankvehicles?

Thesequestionsmaybeonthetest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadSection8.

8-6

9-1

Hazardous Materials

This section covers:• The intent of the regulations• Bulk tank loading, unloading, and marking• Driver responsibilities• Driving and parking rules• Communications rules• Emergencies• Loading and unloading

If you will drive a vehicle with hazardous materials placards, study this section.

If you are applying for your first CDL, also study all sections for the class of license and endorsements you want.

Federal regulations require all hazardous materials endorsement holders and applicants to undergo a background and fingerprint check before a new or renewal endorsement can be issued. No driver may transport hazardous materials unless they have successfully passed these checks. Additional information, including driver eligibility requirements, is located at the end of this section.Hazardousmaterialsareproductsthatposearisktohealth,

safety,andpropertyduringtransportation.ThetermoftenisshortenedtoHAZMAT,whichyoumayseeonroadsigns,ortoHMingovernmentregulations.Hazardousmaterialsincludeexplosives,varioustypesofgas,solids,flammableandcombustibleliquid,andothermaterials.Becauseoftherisksinvolvedandthepotentialconsequencestheserisksimpose,alllevelsofgovernmentregulatethehandlingofhazardousmaterials.

9-2

TheHazardousMaterialsRegulations(HMR)isfoundinparts100-185oftitle49oftheCodeofFederalRegulations.Thecommonreferencefortheseregulationsis49CFR100-185.TheHazardousMaterialsTableintheregulationscontainsalist

oftheseitems.However,thislistisnotall-inclusive.Whetherornotamaterialisconsideredhazardousisbasedonitscharacteristicsandtheshipper’sdecisiononwhetherornotthematerialmeetsadefinitionofahazardousmaterialintheregulations.Theregulationsrequirevehiclestransportingcertaintypesor

quantitiesofhazardousmaterialstodisplaydiamond-shaped,squareonpoint,warningsignscalledplacards.Thissectionisdesignedtoassistyouinunderstandingyour

roleandresponsibilitiesinhaulinghazardousmaterials.Duetotheconstantlychangingnatureofgovernmentregulations,itisimpossibletoguaranteeabsoluteaccuracyofthematerialsinthissection.Anup-to-datecopyofthecompleteregulationsisessentialforyoutohave.Includedintheseregulationsisacompleteglossaryofterms.Youmusthaveacommercialdriverlicense(CDL)witha

hazardousmaterialsendorsementbeforeyoudriveanysizevehiclethatisusedtotransporthazardousmaterialasdefinedin49CFR383.5.Youmustpassawrittentestabouttheregulationsandrequirementstogetthisendorsement.Everythingyouneedtoknowtopassthewrittentestisinthis

section.However,thisisonlyabeginning.Mostdriversneedtoknowmuchmoreonthejob.Youcanlearnmorebyreadingandunderstandingthefederalandstaterulesapplicabletohazardousmaterials,aswellas,attendinghazardousmaterialstrainingcourses.Youremployer,collegesanduniversities,andvariousassociationsusuallyofferthesecourses.YoucangetcopiesoftheFederalRegulations(49CFR)throughyourlocalGovernmentPrintingOfficebookstoreandvariousindustrypublishers.Unionorcompanyofficesoftenhavecopiesoftherulesfordriveruse.Findoutwhereyoucangetyourowncopytouseonthejob.Theregulationsrequiretrainingandtestingforalldrivers

involvedintransportinghazardousmaterials.Your employer or a designated representative is required to provide this training and testing. Hazardousmaterialsemployersarerequiredtokeeparecordofthattrainingoneachemployeeaslongasthatemployeeisworkingwithhazardousmaterials,andfor90daysthereafter.Theregulationsrequirethathazardousmaterialsemployeesbetrainedandtestedatleastonceeverythreeyears.

9-3

Alldriversmustbetrainedinthesecurityrisksofhazardousmaterialstransportation.Thistrainingincludeshowtorecognizeandrespondtopossiblesecuritythreats.Theregulationsalsorequirethatdrivershavespecialtraining

beforedrivingavehicletransportingcertainflammablegasmaterialsorhighwayroutecontrolledquantitiesofradioactivematerials.Inaddition,driverstransportingcargotanksandportabletanksmustreceivespecializedtraining.Each driver’s employer or a designated representative must provide such training.Somelocationsrequirepermitstotransportcertainexplosives

orbulkhazardouswastes.Statesandcountiesalsomayrequiredriverstofollowspecialhazardousmaterialsroutes.Thefederalgovernmentmayrequirepermitsorexemptionsforspecialhazardousmaterialscargosuchasrocketfuel.Findoutaboutpermits,exemptions,andspecialroutesfortheplacesyoudrive.

9.1 – The Intent of the Regulations

Contain the MaterialTransportinghazardousmaterialscanberisky.Theregulations

areintendedtoprotectyou,thosearoundyou,andtheenvironment.Theytellshippershowtopackagethematerialssafelyanddrivershowtoload,transport,andunloadthematerial.Thesearecalled“containmentrules.”

Communicate the RiskTocommunicatetherisk,shippersmustwarndriversandothers

aboutthematerial’shazards.Theregulationsrequireshipperstoputhazardwarninglabelsonpackages,providepropershippingpapers,emergencyresponseinformation,andplacards.Thesestepscommunicatethehazardtotheshipper,thecarrier,andthedriver.

Assure Safe Drivers and EquipmentInordertogetahazardousmaterialsendorsementona

CDL,youmustpassawrittentestabouttransportinghazardousmaterials.Topassthetest,youmustknowhowto:• Identifywhatarehazardousmaterials.• Safelyloadshipments.• Properlyplacardyourvehicleinaccordancewiththerules.• Safelytransportshipments.

9-4

Learntherulesandfollowthem.Followingtherulesreducestheriskofinjuryfromhazardousmaterials.Takingshortcutsbybreakingrulesisunsafe.Rulebreakerscanbefinedandputinjail.Inspectyourvehiclebeforeandduringeachtrip.Law

enforcementofficersmaystopandinspectyourvehicle.Whenstopped,theymaycheckyourshippingpapers,vehicleplacards,andthehazardousmaterialsendorsementonyourdriverlicense,andyourknowledgeofhazardousmaterials.

9.2 – Hazardous Materials Transportation: Who Does What

The ShipperSendsproductsfromoneplacetoanotherbytruck,rail,vessel,

orairplane.Usesthehazardousmaterialsregulationstodeterminethe

product’s:• Propershippingname.• Hazardclass.• Identificationnumber.• Packinggroup.• Correctpackaging.• Correctlabelandmarkings.• Correctplacards.• Mustpackage,mark,andlabelthematerials;prepareshippingpapers;provideemergencyresponseinformation;andsupplyplacards.

• Certifyontheshippingpaperthattheshipmenthasbeenpreparedaccordingtotherules(unlessyouarepullingcargotankssuppliedbyyouoryouremployer).

The Carrier• Takestheshipmentfromtheshippertoitsdestination.• Priortotransportation,checksthattheshippercorrectlydescribed,marked,labeled,andotherwisepreparedtheshipmentfortransportation.

• Refusesimpropershipments.• Reportsaccidentsandincidentsinvolvinghazardousmaterialstothepropergovernmentagency.

9-5

The Driver• Makessuretheshipperhasidentified,marked,andlabeledthehazardousmaterialsproperly.

• Refusesleakingpackagesandshipments.• Placardsvehiclewhenloading,ifrequired.• Safelytransportstheshipmentwithoutdelay.• Followsallspecialrulesabouttransportinghazardousmaterials.

• Keepshazardousmaterialsshippingpapersandemergencyresponseinformationintheproperplace.

9.3 – Communication Rules

DefinitionsSomewordsandphraseshavespecialmeaningswhentalking

abouthazardousmaterials.Someofthesemaydifferfrommeaningsyouareusedto.Thewordsandphrasesinthissectionmaybeonyourtest.ThemeaningsofotherimportantwordsareintheglossaryattheendofSection9.Amaterial’shazardclassreflectstherisksassociatedwithit.

Thereareninedifferenthazardclasses.ThetypesofmaterialsincludedinthesenineclassesareinFigure9.1.

9-6

Hazardous Material Class

Class Division Nameofclassordivision Examples

1 1.11.21.31.41.5

MassexplosivesProjectionhazardsMassfirehazardsVeryinsensitiveExtremeinsensitive

DynamiteFlaresDisplayfireworksAmmunitionBlastingagentsExplosivedevices

2 2.12.2

2.3

FlammablegasesNon-flammablegasesPoisonous/ToxicGases

PropaneHelium

Fluorine,compressed

3 - Flammableliquids Gasoline

4 4.14.2

4.3

FlammablesolidsSpontaneouslycombustibleDangerouswhenwet

Ammoniumpicrate,WettedWhitephosphorusSodium

5 5.15.2

OxidizersOrganicperoxides

AmmoniumnitrateMethylethylketonePeroxide

6 6.1

6.2

Poison(toxicmaterial)Infectioussubstances

Potassiumcyanide

Anthraxvirus

7 - Radioactive Uranium

8 - Corrosives Batteryfluid

9 - Miscellaneoushazardousmaterials

Polychlorinatedbiphenyls(PCB)

e - ORM-D(OtherRegulatedMaterial-Domestic)

Foodflavorings,medicines

- Combustibleliquids Fueloil

Figure 9.1

Ashippingpaperdescribesthehazardousmaterialsbeingtransported.Shippingorders,billsoflading,andmanifestsareallshippingpapers.Figure9.6showsanexampleshippingpaper.

9-7

Afteranaccidentorhazardousmaterialsspillorleak,youmaybeinjuredandunabletocommunicatethehazardsofthematerialsyouaretransporting.Firefightersandpolicecanpreventorreducetheamountofdamageorinjuryatthesceneiftheyknowwhathazardousmaterialsarebeingcarried.Yourlife,andthelivesofothers,maydependonquicklylocatingthehazardousmaterialsshippingpapers.Forthatreasontherulesrequire:• Shipperstodescribehazardousmaterialscorrectlyandincludeanemergencyresponsetelephonenumberonshippingpapers.

• Carriersanddriverstoquicklyidentifyhazardousmaterialsshippingpapers,orkeepthemontopofothershippingpapersandkeeptherequiredemergencyresponseinformationwiththeshippingpapers.

• Driverstokeephazardousmaterialsshippingpapers:- Inapouchonthedriver’sdoor,or- Inclearviewwithinimmediatereachwhiletheseatbeltisfastenedwhiledriving,or- Onthedriver’sseatwhenoutofthevehicle.

Package LabelsShippersputdiamond-shapedhazardwarninglabelsonmost

hazardousmaterialspackages.Theselabelsinformothersofthehazard.Ifthediamondlabelwon’tfitonthepackage,shippersmayputthelabelonatagsecurelyattachedtothepackage.Forexample,compressedgascylindersthatwillnotholdalabelwillhavetagsordecals.LabelslookliketheexamplesinFigure9.2.

Figure 9.2 Examples of HAZMAT labels

9-8

Lists of Regulated ProductsPlacards. Placardsareusedtowarnothersofhazardous

materials.Placardsaresignsputontheoutsideofavehicleandonbulkpackages,whichidentifythehazardclassofthecargo.Aplacardedvehiclemusthaveatleastfouridenticalplacards.Theyareputonthefront,rear,andbothsidesofthevehicle.SeeFigure9.3.Placardsmustbereadablefromallfourdirections.Theyareatleast103/4inchessquare,square-on-point,inadiamondshape.Cargotanksandotherbulkpackagingdisplaytheidentificationnumberoftheircontentsonplacardsororangepanelsorwhitesquare-on-pointdisplaysthatarethesamesizeasplacards.

Figure 9.3 Examples of HAZMAT placards

Identificationnumbersareafour-digitcodeusedbyfirstresponderstoidentifyhazardousmaterials.Anidentificationnumbermaybeusedtoidentifymorethanonechemical.Theletters“NAor“UN”willprecedetheidentificationnumber.TheUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation’sEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG)liststhechemicalsandtheidentificationnumbersassignedtothem.

9-9

Therearethreemainlistsusedbyshippers,carriers,anddriverswhentryingtoidentifyhazardousmaterials.Beforetransportingamaterial,lookforitsnameonthreelists.Somematerialsareonalllists,othersononlyone.Alwayscheckthefollowinglists:Section172.101,theHazardousMaterialsTable.AppendixAtoSection172.101,theListofHazardous

SubstancesandReportableQuantities.AppendixBtoSection172.101,theListofMarinePollutants.

The hazardous materials table. Figure9.4showspartoftheHazardousMaterialsTable.Column1tellswhichshippingmode(s)theentryaffectsandotherinformationconcerningtheshippingdescription.Thenextfivecolumnsshoweachmaterial’sshippingname,hazardclassordivision,identificationnumber,packaginggroup,andrequiredlabels.

SixdifferentsymbolsmayappearinColumn1ofthetable.(+) Showsthepropershippingname,hazardclass,andpackinggrouptouse,evenifthematerialdoesn’tmeetthehazardclassdefinition.

(A) MeansthehazardousmaterialdescribedinColumn2issubjecttotheHMRonlywhenofferedorintendedfortransportbyairunlessitisahazardoussubstanceorhazardouswaste.

(W)MeansthehazardousmaterialdescribedinColumn2issubjecttotheHMRonlywhenofferedorintendedfortransportationbywaterunlessitisahazardoussubstance,hazardouswaste,ormarinepollutant.

(D)Meansthepropershippingnameisappropriatefordescribingmaterialsfordomestictransportation,butmaynotbeproperforinternationaltransportation.

(I) Identifiesapropershippingnamethatisusedtodescribematerialsininternationaltransportation.Adifferentshippingnamemaybeusedwhenonlydomestictransportationisinvolved.

(G)MeansthishazardousmaterialdescribedinColumn2isagenericshippingname.Agenericshippingnamemustbeaccompaniedbyatechnicalnameontheshippingpaper.Atechnicalnameisaspecificchemicalthatmakestheproducthazardous.

9-10

49 CFR 172.101 Hazardous Materials TablePackaging*173.***)

Symbols Hazardousmaterialsdescriptionsandpropershippingnames

Hazardclassordivision

Identifi-cationnumbers

PG Labelcodes

Specialprovisions(172.102)

Exceptions Nonbulk

Bulk

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8A) (8B) (8C)

A Acetaldehydeammonia

9 UN1841 III 9 IB8,IP6 155 204 240

Figure 9.4

Appendix A to 49 CFR 172List of hazardous substances and reportable quantities

Hazardoussubstances Reportablequantity(RQ)pounds(Kilograms)

Phenylmercaptan@ 100(45.4)

Phenylmercuricacetate 100(45.4)

N-Phenylthiourea 100(45.4)

Phorate 10(4.54)

Phosgene 10(4.54)

Phosphine 10(4.54)*

Phosphoricacid 5,000(2,270)

Phosphoricacid,diethyl,4-nitrophenylester

100(45.4)

Phosphoricacid,leadsalt 10(.454)

*Spillsof10poundsormoremustbereported.

Figure 9.5

Column2liststhepropershippingnamesanddescriptionsofregulatedmaterials.Entriesareinalphabeticalordersoyoucanmorequicklyfindtherightentry.Thetableshowspropershippingnamesinregulartype.Theshippingpapermustshowpropershippingnames.Namesshowninitalicsarenotpropershippingnames.

9-11

Column3showsamaterial’shazardclassordivision,ortheentry“Forbidden.”Nevertransporta“Forbidden”material.Placardhazardousmaterialsbasedonthequantityandhazardclass.Youcandecidewhichplacardstouseifyouknowthesethreethings:• Material’shazardclass.• Amountbeingshipped.• Amountofallhazardousmaterialsofallclassesonyourvehicle.

Column4liststheidentificationnumberforeachpropershippingname.Identificationnumbersareprecededbytheletters“UN”or“NA.”Theletters“NA”areassociatedwithpropershippingnamesthatareonlyusedwithintheUnitedStatesandtoandfromCanada.Theidentificationnumbermustappearontheshippingpaperaspartoftheshippingdescriptionandalsoappearonthepackage.Italsomustappearoncargotanksandotherbulkpackaging.Policeandfirefightersusethisnumbertoquicklyidentifythehazardousmaterials.

Column5showsthepackinggroup(inRomannumeral)assignedtoamaterial.

Column6showsthehazardwarninglabel(s)shippersmustputonpackagesofhazardousmaterials.Someproductsrequireuseofmorethanonelabelduetoadualhazardbeingpresent.

Column7liststheadditional(special)provisionsthatapplytothismaterial.Whenthereisanentryinthiscolumn,youmustrefertothefederalregulationsforspecificinformation.Thenumbers1-6inthiscolumnmeanthehazardousmaterialisapoisoninhalationhazard(PIH).PIHmaterialshavespecialrequirementsforshippingpapers,marking,andplacards.

Column8isathree-partcolumnshowingthesectionnumberscoveringthepackagingrequirementsforeachhazardousmaterial.

9-12

Note: Columns 9 and 10 do not apply to transportation by highway.

Appendix A to 49 CFR 172.101 - The List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities. TheDOTandtheEPAwanttoknowaboutspillsofhazardoussubstances.TheyarenamedintheListofHazardousSubstancesandReportableQuantities.SeeFigure9.5.Column3ofthelistshowseachproduct’sreportablequantity(RQ).Whenthesematerialsarebeingtransportedinareportablequantityorgreaterinonepackage,theshipperdisplaysthelettersRQontheshippingpaperandpackage.ThelettersRQmayappearbeforeorafterthebasicdescription.Youoryouremployermustreportanyspillofthesematerials,whichoccursinareportablequantity.IfthewordsINHALATIONHAZARDappearontheshipping

paperorpackage,therulesrequiredisplayofthePOISONINHALATIONHAZARDorPOISONGASplacards,asappropriate.Theseplacardsmustbeusedinadditiontootherplacards,whichmayberequiredbytheproduct’shazardclass.AlwaysdisplaythehazardclassplacardandthePOISONINHALATIONHAZARDplacard,evenforsmallamounts.

Appendix B to 49 CFR 172.101 - List of Marine PollutantsAppendixBisalistingofchemicalsthataretoxictomarinelife.

Forhighwaytransportation,thislistisonlyusedforchemicalsinacontainerwithacapacityof119gallonsormorewithoutaplacardorlabelasspecifiedbytheHMR.AnybulkpackagesofaMarinePollutantmustdisplaytheMarine

Pollutantmarking(whitetrianglewithafishandan“X”throughthefish).Thismarking(itisnotaplacard)mustalsobedisplayedontheoutsideofthevehicle.Inaddition,anotationmustbemadeontheshippingpapersnearthedescriptionofthematerial:“MarinePollutant”.

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Shipping Paper

Page1of1TO: ABC

Corporation88ValleySt.AnywhereVA

FROM: DEFCorporation55MountainSt.NowhereCO

Quantity HM Description Weight

1cylinder RQ(“RQ”meansthatthisisareportablequantity.)

Phosgene,2.3UN1076Poison,inhalationhazard,ZoneA

(PhosgeneisthepropershippingnamefromColumn2oftheHazardousMaterialsTable.)(2.3istheHazardClassfromColumn3oftheHazardousMaterialsTable.)(UN1076istheIdentificationNumberfromtheColumn4oftheHazardousMaterialsTable.)

25lbs

Thisistocertifythattheabovenamedmaterialsareproperlyclassified,described,packaged,marked,andlabeled,andareinproperconditionfortransportationaccordingtotheapplicableregulationsoftheUnitedStatesDepartmentofTransportation.

Shipper: DEFCorporation

Carrier: SafetyFirst

Per: Smith Per:

Date: October15,2003

Date:

SpecialInstructions:24hourEmergencyContact,JohnSmith1-800-555-5555

Figure 9.6

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The Shipping PaperTheshippingpapershowninFigure9.6describesashipment.A

shippingpaperforhazardousmaterialsmustinclude:• Pagenumbersiftheshippingpaperhasmorethanonepage.Thefirstpagemusttellthetotalnumberofpages.Forexample,“Page1of4”.

• Apropershippingdescriptionforeachhazardousmaterial.• Ashipper’scertification,signedbytheshipper,sayingtheypreparedtheshipmentaccordingtotheregulations.

The Item DescriptionIfashippingpaperdescribesbothhazardousandnon-

hazardousproducts,thehazardousmaterialswillbeeither:• Describedfirst.• Highlightedinacontrastingcolor.• Identifiedbyan“X”placedbeforetheshippingnameinacolumncaptioned“HM”.Theletters“RQ”maybeusedinsteadof“X”ifareportablequantityispresentinonepackage.

Thebasicdescriptionofhazardousmaterialsincludesthepropershippingname,hazardclassordivision,theidentificationnumber,andthepackinggroup,ifany,inthatorder.ThepackinggroupisdisplayedinRomannumeralsandmaybeprecededby“PG”.Shippingname,hazardclass,andidentificationnumbermust

notbeabbreviatedunlessspecificallyauthorizedinthehazardousmaterialsregulations.Thedescriptionmustalsoshow:• Thetotalquantityandunitofmeasure.• ThelettersRQ,ifareportablequantity.• IfthelettersRQappear,thenameofthehazardoussubstance.

• Forallmaterialswiththeletter“G”(Generic)inColumn1,thetechnicalnameofthehazardousmaterial.

Shippingpapersalsomustlistanemergencyresponsetelephonenumber.Theemergencyresponsetelephonenumberistheresponsibilityoftheshipper.Itcanbeusedbyemergencyresponderstoobtaininformationaboutanyhazardousmaterialsinvolvedinaspillorfire.Somehazardousmaterialsdonotneedatelephonenumber.Youshouldchecktheregulationstodeterminewhichdoneedatelephonenumber.Shippersalsomustprovideemergencyresponseinformation

tothemotorcarrierforeachhazardousmaterialbeingshipped.Theemergencyresponseinformationmustbeabletobeusedawayfromthemotorvehicleandmustprovideinformationonhow

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tosafelyhandleincidentsinvolvingthematerial.Itmustincludeinformationontheshippingnameofthehazardousmaterials,riskstohealth,fire,explosion,andinitialmethodsofhandlingspills,fires,andleaksofthematerials.Suchinformationcanbeontheshippingpaperorsomeother

documentthatincludesthebasicdescriptionandtechnicalnameofthehazardousmaterial.Or,itmaybeinaguidancebooksuchastheEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG).MotorcarriersmayassistshippersbykeepinganERGoneachvehiclecarryinghazardousmaterials.Thedrivermustprovidetheemergencyresponseinformationtoanyfederal,state,orlocalauthorityrespondingtoahazardousmaterialsincidentorinvestigatingone.Totalquantitymustappearbeforeorafterthebasicdescription.

Thepackagingtypeandtheunitofmeasurementmaybeabbreviated.Forexample:10ctns.Paint,3,UN1263,PGII,500lbs.

TheshipperofhazardouswastesmustputthewordWASTEbeforethepropershippingnameofthematerialontheshippingpaper(hazardouswastemanifest).Forexample:WasteAcetone,3,UN1090,PGII.

Anon-hazardousmaterialmaynotbedescribedbyusingahazardclassoranidentificationnumber.

Shipper’s CertificationWhentheshipperpackageshazardousmaterials,he/she

certifiesthatthepackagehasbeenpreparedaccordingtotherules.Thesignedshipper’scertificationappearsontheoriginalshippingpaper.Theonlyexceptionsarewhenashipperisaprivatecarriertransportingtheirownproductandwhenthepackageisprovidedbythecarrier(forexample,acargotank).UnlessapackageisclearlyunsafeordoesnotcomplywiththeHMR,youmayaccepttheshipper’scertificationconcerningproperpackaging.Somecarriershaveadditionalrulesabouttransportinghazardousmaterials.Followyouremployer’sruleswhenacceptingshipments.

Package Markings and LabelsShippersprintrequiredmarkingsdirectlyonthepackage,an

attachedlabel,ortag.Animportantpackagemarkingisthenameofthehazardousmaterials.Itisthesamenameastheoneontheshippingpaper.Therequirementsformarkingvarybypackagesizeandmaterialbeingtransported.Whenrequired,theshipperwillputthefollowingonthepackage:

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• Thenameandaddressofshipperorconsignee.• Thehazardousmaterial’sshippingnameandidentificationnumber.

• Thelabelsrequired.

Itisagoodideatocomparetheshippingpapertothemarkingsandlabels.Alwaysmakesurethattheshippershowsthecorrectbasicdescriptionontheshippingpaperandverifiesthattheproperlabelsareshownonthepackages.Ifyouarenotfamiliarwiththematerial,asktheshippertocontactyouroffice.Ifrulesrequireit,theshipperwillputRQ,MARINEPOLLUTANT,

BIOHAZARD,HOT,orINHALATION-HAZARDonthepackage.Packageswithliquidcontainersinsidewillalsohavepackageorientationmarkingswiththearrowspointinginthecorrectuprightdirection.Thelabelsusedalwaysreflectthehazardclassoftheproduct.Ifapackageneedsmorethanonelabel,thelabelsmustbeclosetogether,nearthepropershippingname.

Recognizing Hazardous MaterialsLearntorecognizeshipmentsofhazardousmaterials.Tofindout

iftheshipmentincludeshazardousmaterials,lookattheshippingpaper.Doesithave:• Anentrywithapropershippingname,hazardclass,andidentificationnumber?

• Ahighlightedentry,oronewithanXorRQinthehazardousmaterialscolumn?

Othercluessuggestinghazardousmaterials:• Whatbusinessistheshipperin?Paintdealer?Chemicalsupply?Scientificsupplyhouse?Pestcontroloragriculturalsupplier?Explosives,munitions,orfireworksdealer?

• Aretheretankswithdiamondlabelsorplacardsonthepremises?

• Whattypeofpackageisbeingshipped?Cylindersanddrumsareoftenusedforhazardousmaterialsshipments.

• Isahazardclasslabel,propershippingname,oridentificationnumberonthepackage?

• Arethereanyhandlingprecautions?

Hazardous Waste ManifestWhentransportinghazardouswastes,youmustsignbyhand

andcarryaUniformHazardousWasteManifest.ThenameandEPAregistrationnumberoftheshippers,carriers,anddestination

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mustappearonthemanifest.Shippersmustprepare,date,andsignbyhandthemanifest.Treatthemanifestasashippingpaperwhentransportingthewaste.Onlygivethewasteshipmenttoanotherregisteredcarrierordisposal/treatmentfacility.Eachcarriertransportingtheshipmentmustsignbyhandthemanifest.Afteryoudelivertheshipment,keepyourcopyofthemanifest.Eachcopymusthaveallneededsignaturesanddates,includingthoseofthepersontowhomyoudeliveredthewaste.

PlacardingAttachtheappropriateplacardstothevehiclebeforeyoudrive

it.Youareonlyallowedtomoveanimproperlyplacardedvehicleduringanemergency,inordertoprotectlifeorproperty.Placardsmustappearonbothsidesandbothendsofthe

vehicle.Eachplacardmustbe:• Easilyseenfromthedirectionitfaces.• Placedsothewordsornumbersarelevelandreadfromlefttoright.

• Atleastthreeinchesawayfromanyothermarkings.• Keptclearofattachmentsordevicessuchasladders,doors,andtarpaulins.

• Keptcleanandundamagedsothatthecolor,format,andmessageareeasilyseen.

• Beaffixedtoabackgroundofcontrastingcolor.• Theuseof“DriveSafely”andotherslogansisprohibited.• Thefrontplacardmaybeonthefrontofthetractororthefrontofthetrailer.

Todecidewhichplacardstouse,youneedtoknow:• Thehazardclassofthematerials.• Theamountofhazardousmaterialsshipped.• Thetotalweightofallclassesofhazardousmaterialsinyourvehicle.

Placard TablesTherearetwoplacardtables,Table1andTable2.Table1

materialsmustbeplacardedwheneveranyamountistransported.SeeFigure9.7.Exceptforbulkpackagings,thehazardclassesinTable2need

placardsonlyifthetotalamounttransportedis1,001poundsormoreincludingthepackage.AddtheamountsfromallshippingpapersforalltheTable2productsyouhaveonboard.SeeFigure9.8.

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Placard Table 1Any amount

Ifyourvehiclecontainsanyamountof… Placardas…

1.1Massexplosives Explosives1.1

1.2Projecthazards Explosives1.2

1.3Massfirehazards Explosives1.3

2.3Poisonous/Toxicgases Poisongas

4.3Dangerouswhenwet Dangerouswhenwet

5.2(Organicperoxide,TypeB,liquidorsolid,Temperaturecontrolled)

Organicperoxide

6.1(InhalationhazardzoneA&Bonly) Poison/toxicinhalation

7(RadioactiveyellowIIIlabelonly) Radioactive

Figure 9.7

YoumayuseDANGEROUSplacardsinsteadofseparateplacardsforeachTable2hazardclasswhen:• Youhave1,001poundsormoreoftwoormoreTable2hazardclasses,requiringdifferentplacards,and

• Youhavenotloaded2,205poundsormoreofanyTable2hazardclassmaterialatanyoneplace.(Youmustusethespecificplacardforthismaterial.)

• Thedangerousplacardisanoption,notarequirement.Youcanalwaysplacardforthematerials.

IfthewordsINHALATIONHAZARDareontheshippingpaperorpackage,youmustdisplayPOISONGASorPOISONINHALATIONplacardsinadditiontoanyotherplacardsneededbytheproduct’shazardclass.The1,000poundexceptiondoesnotapplytothesematerials.Materialswithasecondaryhazardofdangerouswhenwet

mustdisplaytheDANGEROUSWHENWETplacardinadditiontoanyotherplacardsneededbytheproduct’shazardclass.The1,000-poundexceptiontoplacardingdoesnotapplytothesematerials.

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Placard Table 21,001 Pounds Or More

Categoryofmaterial(Hazardclassordivisionnumberandadditionaldescription,asappropriate)

PlacardName

1.4Veryinsensitive Explosives1.4

1.5Extremeinsensitive Explosives1.5

1.6 Explosives1.6

2.1Flammablegases Flammablegas

2.2Non-flammablegases Non-flammablegas

3Flammableliquids Flammable

Combustibleliquid Combustible*

4.1Flammablesolid Flammablesolid

4.2Spontaneouslycombustible Spontaneouslycombustible

5.1Oxidizers Oxidizer

5.2(otherthanorganicperoxide,TypeB,liquidorsolid,temperaturecontrolled)

Organicperoxide

6.1(otherthaninhalationhazardzoneAorB)

Poison

6.2Infectioussubstances (None)

8Corrosives Corrosive

9Miscellaneoushazardousmaterials

Class9**

ORM-D (None)

*FLAMMABLEmaybeusedinplaceofaCOMBUSTIBLEonacargotankorportabletank.

**Class9placardisnotrequiredfordomestictransportation.

Figure 9.8

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Placardsusedtoidentifytheprimaryorsubsidiaryhazardclassofamaterialmusthavethehazardclassordivisionnumberdisplayedinthelowercorneroftheplacard.Permanentlyaffixedsubsidiaryhazardplacardswithoutthehazardclassnumbermaybeusedaslongastheystaywithincolorspecifications.Placardsmaybedisplayedforhazardousmaterialsevenifnotrequiredsolongastheplacardidentifiesthehazardofthematerialbeingtransported.Abulkpackagingisasinglecontainerwithacapacityof119

gallonsormore.Abulkpackage,andavehicletransportingabulkpackage,mustbeplacarded,evenifitonlyhastheresidueofahazardousmaterial.Certainbulkpackagesonlyhavetobeplacardedonthetwooppositesidesormaydisplaylabels.Allotherbulkpackagesmustbeplacardedonallfoursides.

Test your knowledge1. Shipperspackageinorderto(fillintheblank)thematerial.2. Driverplacardtheirvehicleto(fillintheblank)therisk.3. Whatthreethingsdoyouneedtoknowtodecidewhichplacards(ifany)youneed?

4. Ahazardousmaterialsidentificationnumbermustappearonthe(fillintheblank)andonthe(fillintheblank).Theidentificationnumbermustalsoappearoncargotanksandotherbulkpackaging.

5. Wheremustyoukeepshippingpapersdescribinghazardousmaterials?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections9.1,9.2,and9.3.

9.4 – Loading and UnloadingDoallyoucantoprotectcontainersofhazardousmaterials.

Don’tuseanytools,whichmightdamagecontainersorotherpackagingduringloading.Don’tusehooks.

General Loading RequirementsBeforeloadingorunloading,settheparkingbrake.Makesure

thevehiclewillnotmove.Manyproductsbecomemorehazardouswhenexposedtoheat.

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Loadhazardousmaterialsawayfromheatsources.Watchforsignsofleakingordamagedcontainers:LEAKS

SPELLTROUBLE!Donottransportleakingpackages.Dependingonthematerial,you,yourtruck,andotherscouldbeindanger.Itisillegaltomoveavehiclewithleakinghazardousmaterials.Containersofhazardousmaterialsmustbebracedtoprevent

movementofthepackagesduringtransportation.

No smoking. Whenloadingorunloadinghazardousmaterials,keepfireaway.Don’tletpeoplesmokenearby.Neversmokearound:• Class1(Explosives)• Class2.1(FlammableGas)• Class3(FlammableLiquids)• Class4(FlammableSolids)• Class5(Oxidizers)

Secure against movement. Bracecontainerssotheywillnotfall,slide,orbouncearoundduringtransportation.Beverycarefulwhenloadingcontainersthathavevalvesorotherfittings.Allhazardousmaterialspackagesmustbesecuredduringtransportation.Afterloading,donotopenanypackageduringyourtrip.Never

transferhazardousmaterialsfromonepackagetoanotherwhileintransit.Youmayemptyacargotank,butdonotemptyanyotherpackagewhileitisonthevehicle.

Cargo heater rules. Therearespecialcargoheaterrulesforloading:• Class1(Explosives)• Class2.1(FlammableGas)• Class3(FlammableLiquids)

Therulesusuallyforbiduseofcargoheaters,includingautomaticcargoheater/airconditionerunits.Unlessyouhavereadalltherelatedrules,don’tloadtheaboveproductsinacargospacethathasaheater.

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Use closed cargo space. Youcannothaveoverhangortailgateloadsof:• Class1(Explosives)• Class4(FlammableSolids)• Class5(Oxidizers)

Youmustloadthesehazardousmaterialsintoaclosedcargospaceunlessallpackagesare:• Fireandwaterresistant.• Coveredwithafireandwaterresistanttarp.

Precautions for Specific HazardsClass 1 (Explosives) materials. Turnyourengineoffbefore

loadingorunloadinganyexplosives.Thencheckthecargospace.Youmust:• Disablecargoheaters.Disconnectheaterpowersourcesanddrainheaterfueltanks.

• Makesuretherearenosharppointsthatmightdamagecargo.Lookforbolts,screws,nails,brokensidepanels,andbrokenfloorboards.

• UseafloorliningwithDivision1.1,1.2,or1.3(ClassAorBExplosives).Thefloorsmustbetightandthelinermustbeeithernon-metallicmaterialornon-ferrousmetal.

Useextracaretoprotectexplosives.Neverusehooksorothermetaltools.Neverdrop,throw,orrollpackages.Protectexplosivepackagesfromothercargothatmightcausedamage.DonottransferaDivision1.1,1.2,or1.3fromonevehicleto

anotheronapublicroadwayexceptinanemergency.Ifsafetyrequiresanemergencytransfer,setoutredwarningreflectors,flags,orelectriclanterns.Youmustwarnothersontheroad.Nevertransportdamagedpackagesofexplosives.Donottakea

packagethatshowsanydampnessoroilystain.

DonottransportDivision1.1or1.2invehiclecombinationsif:• Thereisamarkedorplacardedcargotankinthecombination.• Theothervehicleinthecombinationcontains:- Division1.1A(InitiatingExplosives).- PackagesofClass7(Radioactive)materialslabeled“YellowIII.”- Division2.3(PoisonousGas)orDivision6.1(Poisonous)materials.- Hazardousmaterialsinaportabletank,onaDOTSpec106Aor110Atank.

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Class 4 (Flammable Solids) and Class 5 (Oxidizers) materials. Class4materialsaresolidsthatreact(includingfireandexplosion)towater,heat,andairorevenreactspontaneously.Class4and5materialsmustbecompletelyenclosedina

vehicleorcoveredsecurely.Class4and5materials,whichbecomeunstableanddangerouswhenwet,mustbekeptdrywhileintransitandduringloadingandunloading.Materialsthataresubjecttospontaneouscombustionorheatingmustbeinvehicleswithsufficientventilation.

Class 8 (Corrosive) materials. Ifloadingbyhand,loadbreakablecontainersofcorrosiveliquidonebyone.Keepthemrightsideup.Donotdroporrollthecontainers.Loadthemontoanevenfloorsurface.Stackcarboysonlyifthelowertierscanbeartheweightoftheuppertierssafely.Donotloadnitricacidaboveanyotherproduct.Loadchargedstoragebatteriessotheirliquidwon’tspill.Keep

themrightsideup.Makesureothercargowon’tfallagainstorshortcircuitthem.

Neverloadcorrosiveliquidsnexttoorabove:• Division1.4(ExplosivesC)• Division4.1(FlammableSolids)• Division4.3(DangerousWhenWet)• Class5(Oxidizers)• Division2.3,ZoneB(PoisonousGases)

Neverloadcorrosiveliquidswith:• Division1.1or1.2• Division1.2or1.3• Division1.5(BlastingAgents)• Division2.3,ZoneA(PoisonousGases)• Division4.2(SpontaneouslyCombustibleMaterials)• Division6.1,PGI,ZoneA(PoisonLiquids)

9-24

Class 2 (Compressed Gases) including cryogenic liquids. Ifyourvehicledoesn’thaverackstoholdcylinders,thecargospacefloormustbeflat.Thecylindersmustbe:• Heldupright.• Inracksattachedtothevehicleorinboxesthatwillkeepthemfromturningover.

Cylindersmaybeloadedinahorizontalposition(lyingdown)ifitisdesignedsothereliefvalveisinthevaporspace.

Division 2.3 (Poisonous Gas) or Division 6.1 (Poisonous) materials. Nevertransportthesematerialsincontainerswithinterconnections.NeverloadapackagelabeledPOISONorPOISONINHALATIONHAZARDinthedriver’scaborsleeperorwithfoodmaterialforhumanoranimalconsumption.TherearespecialrulesforloadingandunloadingClass2materialsincargotanks.Youmusthavespecialtrainingtodothis.

Class 7 (Radioactive) materials. SomepackagesofClass7(Radioactive)materialsbearanumbercalledthe“transportindex.”TheshipperlabelsthesepackagesRadioactiveIIorRadioactiveIII,andprintsthepackage’stransportindexonthelabel.Radiationsurroundseachpackage,passingthroughallnearbypackages.Todealwiththisproblem,thenumberofpackagesyoucanloadtogetheriscontrolled.Theirclosenesstopeople,animals,andunexposedfilmisalsocontrolled.Thetransportindextellsthedegreeofcontrolneededduringtransportation.Thetotaltransportindexofallpackagesinasinglevehiclemustnotexceed50.TableAtothissectionshowsrulesforeachtransportindex.ItshowshowcloseyoucanloadClass7(Radioactive)materialstopeople,animals,orfilm.Forexample,youcan’tleaveapackagewithatransportindexof1.1withintwofeetofpeopleorcargospacewalls.

9-25

Do Not Load Table

Donotload Inthesamevehiclewith

Division6.1or2.3(POISONorpoisoninhalationhazardlabeledmaterial).

Animalorhumanfoodunlessthepoisonpackageisoverpackedinanapprovedway.Foodstuffsareanythingyouswallow.However,mouthwash,toothpaste,andskincreamsarenotfoodstuff.

Division2.3(Poisonous)gasZoneAorDivision6.1(Poison)liquids,PGI,ZoneA.

Division5.1(Oxidizers),Class3(FlammableLiquids),Class8(CorrosiveLiquids),Division5.2(OrganicPeroxides),Division1.1,1.2,1.3Explosives,Division1.5(BlastingAgents),Division2.1(FlammableGases),Class4(FlammableSolids).

Chargedstoragebatteries. Division1.1

Class1(Detonatingprimers). Anyotherexplosivesunlessinauthorizedcontainersorpackages.

Division6.1(Cyanidesorcyanidemixtures).

Acids,corrosivematerials,orotheracidicmaterialswhichcouldreleasehydrocyanicacid.Forexample: Cyanides,Inorganic,n.o.s. Silvercyanide Sodiumcyanide

Nitricacid(Class8). Othermaterialsunlessthenitricacidisnotloadedaboveanyothermaterial.

Figure 9.9

Mixed loads. Therulesrequiresomeproductstobeloadedseparately.Youcannotloadthemtogetherinthesamecargospace.Figure9.9listssomeexamples.Theregulations(theSegregationTableforHazardousMaterials)nameothermaterialsyoumustkeepapart.

9-26

Test your knowledge1. Aroundwhichhazardclassesmustyouneversmoke?2. Whichthreehazardclassesshouldnotbeloadedintoatrailerthathasaheater/airconditionerunit?

3. ShouldthefloorlinerrequiredforDivision1.1or1.2materialsbestainlesssteel?

4. Attheshipper’sdockyou’regivenapaperfor100cartonsofbatteryacid.Youalreadyhave100poundsofdrySilverCyanideonboard.Whatprecautionsdoyouhavetotake?

5. Nameahazardclassthatusestransportindexestodeterminetheamountthatcanbeloadedinasinglevehicle.

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection9.4.

9.5 – Bulk Packaging Marking, Loading and UnloadingTheglossaryattheendofthissectiongivesthemeaningofthe

wordbulk.Cargotanksarebulkpackagingpermanentlyattachedtoavehicle.Cargotanksremainonthevehiclewhenyouloadandunloadthem.Portabletanksarebulkpackaging,whicharenotpermanentlyattachedtoavehicle.Theproductisloadedorunloadedwhiletheportabletanksareoffthevehicle.Portabletanksarethenputonavehiclefortransportation.Therearemanytypesofcargotanksinuse.ThemostcommoncargotanksareMC306forliquidsandMC331forgases.

MarkingsYoumustdisplaytheidentificationnumberofthehazardous

materialsinportabletanksandcargotanksandotherbulkpackaging(suchasdumptrucks).Identificationnumbersareincolumn4oftheHazardousMaterialsTable.Therulesrequireblack100mm(3.9inch)numbersonorangepanels,placards,orawhite,diamond-shapedbackgroundifnoplacardsarerequired.Specificationcargotanksmustshowre-testdatemarkings.Portabletanksmustalsoshowthelesseeorowner’sname.

Theymustalsodisplaytheshippingnameofthecontentsontwoopposingsides.Thelettersoftheshippingnamemustbeatleasttwoinchestallonportabletankswithcapacitiesofmorethan1,000gallonsandone-inchtallonportabletankswithcapacitiesoflessthan1,000gallons.Theidentificationnumbermustappearoneachsideandeachendofaportabletankorotherbulkpackaging

9-27

thathold1,000gallonsormoreandontwoopposingsides,iftheportabletankholdslessthan1,000gallons.Theidentificationnumbersmuststillbevisiblewhentheportabletankisonthemotorvehicle.Iftheyarenotvisible,youmustdisplaytheidentificationnumberonbothsidesandendsofthemotorvehicle.Intermediatebulkcontainers(IBCs)arebulkpackages,butare

notrequiredtohavetheowner’snameorshippingname.

Tank LoadingThepersoninchargeofloadingandunloadingacargotank

mustbesureaqualifiedpersonisalwayswatching.Thispersonwatchingtheloadingorunloadingmust:• Bealert.• Haveaclearviewofthecargotank.• Bewithin25feetofthetank.• Knowofthehazardsofthematerialsinvolved.• Knowtheprocedurestofollowinanemergency.• Beauthorizedtomovethecargotankandabletodoso.

Therearespecialattendancerulesforcargotankstransportingpropaneandanhydrousammonia.Closeallmanholesandvalvesbeforemovingatankof

hazardousmaterials,nomatterhowsmalltheamountinthetankorhowshortthedistance.Manholesandvalvesmustbeclosedtopreventleaks.Itisillegaltomoveacargotankwithopenvalvesorcoversunlessitisemptyaccordingto49CFR173.29.

Flammable LiquidsTurnoffyourenginebeforeloadingorunloadinganyflammable

liquids.Onlyruntheengineifneededtooperateapump.Groundacargotankcorrectlybeforefillingitthroughanopenfillinghole.Groundthetankbeforeopeningthefillinghole,andmaintainthegrounduntilafterclosingthefillinghole.

Compressed GasKeepliquiddischargevalvesonacompressedgastankclosed

exceptwhenloadingandunloading.Unlessyourenginerunsapumpforproducttransfer,turnitoffwhenloadingorunloading.Ifyouusetheengine,turnitoffafterproducttransfer,beforeyouunhookthehose.Unhookallloading/unloadingconnectionsbeforecoupling,uncoupling,ormovingacargotank.Alwayschocktrailersandsemi-trailerstopreventmotionwhenuncoupledfromthepowerunit.

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Test your knowledge1. Whatarecargotanks?2. Howisaportabletankdifferentfromacargotank?3. Yourenginerunsapumpusedduringdeliveryofcompressedgas.Shouldyouturnofftheenginebeforeorafterunhookinghosesafterdelivery?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsection9.5.

9.6 – Hazardous Materials – Driving and Parking Rules

Parking with Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 Explosives NeverparkwithDivision1.1,1.2,or1.3explosiveswithinfive

feetofthetraveledpartoftheroad.Exceptforshortperiodsoftimeneededforvehicleoperationnecessities(e.g.,fueling),donotparkwithin300feetof:• Abridge,tunnel,orbuilding.• Aplacewherepeoplegather.• Anopenfire.

Ifyoumustparktodoyourjob,dosoonlybriefly.Don’tparkonprivatepropertyunlesstheownerisawareofthe

danger.Someonemustalwayswatchtheparkedvehicle.Youmayletsomeoneelsewatchitforyouonlyifyourvehicleis:• Ontheshipper’sproperty.• Onthecarrier’sproperty.• Ontheconsignee’sproperty.

Youareallowedtoleaveyourvehicleunattendedinasafehaven.Asafehavenisanapprovedplaceforparkingunattendedvehiclesloadedwithexplosives.Designationofauthorizedsafehavensisusuallymadebylocalauthorities.

9-29

Parking a Placarded Vehicle Not Transporting Division 1.1, 1.2, or 1.3 (Class A or B) ExplosivesYoumayparkaplacardedvehicle(notladenwithexplosives)

withinfivefeetofthetraveledpartoftheroadonlyifyourworkrequiresit.Dosoonlybriefly.Someonemustalwayswatchthevehiclewhenparkedonapublicroadwayorshoulder.Donotuncoupleatrailerandleaveitwithhazardousmaterialsonapublicstreet.Donotparkwithin300feetofanopenfire.

Attending Parked VehiclesThepersonattendingaplacardedvehiclemust:• Beinthevehicle,awake,andnotinthesleeperberth,orwithin100feetofthevehicleandhaveitwithinclearview.

• Beawareofthehazardsofthematerialsbeingtransported.• Knowwhattodoinemergencies.• Beabletomovethevehicle,ifneeded.

No Flares!Youmightbreakdownandhavetousestoppedvehiclesignals.

Usereflectivetrianglesorredelectriclights.Neveruseburningsignals,suchasflaresorfuses,arounda:• TankusedforClass3(FlammableLiquids)orDivision2.1(FlammableGas)whetherloadedorempty.

• VehicleloadedwithDivision1.1,1.2,or1.3Explosives.

Route RestrictionsSomestatesandcountiesrequirepermitstotransporthazardous

materialsorwastes.Theymaylimittheroutesyoucanuse.Localrulesaboutroutesandpermitschangeoften.Itisyourjobasdrivertofindoutifyouneedpermitsormustusespecialroutes.Makesureyouhaveallneededpapersbeforestarting.Ifyouworkforacarrier,askyourdispatcheraboutroute

restrictionsorpermits.Ifyouareanindependenttruckerandareplanninganewroute,checkwithstateagencieswhereyouplantotravel.Somelocalitiesprohibittransportationofhazardousmaterialsthroughtunnels,overbridges,orotherroadways.Alwayscheckbeforeyoustart.Wheneverplacarded,avoidheavilypopulatedareas,crowds,

tunnels,narrowstreets,andalleys.Takeotherroutes,evenifinconvenient,unlessthereisnootherway.Neverdriveaplacardedvehiclenearopenfiresunlessyoucansafelypasswithoutstopping.IftransportingDivision1.1,1.2,or1.3explosives,youmusthave

awrittenrouteplanandfollowthatplan.Carrierspreparetherouteplaninadvanceandgivethedriveracopy.Youmayplantheroute

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yourselfifyoupickuptheexplosivesatalocationotherthanyouremployer’sterminal.Writeouttheplaninadvance.Keepacopyofitwithyouwhiletransportingtheexplosives.Delivershipmentsofexplosivesonlytoauthorizedpersonsorleavetheminlockedroomsdesignedforexplosivesstorage.Acarriermustchoosethesafestroutetotransportplacarded

radioactivematerials.Afterchoosingtheroute,thecarriermusttellthedriverabouttheradioactivematerials,andshowtherouteplan.

No SmokingDonotsmokewithin25feetofaplacardedcargotankusedfor

Class3(flammableliquids)orDivision2.1(gases).Also,donotsmokeorcarryalightedcigarette,cigar,orpipewithin25feetofanyvehicle,whichcontains:• Class1(Explosives)• Class3(FlammableLiquids)• Class4(FlammableSolids)

Refuel with Engine OffTurnoffyourenginebeforefuelingamotorvehiclecontaining

hazardousmaterials.Someonemustalwaysbeatthenozzle,controllingfuelflow.

10 B:C Fire ExtinguisherThepowerunitofplacardedvehiclesmusthaveafire

extinguisherwithaULratingof10B:Cormore.

Check Tires Makesureyourtiresareproperlyinflated.Checkplacarded

vehicleswithdualtiresatthestartofeachtripandwhenyoupark.Youmustcheckthetireseachtimeyoustop.Theonlyacceptablewaytochecktirepressureistouseatirepressuregauge.Donotdrivewithatirethatisleakingorflatexcepttothenearest

safeplacetofixit.Removeanyoverheatedtire.Placeitasafedistancefromyourvehicle.Don’tdriveuntilyoucorrectthecauseoftheoverheating.Remembertofollowtherulesaboutparkingandattendingplacardedvehicles.Theyapplyevenwhenchecking,repairing,orreplacingtires.

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Where to Keep Shipping Papers and Emergency Response InformationDonotacceptahazardousmaterialsshipmentwithoutaproperly

preparedshippingpaper.Ashippingpaperforhazardousmaterialsmustalwaysbeeasilyrecognized.Otherpeoplemustbeabletofinditquicklyafteracrash.• Clearlydistinguishhazardousmaterialsshippingpapersfromothersbytabbingthemorkeepingthemontopofthestackofpapers.

• Whenyouarebehindthewheel,keepshippingpaperswithinyourreach(withyourseatbelton),orinapouchonthedriver’sdoor.Theymustbeeasilyseenbysomeoneenteringthecab.

• Whennotbehindthewheel,leaveshippingpapersinthedriver’sdoorpouchoronthedriver’sseat.

• Emergencyresponseinformationmustbekeptinthesamelocationastheshippingpaper.

Papers for Division 1.1, 1.2 or, 1.3 Explosives.AcarriermustgiveeachdrivertransportingDivision1.1,1.2,or

1.3explosivesacopyofFederalMotorCarrierSafetyRegulations(FMCSR),Part397.Thecarriermustalsogivewritteninstructionsonwhattodoifdelayedorinanaccident.Thewritteninstructionsmustinclude:• Thenamesandtelephonenumbersofpeopletocontact(includingcarrieragentsorshippers).

• Thenatureoftheexplosivestransported.• Theprecautionstotakeinemergenciessuchasfires,accidents,orleaks.

Driversmustsignareceiptforthesedocuments.Youmustbefamiliarwith,andhaveinyourpossessionwhile

driving:• Shippingpapers.• Writtenemergencyinstructions.• Writtenrouteplan.• AcopyofFMCSR,Part397.

Equipment for ChlorineAdrivertransportingchlorineincargotanksmusthavean

approvedgasmaskinthevehicle.Thedrivermustalsohaveanemergencykitforcontrollingleaksindomecoverplatefittingsonthecargotank.

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Stop Before Railroad CrossingsStopbeforearailroadcrossingifyourvehicle:• Isplacarded.• Carriesanyamountofchlorine.• Hascargotanks,whetherloadedoremptyusedforhazardousmaterials.

Youmuststop15to50feetbeforethenearestrail.Proceedonlywhenyouaresurenotrainiscoming.Don’tshiftgearswhilecrossingthetracks.

9.7 – Hazardous Materials – Emergencies

Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG)TheDepartmentofTransportationhasaguidebookfor

firefighters,police,andindustryworkersonhowtoprotectthemselvesandthepublicfromhazardousmaterials.Theguideisindexedbypropershippingnameandhazardousmaterialsidentificationnumber.Emergencypersonnellookforthesethingsontheshippingpaper.Thatiswhyitisvitalthatthepropershippingname,identificationnumber,label,andplacardsarecorrect.

Crashes/IncidentsAsaprofessionaldriver,yourjobatthesceneofacrashor

incidentisto:• Keeppeopleawayfromthescene.• Limitthespreadofmaterial,onlyifyoucansafelydoso.• Communicatethedangerofthehazardousmaterialstoemergencyresponsepersonnel.

• Provideemergencyresponderswiththeshippingpapersandemergencyresponseinformation.

Followthischecklist:• ChecktoseethatyourdrivingpartnerisOK.• Keepshippingpaperswithyou.• Keeppeoplefarawayandupwind.• Warnothersofthedanger.• Callforhelp.• Followyouremployer’sinstructions.

FiresYoumighthavetocontrolminortruckfiresontheroad.However,

unlessyouhavethetrainingandequipmenttodososafely,don’t

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fighthazardousmaterialsfires.Dealingwithhazardousmaterialsfiresrequiresspecialtrainingandprotectivegear.Whenyoudiscoverafire,callforhelp.Youmayusethefire

extinguishertokeepminortruckfiresfromspreadingtocargobeforefirefightersarrive.Feeltrailerdoorstoseeiftheyarehotbeforeopeningthem.Ifhot,youmayhaveacargofireandshouldnotopenthedoors.Openingdoorsletsairinandmaymakethefireflareup.Withoutair,manyfiresonlysmolderuntilfiremenarrive,doinglessdamage.Ifyourcargoisalreadyonfire,itisnotsafetofightthefire.Keeptheshippingpaperswithyoutogivetoemergencypersonnelassoonastheyarrive.Warnotherpeopleofthedangerandkeepthemaway.Ifyoudiscoveracargoleak,identifythehazardousmaterials

leakingbyusingshippingpapers,labels,orpackagelocation.Donottouchanyleakingmaterial–manypeopleinjurethemselvesbytouchinghazardousmaterials.Donottrytoidentifythematerialorfindthesourceofaleakbysmell.Toxicgasescandestroyyoursenseofsmellandcaninjureorkillyoueveniftheydon’tsmell.Nevereat,drink,orsmokearoundaleakorspill.Ifhazardousmaterialsarespillingfromyourvehicle,donotmove

itanymorethansafetyrequires.Youmaymoveofftheroadandawayfromplaceswherepeoplegather,ifdoingsoservessafety.Onlymoveyourvehicleifyoucandosowithoutdangertoyourselforothers.Nevercontinuedrivingwithhazardousmaterialsleakingfrom

yourvehicleinordertofindaphonebooth,truckstop,help,orsimilarreason.Remember,thecarrierpaysforthecleanupofcontaminatedparkinglots,roadways,anddrainageditches.Thecostsareenormous,sodon’tleavealengthytrailofcontamination.Ifhazardousmaterialsarespillingfromyourvehicle:• Parkit.• Securethearea.• Staythere.• Sendsomeoneelseforhelp.

Whensendingsomeoneforhelp,givethatperson:• Adescriptionoftheemergency.• Yourexactlocationanddirectionoftravel.• Yourname,thecarrier’sname,andthenameofthecommunityorcitywhereyourterminalislocated.

• Thepropershippingname,hazardclass,andidentificationnumberofthehazardousmaterials,ifyouknowthem.

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Thisisalotforsomeonetoremember.Itisagoodideatowriteitalldownforthepersonyousendforhelp.Theemergencyresponseteammustknowthesethingstofindyouandtohandletheemergency.Theymayhavetotravelmilestogettoyou.Thisinformationwillhelpthemtobringtherightequipmentthefirsttime,withouthavingtogobackforit.Nevermoveyourvehicle,ifdoingsowillcausecontaminationor

damagethevehicle.Keepupwindandawayfromroadsiderests,truckstops,cafes,andbusinesses.Nevertrytorepackleakingcontainers.Unlessyouhavethetrainingandequipmenttorepairleakssafely,don’ttryit.Callyourdispatcherorsupervisorforinstructionsand,ifneeded,emergencypersonnel.

Responses to Specific HazardsClass 1 (Explosives). Ifyourvehiclehasabreakdownor

accidentwhilecarryingexplosives,warnothersofthedanger.Keepbystandersaway.Donotallowsmokingoropenfirenearthevehicle.Ifthereisafire,warneveryoneofthedangerofexplosion.Removeallexplosivesbeforeseparatingvehiclesinvolvedina

collision.Placetheexplosivesatleast200feetfromthevehiclesandoccupiedbuildings.Stayasafedistanceaway.

Class 2 (Compressed Gases). Ifcompressedgasisleakingfromyourvehicle,warnothersofthedanger.Onlypermitthoseinvolvedinremovingthehazardorwreckagetogetclose.Youmustnotifytheshipperifcompressedgasisinvolvedinanyaccident.Unlessyouarefuelingmachineryusedinroadconstructionor

maintenance,donottransferaflammablecompressedgasfromonetanktoanotheronanypublicroadway.

Class 3 (Flammable Liquids). Ifyouaretransportingaflammableliquidandhaveanaccidentoryourvehiclebreaksdown,preventbystandersfromgathering.Warnpeopleofthedanger.Keepthemfromsmoking.Nevertransportaleakingcargotankfartherthanneededto

reachasafeplace.Getofftheroadwayifyoucandososafely.Don’ttransferflammableliquidfromonevehicletoanotheronapublicroadwayexceptinanemergency.

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Class 4 (Flammable Solids) and Class 5 (Oxidizing Materials). Ifaflammablesolidoroxidizingmaterialspills,warnothersofthefirehazard.Donotopensmolderingpackagesofflammablesolids.Removethemfromthevehicleifyoucansafelydoso.Also,removeunbrokenpackagesifitwilldecreasethefirehazard.

Class 6 (Poisonous Materials and Infectious Substances). Itisyourjobtoprotectyourself,otherpeople,andpropertyfromharm.Rememberthatmanyproductsclassedaspoisonarealsoflammable.IfyouthinkaDivision2.3(PoisonGases)orDivision6.1(PoisonMaterials)mightbeflammable,taketheaddedprecautionsneededforflammableliquidsorgases.Donotallowsmoking,openflame,orwelding.Warnothersofthehazardsoffire,ofinhalingvapors,orcomingincontactwiththepoison.AvehicleinvolvedinaleakofDivision2.3(PoisonGases)or

Division6.1(Poisons)mustbecheckedforstraypoisonbeforebeingusedagain.IfaDivision6.2(InfectiousSubstances)packageisdamaged

inhandlingortransportation,youshouldimmediatelycontactyoursupervisor.Packagesthatappeartobedamagedorshowsignsofleakageshouldnotbeaccepted.

Class 7 (Radioactive Materials). Ifradioactivematerialisinvolvedinaleakorbrokenpackage,tellyourdispatcherorsupervisorassoonaspossible.Ifthereisaspill,orifaninternalcontainermightbedamaged,donottouchorinhalethematerial.Donotusethevehicleuntilitiscleanedandcheckedwithasurveymeter.

Class 8 (Corrosive Materials). Ifcorrosivesspillorleakduringtransportation,becarefultoavoidfurtherdamageorinjurywhenhandlingthecontainers.Partsofthevehicleexposedtoacorrosiveliquidmustbethoroughlywashedwithwater.Afterunloading,washouttheinteriorassoonaspossiblebeforereloading.Ifcontinuingtotransportaleakingtankwouldbeunsafe,getoff

theroad.Ifsafetodoso,containanyliquidleakingfromthevehicle.Keepbystandersawayfromtheliquidanditsfumes.Doeverythingpossibletopreventinjurytoyourselfandtoothers.

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Required NotificationTheNationalResponseCenterhelpscoordinateemergency

responsetochemicalhazards.Itisaresourcetothepoliceandfirefighters.Itmaintainsa24-hourtoll-freelinelistedbelow.Youoryouremployermustphonewhenanyofthefollowingoccurasadirectresultofahazardousmaterialsincident:• Apersoniskilled.• Aninjuredpersonrequireshospitalization.• Estimatedpropertydamageexceeds$50,000.• Thegeneralpublicisevacuatedformorethanonehour.• Oneormoremajortransportationarteriesorfacilitiesareclosedforonehourormore.

• Fire,breakage,spillage,orsuspectedradioactivecontaminationoccurs.

• Fire,breakage,spillageorsuspectedcontaminationoccurinvolvingshipmentofetiologicagents(bacteriaortoxins).

• Asituationexistsofsuchanature(e.g.,continuingdangertolifeexistsatthesceneofanincident)that,inthejudgmentofthecarrier,shouldbereported.

National Response Center(800) 424-8802PersonstelephoningtheNationalResponseCentershouldbe

readytogive:• Theirname.• Nameandaddressofthecarriertheyworkfor.• Phonenumberwheretheycanbereached.• Date,time,andlocationofincident.• Theextentofinjuries,ifany.• Classification,name,andquantityofhazardousmaterialsinvolved,ifsuchinformationisavailable.

• Typeofincidentandnatureofhazardousmaterialsinvolvementandwhetheracontinuingdangertolifeexistsatthescene.

Ifareportablequantityofhazardoussubstancewasinvolved,thecallershouldgivethenameoftheshipperandthequantityofthehazardoussubstancedischarged.Bepreparedtogiveyouremployertherequiredinformationas

well.Carriersmustmakedetailedwrittenreportswithin30daysofanincident.

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CHEMTREC(800) 424-9300TheChemicalTransportationEmergencyCenter(CHEMTREC)

inWashingtonalsohasa24-hourtoll-freeline.CHEMTRECwascreatedtoprovideemergencypersonnelwithtechnicalinformationaboutthephysicalpropertiesofhazardousmaterials.TheNationalResponseCenterandCHEMTRECareinclosecommunication.Ifyoucalleitherone,theywilltelltheotherabouttheproblemwhenappropriate.

Radioactive Separation Table A

Minimumdistanceinfeettonearestundevelopedfilm

Totaltransportindex

0-2Hrs.

2-4Hrs.

4-8Hrs.

8-12Hrs.

Over12Hrs.

Topeopleorcargocompartmentpartitions

0 0 0 0 0 0

0.1to1.0

1 2 3 4 5 1

1.1to5.0

3 4 6 8 11 2

5.1to10.0

4 6 9 11 15 3

10.1to20.0

5 8 12 16 22 4

20.1to30.0

7 10 15 20 29 5

30.1to40.0

8 11 17 22 33 6

40.1to50.0

9 12 19 24 36

Figure 9.10

Donotleaveradioactiveyellow-IIoryellow-IIIlabeledpackagesnearpeople,animals,orfilmlongerthanshowninFigure9.10.

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Classes of Hazardous MaterialsHazardousmaterialsarecategorizedintoninemajorhazard

classesandadditionalcategoriesforconsumercommoditiesandcombustibleliquids.TheclassesofhazardousmaterialsarelistedinFigure9.12.

Hazard Class DefinitionsTable B

Class Classname Example

1 Explosives Ammunition,Dynamite,Fireworks

2 Gases Propane,Oxygen,Helium

3 Flammable GasolineFuel,Acetone

4 Flammablesolids Matches,Fuses

5 Oxidizers AmmoniumNitrate,Hydrogenperoxide

6 Poisons Pesticides,Arsenic

7 Radioactive Uranium,Plutonium

8 Corrosives Hydrochloricacid,Batteryacid

9 Miscellaneoushazardousmaterials

Formaldehyde,Asbestos

None ORM-D(OtherRegulatedMaterial-Domestic)

Hairsprayorcharcoal

None Combustibleliquids Fueloils,Lighterfluid

Figure 9.11

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Test your knowledge1. Ifyourplacardedtrailerhasdualtires,howoftenshouldyoucheckthetires?

2. Whatisasafehaven?3. HowclosetothetraveledpartoftheroadwaycanyouparkwithDivision1.2or1.3materials?

4. Howclosecanyouparktoabridge,tunnel,orbuildingwiththesameload?

5. Whattypeoffireextinguishermustplacardedvehiclescarry?6. You’rehauling100poundsofDivision4.3(dangerouswhenwet)materials.Doyouneedtostopbeforearailroad-highwaycrossing?

7. Atarestareayoudiscoveryourhazardousmaterialsshipmentsslowlyleakingfromthevehicle.Thereisnophonearound.Whatshouldyoudo?

8. WhatistheEmergencyResponseGuide(ERG)?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadsubsections9.6and9.7.

9.8 – Hazardous Materials GlossaryThisglossarypresentsdefinitionsofcertaintermsusedinthis

section.AcompleteglossaryoftermscanbefoundinthefederalHazardousMaterialsRules(49CFR171.8).Youshouldhaveanup-to-datecopyoftheserulesforyourreference.

(Note:Youwillnotbetestedonthisglossary.)

Sec. 171.8 Definitions and abbreviations.

Bulk packaging–Packaging,otherthanavessel,orabarge,includingatransportvehicleorfreightcontainer,inwhichhazardousmaterialsareloadedwithnointermediateformofcontainmentandwhichhas:1.Amaximumcapacitygreaterthan450L(119gallons)asareceptacleforaliquid;

2.Amaximumnetmassgreaterthan400kg(882pounds)oramaximumcapacitygreaterthan450L(119gallons)asareceptacleforasolid;or

3.Awatercapacitygreaterthan454kg(1000pounds)asareceptacleforagasasdefinedinSec.173.115.

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Cargo tank-Abulkpackagingwhich:1. Isatankintendedprimarilyforthecarriageofliquidsorgasesandincludesappurtenances,reinforcements,fittings,andclosures(for“tank”,see49CFR178.3451(c),178.3371,or178.3381,asapplicable);

2. Ispermanentlyattachedtoorformsapartofamotorvehicle,orisnotpermanentlyattachedtoamotorvehiclebutwhich,byreasonofitssize,construction,orattachmenttoamotorvehicleisloadedorunloadedwithoutbeingremovedfromthemotorvehicle;and

3. Isnotfabricatedunderaspecificationforcylinders,portabletanks,tankcars,ormultiunittankcartanks.

Carrier–Apersonengagedinthetransportationofpassengersorpropertyby:1. Landorwaterasacommon,contract,orprivatecarrier,or2.Civilaircraft.

Consignee–Thebusinessorpersontowhomashipmentisdelivered.

Division–Asubdivisionofahazardclass.

EPA–U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency.

FMCSR–TheFederalMotorCarrierSafetyRegulations.

Freight container–areusablecontainerhavingavolumeof64cubicfeetormore,designedandconstructedtopermitbeingliftedwithitscontentsintactandintendedprimarilyforcontainmentofpackages(inunitform)duringtransportation.

Fuel tank–Atank,otherthanacargotank,usedtotransportflammableorcombustibleliquidorcompressedgasforthepurposeofsupplyingfuelforpropulsionofthetransportvehicletowhichitisattached,orfortheoperationofotherequipmentonthetransportvehicle.

Gross weight or gross mass–Theweightofthepackagingplustheweightofitscontents.

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Hazard class–ThecategoryofhazardassignedtoahazardousmaterialunderthedefinitionalcriteriaofPart173andtheprovisionsoftheSec.172.101Table.Amaterialmaymeetthedefiningcriteriaformorethanonehazardclassbutisassignedtoonlyonehazardclass.

Hazardous materials–AsubstanceormaterialwhichhasbeendeterminedbytheSecretaryofTransportationtobecapableofposinganunreasonablerisktohealth,safety,andpropertywhentransportedincommerce,andwhichhasbeensodesignated.Thetermincludeshazardoussubstances,hazardouswastes,marinepollutants,elevatedtemperaturematerialsandmaterialsdesignatedashazardousinthehazardousmaterialstableof§172.101,andmaterialsthatmeetthedefiningcriteriaforhazardclassesanddivisionsin§173,subchaptercofthischapter.

Hazardous substance-Amaterial,includingitsmixturesandsolutions,that:1. IslistedinAppendixAtoSec.172.101;2. Isinaquantity,inonepackage,whichequalsorexceedsthereportablequantity(RQ)listedinAppendixAtoSec.172.101;and

3.Wheninamixtureorsolution(i)Forradionuclides,conformstoparagraph7ofAppendixAtoSec.172.101.

(ii)Forotherthanradionuclides,isinaconcentrationbyweightwhichequalsorexceedstheconcentrationcorrespondingtotheRQofthematerial,asshowninFigure9.12.

Hazardous Substance Concentrations

RQPounds(KilogramsConcentrationbyWeight

Percent PPM

5,000(2,270) 10 100,000

1,000(454) 2 20,000

100(45.4) .2 2,000

10(4.54) .02 200

1(0.454) .002 20

Figure 9.12

Thisdefinitiondoesnotapplytopetroleumproductsthatarelubricantsorfuels(see40CFR300.6).

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Hazardous waste–Forthepurposesofthischapter,meansanymaterialthatissubjecttotheHazardousWasteManifestRequirementsoftheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgencyspecifiedin40CFRPart262.

Intermediate bulk container (IBC)–Arigidorflexibleportablepackaging,otherthanacylinderorportabletank,whichisdesignedformechanicalhandling.StandardsforIBCsmanufacturedintheUnitedStatesaresetforthinsubpartsNandO§178.

Limited quantity–Themaximumamountofahazardousmaterialforwhichtheremaybespecificlabelingorpackagingexception.

Marking–Thedescriptivename,identificationnumber,instructions,cautions,weight,specification,orUNmarksorcombinationsthereof,requiredbythissubchapteronouterpackagingofhazardousmaterials.

Mixture–Amaterialcomposedofmorethanonechemicalcompoundorelement.

Name of contents–ThepropershippingnameasspecifiedinSec.172.101.

Non-bulk packaging–Apackaging,whichhas:1.Amaximumcapacityof450L(119gallons)asareceptacleforaliquid;

2.Amaximumnetmasslessthan400kg(882pounds)andamaximumcapacityof450L(119gallons)orlessasareceptacleforasolid;or

3.Awatercapacitygreaterthan454kg(1,000pounds)orlessasareceptacleforagasasdefinedinSec.173.115.

N.O.S.–Nototherwisespecified.

Outage or ullage–Theamountbywhichapackagingfallsshortofbeingliquidfull,usuallyexpressedinpercentbyvolume.

Portable tank–Bulkpackaging(exceptacylinderhavingawatercapacityof1,000poundsorless)designedprimarilytobeloadedonto,oron,ortemporarilyattachedtoatransportvehicleor

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shipandequippedwithskids,mountings,oraccessoriestofacilitatehandlingofthetankbymechanicalmeans.Itdoesnotincludeacargotank,tankcar,multi-unittank-cartank,ortrailercarrying3AX,3AAX,or3Tcylinders.

Proper shipping name–ThenameofthehazardousmaterialsshowninRomanprint(notitalics)inSec.172.101.

P.s.i. or psi–Poundspersquareinch.

P.s.i.a. or psia–Poundspersquareinchabsolute.

Reportable quantity (RQ)-ThequantityspecifiedinColumn2oftheAppendixtoSec.172.101foranymaterialidentifiedinColumn1oftheAppendix.

RSPA–NowPHMSA–ThePiplineandHazardousMaterialsSafetyAdministration,U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,Washington,DC20590.

Shipper’s certification–Astatementonashippingpaper,signedbytheshipper,sayinghe/shepreparedtheshipmentproperlyaccordingtolaw.Forexample:“Thisistocertifythattheabovenamedmaterialsareproperly

classified,described,packaged,markedandlabeled,andareinproperconditionfortransportationaccordingtotheapplicableregulationsortheDepartmentofTransportation.”or“Iherebydeclarethatthecontentsofthisconsignmentarefully

andaccuratelydescribedabovebythepropershippingnameandareclassified,packaged,markedandlabeled/placarded,andareinallrespectsinproperconditionfortransportby*accordingtoapplicableinternationalandnationalgovernmentregulations.”*wordsmaybeinsertedheretoindicatemodeoftransportation

(rail,aircraft,motorvehicle,vessel)

Shipping paper–Ashippingorder,billoflading,manifest,orothershippingdocumentservingasimilarpurposeandcontainingtheinformationrequiredbySec.172.202,172.203,and172.204.

Technical name–Arecognizedchemicalnameormicrobiologicalnamecurrentlyusedinscientificandtechnicalhandbooks,journals,andtexts.

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Transport vehicle–Acargocarryingvehiclesuchasanautomobile,van,tractor,truck,semi-trailer,tankcar,orrailcarusedforthetransportationofcargobyanymode.Eachcargocarryingbody(trailer,railcar,etc.)isaseparatetransportvehicle.

UN standard packaging–AspecificationpackagingconformingtothestandardsintheUNrecommendations.

UN–UnitedNations.

9.9 – Hazardous Materials Endorsement RequirementsFederalregulationsrequireallhazardousmaterialsendorsement

(HME)holdersandapplicantswishingtoobtainanHMEtoundergoabackgroundandfingerprintcheckbeforetheendorsementcanbeissued.Nodrivermaytransporthazardousmaterialsunlesstheyhavesuccessfullypassedthesefederalchecks.Itisexpectedthatclearancewilltakeapproximately30to90daystocompletefromtimeofapplicationforclearanceuntiltheendorsementcanbeissued.Toallowenoughtime,itisrecommendedthatcommercialdriversrenewingtheirHMEbegintheclearanceprocess90dayspriortotheexpirationoftheirdriverlicense.DriversmaybegintheclearanceprocesswithoutfirstvisitingadriverlicensingofficeaslongastheyhaveavalidCommercialDriverLicense(CDL)orCommercialDriverInstructionPermit(CDIP).CommercialdriversrequestinganewHMEarerequiredtohave

aTransportationSecurityAdministration(TSA)clearancebeforetheendorsementcanbeissued.ThisrequirementalsoappliestoallCDLHMEholderswhoarerenewingtheirWashingtonlicenseorwhoaretransferringtheirCDLfromanotherstate.DriverswishingtoretainorupgradetoaHMEwillbeginthe

processbysubmittinganapplicationeitheronlineorbytelephone.ACDLorCDIPmustbepresentedatthefingerprintinglocation.Thereisafederalprocessingfeeofapproximately$90,whichrequirespaymentbyeithercreditcardormoneyorder.ThisfeeisinadditiontoknowledgetestingandlicensingfeescollectedbytheDepartmentofLicensingatthetimeoflicenseissuanceorrenewal.

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What You Need To Do• Become eligible. ObtainavalidcommercialdriverlicenseCDLorCDIP.

• Apply with TSA to begin the background records check. CompletetheTSAHMEapplicationbydoingthefollowing:- Goonlinetowww.hazprints.tsa.dhs.govor- Call1-877-429-7746,and- Pay$89.25applicationfeebycreditcardormoneyorderpayabletoIntegratedBiometricTechnologywhengettingfingerprinted.

IfrenewingaCDLwithanHME,youmusthaveaTSAhazmatclearancecompletedpriortotheexpirationofyourdriverlicense.Ifyoucompletethefederalhazmatclearanceprocessmorethan180dayspriortoyourlicenseexpiration,DOLwillnotaccepttheclearanceandyouwillberequiredtohaveasecondhazmatclearancecompleted.ItisrecommendedthatyoubegintheTSAclearanceprocessbetween45and180dayspriortolicenseexpiration.

• Be fingerprinted.CompletethefingerprintprocessatanyTSAfingerprintlocation.Locationsareavailableonlineatwww.hazprints.comorbycalling1-877-429-7746.

• Wait. TheTSAthreatassessmentprocessmaytakeupto30calendardaystocomplete.Theresultsofyourassessmentwillbemailedtoyourresidentaddress.

• Visit DOL. AfterreceivingHMEeligibilitynotificationfromTSA,bringittoadriverlicensingofficeto:- CompletetheCDLapplicationandtestingprocess,- Payanyrequiredtestandlicensingfees,and- ObtainyourCDLwithHME.

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TSA Qualification Requirements for HME• ID Requirements. AvalidCDLorCDIPplusoneadditionalprimaryoronesecondaryformofIDfromthelistbelowmustbeshownatthefingerprintlocation:

Primary- ValidU.S.Passport- CertificateofNaturalization(INSFormN-550orN-570)- ValidforeignpassportwithI-551stamporattachedINSFormI-94indicatingavalidemploymentauthorization- DriverlicenseorIDcardissuedbyastateprovideditcontainsaphotographorinformationsuchasname,dateofbirth,gender,height,eyecolor,andaddress- U.S.Military/RetireIDCard- Militarydependent’sIDCard- IDcardissuedbyfederal,stateorlocalgovernment,withaphotographordatasuchasname,dateofbirth,gender,height,eyecolor,andaddress- CertificateofU.S.Citizenship(INSFormN-560orN-561)- PermanentResidentCardorAlienRegistrationReceiptCardwithphotograph(INSFormI-151orI-551)

Secondary- Voter’sregistrationcard- U.S.CoastGuardMerchantMarinerCard- U.S.SocialSecuritycardissuedbytheSocialSecurityAdministration(otherthanacardstatingitisnotvalidforemployment- Originalorcertifiedcopyofabirthcertificateissuedbyastate,country,municipalauthority,oroutlyingpossessionoftheUnitedStatesbearinganofficialseal- U.S.CitizenIDCard(INSFormI-197)- CertificateofBirthAbroadissuedbytheDepartmentofState(FormFS-545orDS-1350)- NativeAmericantribaldocument- U.S.MilitaryDischargepapersDD214- Civilmarriagecertificate- U.S.adoptionpapers- D.O.T.medicalcard

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• Citizenship or immigration status requirements. ApplicantsforissuanceorrenewalofaHMEmustmeetoneofthefollowing:- BeaU.S.citizenwhohasnotrenouncedcitizenship.- BealawfulpermanentresidentoftheU.S.,asdefinedinsection101(a)(20)oftheImmigrationandNationalityAct(8U.S.C.11/01).- Meettherequirementsforimmigrationstatus.

Examples of acceptable citizenship or immigration status documents include:- U.S.Passport.- Certificateofbirththatbearsanofficialsealandwasissuedbyastate,county,municipalauthority,oroutlyingpossessionoftheU.S.- CertificationofBirthAbroadissuedbytheU.S.DepartmentofState(FormFS-545orDS1350).- CertificateofNaturalization(FormN-550orN-570).- CertificateofU.S.Citizenship(FormN-560orN-561).- PermanentResidentCard,AlienRegistrationReceiptCard(FormI-551).- TemporaryI-551stamponforeignpassport.- TemporaryI-551stamponFormI-94,Arrival/DepartureRecordwithphotographofthebearer.- ReentryPermit(FormI-327).

9-48

• Disclosure and certification of the following is also required:- Theapplicanthasnotbeenconvictedorfoundguiltybyreasonofinsanityofanyoftheinterimdisqualifyingcrimes(seebelow)inanyjurisdiction,civilianormilitary,duringthesevenyearsbeforethedateofapplication.- Theapplicanthasnotbeenreleasedfromincarcerationinanyjurisdiction,civilianormilitary,forcommittinganyinterimdisqualifyingcrimeduringthe5yearsbeforethedateofapplication.- Theapplicanthasnotbeenconvictedorfoundnotguiltybyreasonofinsanityofanypermanentlydisqualifyingcrime.- Theapplicantisnotwantedorunderindictmentinanyjurisdiction,civilianormilitary,foradisqualifyingcrime.- Theapplicanthasnotbeenadjudicatedasamentaldefectiveorcommittedtoamentalinstitutioninvoluntarily.- TheapplicantiseitheraUnitedStatescitizenwhohasnotrenouncedUnitedStatescitizenship,oralawfulpermanentresidentoftheUnitedStates,ormeetseligibilityrequirementsforimmigrationstatus.- Disclosureoftheapplicant’smilitaryserviceanddateofdischarge.

Permanently disqualifying criminal offenses Anapplicanthasapermanentdisqualifyingoffenseifconvictedorfoundnotguiltybyreasonofinsanityinacivilianormilitaryjurisdictionofanyofthefollowingfelonies:- Espionage- Sedition- Treason- Acrimelistedin18U.S.C.Chapter113B-Terrorism,oraStatelawthatiscomparable- Acrimeinvolvingatransportationsecurityincident- Impropertransportationofahazardousmaterialunder49U.S.C.5124oraStatelawthatiscomparable- Unlawfulpossession,use,sale,distribution,manufacture,purchase,receipt,transfer,shipping,transporting,import,export,storageof,ordealinginanexplosiveorexplosivedevice- Murder- ViolationsoftheRacketeerInfluencedandCorruptOrganizationsAct,18U.S.C.1961,etseq.,oraStatelawthatiscomparable,whereoneofthepredicateactsfound

9-49

byajuryoradmittedbythedefendant,consistsofoneoftheoffenseslistedin4or8ofthissection- Conspiracyorattempttocommitanyofthecrimeslistedabove

Interim disqualifying criminal offenses Anapplicanthasaninterimdisqualifyingoffenseifconvictedorfoundnotguiltybyreasonofinsanityinacivilianormilitaryjurisdiction,ofanyofthecrimesbelowwithinthe7yearsprecedingthedateofapplication;oriftheapplicantwasreleasedfromincarcerationforthecrimewithinthe5yearsprecedingtheapplicationdate:- Assaultwithintenttomurder- Kidnappingorhostagetaking- Rapeoraggravatedsexualabuse- Unlawfulpossession,use,sale,manufacture,purchase,distribution,receipttransfer,shipping,transporting,delivery,import,exportof,ordealinginafirearmorotherweapon- Extortion- Dishonesty,fraud,ormisrepresentation,includingidentity

fraud- Bribery- Smuggling- Immigrationviolations- ViolationsoftheRacketeerInfluencedandCorruptOrganizationsAct,18U.S.C.1961,etseq.,oraviolationofacomparablestatelaw- Robbery- Distributionof,possessionwithintenttodistribute,orimportationofacontrolledsubstance- Arson- Conspiracyorattempttocommitthecrimesinthissection

If you are under want or warrant Applicantsunderwantorindictmentinanycivilianormilitaryjurisdictionforanypermanentorinterimdisqualifyingfelonylistedabovearedisqualifieduntilthewantorwarrantisreleased.

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Contact Information• Toobtaincurrentfingerprintlocationsgoonlinetowww.hazprints.comorcall1-877-429-7746.

• TocompleteTSAapplicationandmakeTSApaymentonlinegotowww.hazprints.com.

• TocompleteTSAapplication,makeTSApayment,andinquireaboutbackgroundcheckstatuscall1-877-429-7746

• ForTSAthreatassessmentprocessandlinksonlinegotowww.dol.wa.gov/ds/cdl.htm.

10-1

School Buses

This section covers:• Danger zones and use of mirrors• Loading and unloading• Emergency exit and evacuation• Railroad-highway grade crossings• Student management• Antilock braking systems• Special safety considerations

If you will drive any size of school bus, study this section.You also need to study:• Section 1, Introduction.• Section 2, Driving Safely.• Section 3, Transporting Cargo Safely.• Section 4, Transporting Passengers.• Section 5, Air Brakes, if the bus will have air brakes.Your school bus test will have questions from each of these

sections.

WashingtonStaterequiresallschoolbusdriverstohaveacommercialdriverlicenseregardlessofthesizeofpassengervehiclebeingoperated.Schoolbusdriversmusthaveaschoolbusendorsementin

additiontoapassengerendorsementontheircommercialdriverlicense(CDL).Togettheschoolbusendorsement,youmustpassbothaknowledgetestandaskillstestrequiredfortheclassofschoolbusyoudriveorintendtodrive.

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Thissectiondoesnotprovideinformationonallthefederalandstaterequirementsneededbeforeyoudriveaschoolbus.Youshouldbefamiliarwithallspecificschoolbusprocedures,lawsandregulationsforyourlocalschooldistrict.

10.1 – Danger Zones and Use of Mirrors

Danger ZonesThedangerzoneistheareaonallsidesofthebuswhere

childrenareinthemostdangerofbeinghit,eitherbyanothervehicleortheirownbus.Thedangerzonesmayextendasmuchas30feetfromthefrontbumperwiththefirst10feetbeingthemostdangerous,10feetfromtheleftandrightsidesofthebusand10feetbehindtherearbumperoftheschoolbus.Inaddition,theareatotheleftofthebusisalwaysconsidereddangerousbecauseofpassingcars.Figure10.1illustratesthesedangerzones.

Correct Mirror AdjustmentProperadjustmentanduseofallmirrorsisvitaltothesafe

operationoftheschoolbusinordertoobservethedangerzonearoundthebusandlookforstudents,traffic,andotherobjectsinthisarea.Youshouldalwayscheckeachmirrorbeforeoperatingtheschoolbustoobtainmaximumviewingarea.Ifnecessary,havethemirrorsadjusted.

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10feet mostdangerous

Walkingarea

10feet 10feet

10feet mostdangerous

Dangerfrompassingcars

Dangerzones

SCHOOLBUS

Figure 10.1

Outside Left and Right Side Flat MirrorsThesemirrorsaremountedattheleftandrightfrontcorners

ofthebusatthesideorfrontofthewindshield.Theyareusedtomonitortraffic,checkclearancesandstudentsonthesidesandtotherearofthebus.Thereisablindspotimmediatelybelowandinfrontofeachmirroranddirectlyinbackoftherearbumper.Theblindspotbehindthebusextends50to150feetandcouldextendupto400feetdependingonthelengthandwidthofthebus.Ensurethatthemirrorsareproperlyadjustedsoyoucansee:• 200feetor4buslengthsbehindthebus.• Alongthesidesofthebus.• Thereartirestouchingtheground.

Figure10.2showshowboththeoutsideleftandrightsideflatmirrorsshouldbeadjusted.

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Left and right sideFlat mirrors

SCHOOLBUS

200feet 200feet

Blindspotcanbe50´-150´

Figure 10.2

Outside Left and Right Side Convex MirrorsTheconvexmirrorsarelocatedbelowtheoutsideflatmirrors.

Theyareusedtomonitortheleftandrightsidesatawideangle.Theyprovideaviewoftraffic,clearances,andstudentsatthesideofthebus.Thesemirrorspresentaviewofpeopleandobjectsthatdoesnotaccuratelyreflecttheirsizeanddistancefromthebus.Youshouldpositionthesemirrorstosee:• Theentiresideofthebusuptothemirrormounts.• Frontofthereartirestouchingtheground.• Atleastonetrafficlaneoneithersideofthebus.

Figure10.3showshowboththeoutsideleftandrightsideconvexmirrorsshouldbeadjusted.

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Left and right sideConvex mirrors

SCHOOLBUS

32feet 32feet

12feet 12feet

Figure 10.3

Outside Left and Right Side Crossover MirrorsThesemirrorsaremountedonbothleftandrightfrontcorners

ofthebus.Theyareusedtoseethefrontbumper“dangerzone”areadirectlyinfrontofthebusthatisnotvisiblebydirectvision,andtoviewthe“dangerzone”areatotheleftsideandrightsideofthebus,includingtheservicedoorandfrontwheelarea.Themirrorpresentsaviewofpeopleandobjectsthatdoesnotaccuratelyreflecttheirsizeanddistancefromthebus.Thedrivermustensurethatthesemirrorsareproperlyadjusted.Ensurethatthemirrorsareproperlyadjustedsoyoucansee:• Theentireareainfrontofthebusfromthefrontbumperatgroundleveltoapointwheredirectvisionispossible.Directvisionandmirror-viewvisionshouldoverlap.

• Therightandleftfronttirestouchingtheground.• Theareafromthefrontofthebustotheservicedoor.• Thesemirrors,alongwiththeconvexandflatmirrors,shouldbeviewedinalogicalsequencetoensurethatachildorobjectisnotinanyofthedangerzones.

10-6

SCHOOLBUS

SCHOOLBUS

Left and right sideCrossover mirrors

Crossovermirror Crossovermirror

Figure10.4illustrateshowtheleftandrightsidecrossovermirrorsshouldbeadjusted.

Figure 10.4

Inside Rearview - Student MirrorThismirrorismounteddirectlyabovethewindshieldonthe

driver’ssideareaofthebus.Thismirrorisusedtomonitorpassengeractivityinsidethebus.Itmayprovidelimitedvisibilitydirectlyinbackofthebusifthebusisequippedwithaglass-bottomedrearemergencydoor.Thereisablindspotareadirectlybehindthedriver’sseataswellasalargeblindspotareathatbeginsattherearbumperandcouldextendupto400feetormorebehindthebus.Youmustusetheexteriorsidemirrorstomonitortrafficthatapproachesandentersthisarea.Youshouldpositionthemirrortosee:• Thetopoftherearwindowinthetopofthemirror.• Allofthestudents,includingtheheadsofthestudentsrightbehindyou.

10.2 – Loading and UnloadingMorestudentsarekilledwhilegettingonoroffaschoolbus

eachyearthanarekilledaspassengersinsideofaschoolbus.Asaresult,knowingwhattodobefore,during,andafterloadingorunloadingstudentsiscritical.Thissectionwillgiveyouspecificprocedurestohelpyouavoidunsafeconditionswhichcouldresult

10-7

ininjuriesandfatalitiesduringandafterloadingandunloadingstudents.Theinformationinthissectionisintendedtoprovideabroad

overview,butisnotadefinitivesetofactions.Itisimperativethatyoulearnandobeythestatelawsandregulationsgoverningloading/unloadingoperationsinWashingtonState.

Approaching the StopEachschooldistrictestablishesofficialroutesandofficialschool

busstops.Allstopsshouldbeapprovedbytheschooldistrictpriortomakingthestop.Youshouldneverchangethelocationofabusstopwithoutwrittenapprovalfromtheappropriateschooldistrictofficial.Youmustuseextremecautionwhenapproachingaschoolbus

stop.Youareinaverydemandingsituationwhenenteringtheseareas.Itiscriticalthatyouunderstandandfollowallstateandlocallawsandregulationsregardingapproachingaschoolbusstop.Thiswouldinvolvetheproperuseofmirrors,alternatingflashinglights,andwhenequipped,themoveablestopsignalarmandcrossingcontrolarm.Whenapproachingthestop,youshould:• Approachcautiouslyataslowrateofspeed.• Lookforpedestrians,traffic,orotherobjectsbefore,during,andaftercomingtoastop.

• Continuouslycheckallmirrors.• Iftheschoolbusissoequipped,activatealternatingflashingamberwarninglightsatleast100-200feetbeforetheschoolbusstop,orinaccordancewithdistrictpolicy.

• Turnonrightturnsignalindicatorabout100-300feetorapproximately3-5secondsbeforepullingover.

• Continuouslycheckmirrorstomonitorthedangerzonesforstudents,traffic,andotherobjects.

• Moveasfaraspossibletotherightonthetraveledportionoftheroadway.

• Bringschoolbustoafullstopwiththefrontbumperatleast10feetawayfromstudentsatthedesignatedstop.Thisforcesthestudentstowalktothebussoyouhaveabetterviewoftheirmovements.

• Placetransmissioninneutralorparkandapplythefootbrake.• Activatealternatingredflashersandstudentcontroldevicesbytheoverridecontrolswitchontheinstrumentpanelwhentrafficisasafedistancefromtheschoolbus.

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• Makeafinalchecktoseethatalltraffichasstoppedbeforecompletelyopeningthedoorandsignalingstudentstoapproach.

Loading Procedures• Performasafestopasdescribedinsubsection10.2,ApproachingtheStop.

• Studentsshouldwaitinadesignatedlocationfortheschoolbus,facingthebusasitapproaches.

• Studentsshouldboardthebusonlywhensignaledbythedriver.• Monitorallmirrorscontinuously.• Countthenumberofstudentsatthebusstopandbesureallboardthebus.Ifpossible,knownamesofstudentsateachstop.Ifthereisastudentmissing,asktheotherstudentswherethestudentis.

• Havethestudentsboardtheschoolbusslowly,insinglefile,andusethehandrail.Thedomelightshouldbeonwhileloadinginthedark.

• Waituntilstudentsareseatedandfacingforwardbeforemovingthebus.

• Checkallmirrors.Makecertainnooneisrunningtocatchthebus.

• Ifyoucannotaccountforastudentoutside,securethebus,takethekey,andcheckaroundandunderneaththebus.

• Whenallstudentsareaccountedfor,preparetoleaveby:- Closingthedoor.- Engagingthetransmission.- Releasingtheparkingbrake.- Turningoffalternatingflashingredlights.- Turningonleftturnsignal.- Checkingallmirrorsagain.- Allowingcongestedtraffictodisperse.

• Whenitissafe,movethebustoentertrafficflowandcontinuetheroute.

Theloadingprocedureisessentiallythesamewhereveryouloadstudents,butthereareslightdifferences.Whenstudentsareloadingattheschoolcampus,youshould:• Turnofftheignitionswitch.• Removekeyifleavingdriver’scompartment.• Positionyourselftosuperviseloadingasrequiredorrecommendedbyyourstateorlocalregulations.

10-9

Unloading Procedures on the Route• Performasafestopatdesignatedunloadingareasasdescribedinsubsection10.2,ApproachingtheStop.

• Havethestudentsremainseateduntiltoldtoexit.• Checkallmirrorscontinuously.• Countthenumberofstudentswhileunloadingtoconfirmthelocationofallstudentsbeforepullingawayfromthestop.

• Tellstudentstoexitthebusandwalkatleast10feetawayfromthesideofthebustoapositionwherethedrivercanplainlyseeallstudents.

• Checkallmirrorsagain.Makesurenostudentsarearoundorreturningtothebus.

• Ifyoucannotaccountforastudentoutsidethebus,securethebus,andcheckaroundandunderneaththebus.

• Whenallstudentsareaccountedfor,preparetoleaveby:- Closingthedoor.- Engagingtransmission.- Releasingparkingbrake.- Turningoffalternatingflashingredlights.- Turningonleftturnsignal.- Checkingallmirrorsagain.- Allowingcongestedtraffictodisperse.

• Whenitissafe,movethebus,enterthetrafficflowandcontinuetheroute.

Note.Ifyouhavemissedastudent’sunloadingstop,donotbackup.Besuretofollowlocalprocedures.

Additional procedures for students that must cross the roadway. Youshouldunderstandwhatstudentsshoulddowhenexitingaschoolbusandcrossingthestreetinfrontofthebus.Inaddition,theschoolbusdrivershouldunderstandthatstudentsmightnotalwaysdowhattheyaresupposedtodo.Ifastudentorstudentsmustcrosstheroadway,theyshouldfollowtheseprocedures:• Walkapproximately10feetawayfromthesideoftheschoolbustoapositionwhereyoucanseethem.

• Walktoalocationatleast10feetinfrontoftherightcornerofthebumper,butstillremainingawayfromthefrontoftheschoolbus.

• Stopattherightedgeoftheroadway.Youshouldbeabletoseethestudent’sfeet.

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Whenstudentsreachtheedgeoftheroadway,theyshould:• Stopandlookinalldirections,makingsuretheroadwayisclearandissafe.

• Checktoseeiftheredflashinglightsonthebusarestillflashing.

• Waitforyoursignalbeforecrossingtheroadway.

Uponyoursignal,thestudentsshould:• Crossfarenoughinfrontoftheschoolbustobeinyourview.• Stopattheleftedgeoftheschoolbus,stop,andlookagainforyoursignaltocontinuetocrosstheroadway.

• Lookfortrafficinbothdirections,makingsureroadwayisclear.

• Proceedacrosstheroadway,continuingtolookinalldirections.

Note:Theschoolbusdrivershouldenforceanystateorlocalregulationsorrecommendationsconcerningstudentactionsoutsidetheschoolbus.

Unloading Procedures at SchoolStateandlocallawsandregulationsregardingunloading

studentsatschools,particularlyinsituationswheresuchactivitiestakeplaceintheschoolparkinglotorotherlocationthatisoffthetraveledroadway,areoftendifferentthanunloadingalongtheschoolbusroute.Itisimportantthattheschoolbusdriverunderstandsandobeysstateandlocallawsandregulations.Thefollowingproceduresaremeanttobegeneralguidelines.Whenunloadingattheschoolyoushouldfollowthese

procedures:• Performasafestopatdesignatedunloadingareasasdescribedinsubsection10.2,ApproachingtheStop.

• Securethebusby:- Turningofftheignitionswitch.- Removingkeyifleavingdriver’scompartment.

• Havethestudentsremainseateduntiltoldtoexit.• Positionyourselftosuperviseunloadingasrequiredorrecommendedbyyourstateorlocalregulations.

• Havestudentsexitinorderlyfashion.• Observestudentsastheystepfrombustoseethatallmovepromptlyawayfromtheunloadingarea.

• Walkthroughthebusandcheckforhiding/sleepingstudentsanditemsleftbystudents.

10-11

• Checkallmirrors.Makecertainnostudentsarereturningtothebus.

• Ifyoucannotaccountforastudentoutsidethebusandthebusissecure,checkaroundandunderneaththebus.

• Whenallstudentsareaccountedfor,preparetoleaveby:- Closingthedoor.- Fasteningsafetybelt.- Startingengine.- Engagingthetransmission.- Releasingtheparkingbrake.- Turningoffalternatingflashingredlights.- Turningonleftturnsignal.- Checkingallmirrorsagain.- Allowingcongestedtraffictodisperse.

• Whenitissafe,pullawayfromtheunloadingarea.

Special Dangers of Loading and UnloadingDropped or forgotten objects. Alwaysfocusonstudentsas

theyapproachthebusandwatchforanywhodisappearfromsight.Studentsmaydropanobjectnearthebusduringloadingand

unloading.Stoppingtopickuptheobject,orreturningtopickuptheobjectmaycausethestudenttodisappearfromthedriver’ssightataverydangerousmoment.Studentsshouldbetoldtoleaveanydroppedobjectandmove

toapointofsafetyoutofthedangerzonesandattempttogetthedriver’sattentiontoretrievetheobject.

Handrail hang-ups. Studentshavebeeninjuredorkilledwhenclothing,accessories,orevenpartsoftheirbodygetcaughtinthehandrailordoorastheyexitedthebus.Youshouldcloselyobserveallstudentsexitingthebustoconfirmthattheyareinasafelocationpriortomovingthebus.

Post-trip InspectionWhenyourrouteorschoolactivitytripisfinished,youshould

conductapost-tripinspectionofthebus.Youshouldwalkthroughthebusandaroundthebuslookingfor

thefollowing:• Articlesleftonthebus.• Sleepingstudents.• Openwindowsanddoors.

10-12

• Mechanical/operationalproblemswiththebus,withspecialattentiontoitemsthatareuniquetoschoolbuses–mirrorsystems,flashingwarninglampsandstopsignalarms.

• Damageorvandalism.

Anyproblemsorspecialsituationsshouldbereportedimmediatelytoyoursupervisororschoolauthorities.

10.3 – Emergency Exit and EvacuationAnemergencysituationcanhappentoanyone,anytime,

anywhere.Itcouldbeacrash,astalledschoolbusonarailroad-highwaycrossingorinahigh-speedintersection,anelectricalfireintheenginecompartment,amedicalemergencytoastudentontheschoolbus,etc.Knowingwhattodoinanemergency–before,during,andafteranevacuation–canmeanthedifferencebetweenlifeanddeath.

Planning for EmergenciesDetermine need to evacuate bus. Thefirstandmostimportant

considerationisforyoutorecognizethehazard.Iftimepermits,schoolbusdriversshouldcontacttheirdispatchertoexplainthesituationbeforemakingadecisiontoevacuatetheschoolbus.Asageneralrule,studentsafetyandcontrolisbestmaintained

bykeepingstudentsonthebusduringanemergencyand/orimpendingcrisissituation,ifsodoingdoesnotexposethemtounnecessaryriskorinjury.Remember,thedecisiontoevacuatethebusmustbeatimelyone.Adecisiontoevacuateshouldincludeconsiderationofthe

followingconditions:• Isthereafireordangeroffire?• Isthereasmellofraworleakingfuel?• Isthereachancethebuscouldbehitbyothervehicles?• Isthebusinthepathofasightedtornadoorrisingwaters?• Aretheredownedpowerlines?• Wouldremovingstudentsexposethemtospeedingtraffic,severeweather,oradangerousenvironmentsuchasdownedpowerlines?

• Wouldmovingstudentscomplicateinjuriessuchasneckandbackinjuriesandfractures?

• Isthereahazardousspillinvolved?Sometimes,itmaybesafertoremainonthebusandnotcomeincontactwiththematerial.

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Mandatory evacuations. Thedrivermustevacuatethebuswhen:• Thebusisonfireorthereisathreatofafire.• Thebusisstalledon,oradjacentto,arailroad-highwaycrossing.

• Thepositionofthebusmaychangeandincreasethedanger.• Thereisanimminentdangerofcollision.• Thereisaneedtoquicklyevacuatebecauseofahazardousmaterialsspill.

Evacuation ProceduresBe prepared and plan ahead. Whenpossible,assigntwo

responsible,olderstudentassistantstoeachemergencyexit.Teachthemhowtoassisttheotherstudentsoffthebus.Assignanotherstudentassistanttoleadthestudentstoa“safeplace”afterevacuation.However,youmustrecognizethattheremaynotbeolder,responsiblestudentsonthebusatthetimeoftheemergency.Therefore,emergencyevacuationproceduresmustbeexplainedtoallstudents.Thisincludesknowinghowtooperatethevariousemergencyexitsandtheimportanceoflisteningtoandfollowingallinstructionsgivenbyyou.

Sometipstodetermineasafeplace:• Asafeplacewillbeatleast100feetofftheroadinthedirectionofoncomingtraffic.Thiswillkeepthestudentsfrombeinghitbydebrisifanothervehiclecollideswiththebus.

• Leadstudentsupwindofthebusiffireispresent.• Leadstudentsasfarawayfromrailroadtracksaspossibleandinthedirectionofanyoncomingtrain.

• Leadstudentsupwindofthebusatleast300feetifthereisariskfromspilledhazardousmaterials.

• Ifthebusisinthedirectpathofasightedtornadoandevacuationisordered,escortstudentstoanearbyditchorculvertifshelterinabuildingisnotreadilyavailable,anddirectthemtoliefacedown,handscoveringtheirhead.Theyshouldbefarenoughawaysothebuscannottoppleonthem.

• Avoidareasthataresubjecttoflashfloods.

General procedures. Determineifevacuationisinthebestinterestofsafety.• Determinethebesttypeofevacuation:- Front,rearorsidedoorevacuation,orsomecombinationofdoors.- Rooforwindowevacuation.

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• Securethebusby:- PlacingtransmissioninPark,orifthereisnoshiftpoint,inNeutral.- Settingparkingbrakes.- Shuttingofftheengine.- Removingignitionkey.- Activatinghazard-warninglights.

• Iftimeallows,notifydispatchofficeofevacuationlocation,conditions,andtypeofassistanceneeded.

• Dangleradiomicrophoneortelephoneoutofdriver’swindowforlateruse,ifoperable.

• Ifnoradio,orradioisinoperable,dispatchapassingmotoristorarearesidenttocallforhelp.Asalastresort,dispatchtwoolder,responsiblestudentstogoforhelp.

• Ordertheevacuation.• Evacuatestudentsfromthebus.- Donotmoveastudentyoubelievemayhavesufferedaneckorspinalinjuryunlesshisorherlifeisinimmediatedanger.- Specialproceduresmustbeusedtomoveneckspinalinjuryvictimstopreventfurtherinjury.

• Directastudentassistanttoleadstudentstothenearestsafeplace.

• Walkthroughthebustoensurenostudentsremainonthebus.Retrieveemergencyequipment.

• Joinwaitingstudents.Accountforallstudentsandcheckfortheirsafety.

• Protectthescene.Setoutemergencywarningdevicesasnecessaryandappropriate.

• Prepareinformationforemergencyresponders.

10.4 – Railroad-highway Crossings

Types of CrossingsPassive crossings. Thistypeofcrossingdoesnothaveany

typeoftrafficcontroldevice.Youmuststopatthesecrossingsandfollowproperprocedures.However,thedecisiontoproceedrestsentirelyinyourhands.Passivecrossingsrequireyoutorecognizethecrossing,searchforanytrainusingthetracksanddecideif

10-15

thereissufficientclearspacetocrosssafely.Passivecrossingshaveyellowcircularadvancewarningsigns,pavementmarkingsandcrossbuckstoassistyouinrecognizingacrossing.

Active crossings. Thistypeofcrossinghasatrafficcontroldeviceinstalledatthecrossingtoregulatetrafficatthecrossing.Theseactivedevicesincludeflashingredlights,withorwithoutbellsandflashingredlightswithbellsandgates.

Warning Signs and DevicesAdvance warning signs. Theround,black-on-yellowwarning

signisplacedaheadofapublicrailroad-highwaycrossing.Theadvancewarningsigntellsyoutoslowdown,lookandlistenforthetrain,andbepreparedtostopatthetracksifatrainiscoming.SeeFigure10.5.

Pavement markings. Pavementmarkingsmeanthesameastheadvancewarningsign.Theyconsistofan“X”withtheletters“”RR”andano-passingmarkingontwo-laneroads.Thereisalsoanopassingzonesignontwo-laneroads.There

maybeawhitestoplinepaintedonthepavementbeforetherailroadtracks.Thefrontoftheschoolbusmustremainbehindthislinewhilestoppedatthecrossing.SeeFigure10.6.

Figure 10.5 Figure 10.6Round yellow warning sign Pavement markings

Crossbuck signs. Thissignmarksthecrossing.Itrequiresyoutoyieldtheright-of-waytothetrain.Ifthereisnowhitelinepaintedonthepavement,youmuststopthebusbeforethecrossbucksign.Whentheroadcrossesovermorethanonesetoftracks,asignbelowthecrossbuckindicatesthenumberoftracks.SeeFigure10.7.

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RAIL

ROADCROSSING

3

TRACKS

Flashing red light signals. Atmanyhighway-railgradecrossings,thecrossbucksignhasflashingredlightsandbells.Whenthelightsbegintoflash,stop!Atrainisapproaching.Youarerequiredtoyieldtheright-of-waytothetrain.Ifthereismorethanonetrack,makesurealltracksareclearbeforecrossing.SeeFigure10.8.

Gates. Manyrailroad-highwaycrossingshavegateswithflashingredlightsandbells.Stopwhenthelightsbegintoflashandbeforethegatelowersacrosstheroadlane.Remainstoppeduntilthegatesgoupandthelightshavestoppedflashing.Proceedwhenitissafe.Ifthegatestaysdownafterthetrainpasses,donotdrivearoundthegate.Instead,callyourdispatcher.SeeFigure10.8.

Recommended ProceduresEachstatehaslawsandregulationsgoverninghowschool

busesmustoperateatrailroad-highwaycrossings.Itisimportantforyoutounderstandandobeythesestatelawsandregulations.Ingeneral,schoolbusesmuststopatallcrossings,andensureitissafebeforeproceedingacrossthetracks.Thespecificproceduresrequiredineachstatevary.

Figure 10.7Multiple tracks

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RAIL

ROADCROSSING

TRACKS

3

Figure 10.8Gates/Lights

Aschoolbusisoneofthesafestvehiclesonthehighway.However,aschoolbusdoesnothavetheslightestedgewheninvolvedinacrashwithatrain.Becauseofatrain’ssizeandweightitcannotstopquickly.Anemergencyescaperoutedoesnotexistforatrain.Youcanpreventschoolbus/traincrashesbyfollowingtheserecommendedprocedures.

Approaching the crossing:• Slowdown,includingshiftingtoalowergearinamanualtransmissionbus,andtestyourbrakes.

• Activatehazardlightsapproximately200feetbeforethecrossing.Makesureyourintentionsareknown.

• Scanyoursurroundingsandcheckfortrafficbehindyou.• Staytotherightoftheroadwayifpossible.• Chooseanescaperouteintheeventofabrakefailureorproblemsbehindyou.

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At the crossing:• Stopnocloserthan15feetandnofartherthan50feetfromthenearestrail,whereyouhavethebestviewofthetracks.

• PlacethetransmissioninPark,orifthereisnoParkshiftpoint,inNeutralandpressdownontheservicebrakeorsettheparkingbrakes.

• Turnoffallradiosandnoisyequipment,andsilencethepassengers.

• Opentheservicedooranddriver’swindow.Lookandlistenforanapproachingtrain.

Crossing the track:• Checkthecrossingsignalsagainbeforeproceeding.• Atamultiple-trackcrossing,stoponlybeforethefirstsetoftracks.Whenyouaresurenotrainisapproachingonanytrack,proceedacrossallofthetracksuntilyouhavecompletelyclearedthem.

• Crossthetracksinalowgear.Donotchangegearswhilecrossing.

• Ifthegatecomesdownafteryouhavestartedacross,drivethroughitevenifitmeansyouwillbreakthegate.

Special SituationsBus stalls or trapped on tracks. Ifyourbusstallsoristrapped

onthetracks,geteveryoneoutandoffthetracksimmediately.Moveeveryonefarfromthebusatanangle,whichisbothawayfromthetracksandtowardthetrain.

Police officer at the crossing. Ifapoliceofficerisatthecrossing,obeydirections.Ifthereisnopoliceofficer,andyoubelievethesignalismalfunctioning,callyourdispatchertoreportthesituationandaskforinstructionsonhowtoproceed.

Obstructed view of tracks. Planyourroutesoitprovidesmaximumsightdistanceathighway-railgradecrossings.Donotattempttocrossthetracksunlessyoucanseefarenoughdownthetracktoknowforcertainthatnotrainsareapproaching.Passivecrossingsarethosethatdonothaveanytypeoftrafficcontroldevice.Beespeciallycarefulat“passive”crossings.Evenifthereareactiverailroadsignalsthatindicatethetracksareclear,youmustlookandlistentobesureitissafetoproceed.

Containment or storage areas. Ifitwon’tfit,don’tcommit!Knowthelengthofyourbusandthesizeofthecontainmentarea

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athighway-railcrossingsontheschoolbusroute,aswellasanycrossingyouencounterinthecourseofaschoolactivitytrip.Whenapproachingacrossingwithasignalorstopsignontheoppositeside,payattentiontotheamountofroomthere.Becertainthebushasenoughcontainmentorstorageareatocompletelycleartherailroadtracksontheothersideifthereisaneedtostop.Asageneralrule,add15feettothelengthoftheschoolbustodetermineanacceptableamountofcontainmentorstoragearea.

10.5 – Student Management

Don’t Deal with On-bus Problems When Loading and UnloadingInordertogetstudentstoandfromschoolsafelyandontime,

youneedtobeabletoconcentrateonthedrivingtask.Loadingandunloadingrequiresallyourconcentration.Don’ttake

youreyesoffwhatishappeningoutsidethebus.Ifthereisabehaviorproblemonthebus,waituntilthestudents

unloadingaresafelyoffthebusandhavemovedaway.Ifnecessary,pullthebusovertohandletheproblem.

Handling Serious ProblemsTipsonhandlingseriousproblems:• Followyourschool’sproceduresfordisciplineorrefusalofrightstoridethebus.

• Stopthebus.Parkinasafelocationofftheroad,perhapsaparkinglotoradriveway.

• Securethebus.Taketheignitionkeywithyouifyouleaveyourseat.

• Standupandspeakrespectfullytotheoffenderoroffenders.Speakinacourteousmannerwithafirmvoice.Remindtheoffenderoftheexpectedbehavior.Donotshowanger,butdoshowthatyoumeanbusiness.

• Ifachangeofseatingisneeded,requestthatthestudentmovetoaseatnearyou.

• Neverputastudentoffthebusexceptatschoolorathisorherdesignatedschoolbusstop.Ifyoufeelthattheoffenseisseriousenoughthatyoucannotsafelydrivethebus,callforaschooladministratororthepolicetocomeandremovethestudent.

• Alwaysfollowyourstateorlocalproceduresforrequestingassistance.

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10.6 – Antilock Braking Systems

Vehicles Required to Have Antilock Braking SystemsTheDepartmentofTransportationrequiresthatantilockbraking

systemsbeon:• Allair-brakedbusesbuiltonorafterMarch1,1998.• Hydraulic-brakedbuseswithagrossvehicleweightratingof10,000lbsormorebuiltonorafterMarch1,1999.

ManybusesbuiltbeforethesedateshavebeenvoluntarilyequippedwithABS.YourschoolbuswillhaveayellowABSmalfunctionlamponthe

instrumentpanelifitisequippedwithABS.

How ABS Helps YouWhenyoubrakehardonslipperysurfacesinavehiclewithout

ABS,yourwheelsmaylockup.Whenyoursteeringwheelslockup,youlosesteeringcontrol.Whenyourotherwheelslockup,youmayskidorevenspinthevehicle.ABShelpsyouavoidwheellockupandmaintaincontrol.You

mayormaynotbeabletostopfasterwithABS,butyoushouldbeabletosteeraroundanobstaclewhilebraking,andavoidskidscausedbyoverbraking.

Braking with ABSWhenyoudriveavehiclewithABS,youshouldbrakeasyou

alwayshave.Inotherwords:• Useonlythebrakingforcenecessarytostopsafelyandstayincontrol.

• Brakethesameway,regardlessofwhetheryouhaveABSonthebus.However,inemergencybraking,donotpumpthebrakesonabuswithABS.

• Asyouslowdown,monitoryourbusandbackoffthebrakes(ifitissafetodoso)tostayincontrol.

Braking if ABS is Not WorkingWithoutABS,youstillhavenormalbrakefunctions.Driveand

brakeasyoualwayshave.VehicleswithABShaveyellowmalfunctionlampstotellyouif

somethingisnotworking.TheyellowABSmalfunctionlampisonthebus’sinstrumentpanel.Asasystemcheckonnewervehicles,themalfunctionlamp

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comesonatstart-upforabulbcheckandthengoesoutquickly.Onoldersystems,thelampcouldstayonuntilyouaredrivingoverfivemph.Ifthelampstaysonafterthebulbcheck,orgoesononceyou

areunderway,youmayhavelostABScontrolatoneormorewheels.Remember,ifyourABSmalfunctions,youstillhaveregular

brakes.Drivenormally,butgetthesystemservicedsoon.

Safety Reminders• ABSwon’tallowyoutodrivefaster,followmoreclosely,ordrivelesscarefully.

• ABSwon’tpreventpowerorturningskids–ABSshouldpreventbrake-inducedskidsbutnotthosecausedbyspinningthedrivewheelsorgoingtoofastinaturn.

• ABSwon’tnecessarilyshortenstoppingdistance.ABSwillhelpmaintainvehiclecontrol,butnotalwaysshortenstoppingdistance.

• ABSwon’tincreaseordecreaseultimatestoppingpower–ABSisan“add-on”toyournormalbrakes,notareplacementforthem.

• ABSwon’tchangethewayyounormallybrake.Undernormalbrakeconditions,yourvehiclewillstopasitalwaysstopped.ABSonlycomesintoplaywhenawheelwouldnormallyhavelockedupbecauseofoverbraking.

• ABSwon’tcompensateforbadbrakesorpoorbrakemaintenance.

• Remember:Thebestvehiclesafetyfeatureisstillasafedriver.• Remember:DrivesoyouneverneedtouseyourABS.• Remember:Ifyouneedit,ABScouldhelptopreventaseriouscrash.

10.7 – Special Safety Considerations

Strobe LightsSomeschoolbusesareequippedwithroof-mounted,white

strobelights.Ifyourbusissoequipped,theoverheadstrobelightshouldbeusedwhenyouhavelimitedvisibility.Thismeansthatyoucannoteasilyseearoundyou–infront,behind,orbesidetheschoolbus.Yourvisibilitycouldbeonlyslightlylimitedoritcouldbesobadthatyoucanseenothingatall.Inallinstances,understandandobeyyourstateorlocalregulationsconcerningtheuseoftheselights.

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Driving in High WindsStrongwindsaffectthehandlingoftheschoolbus!Thesideofa

schoolbusactslikeasailonasailboat.Strongwindscanpushtheschoolbussideways.Theycanevenmovetheschoolbusofftheroador,inextremeconditions,tipitover.Ifyouarecaughtinstrongwinds:• Keepastronggriponthesteeringwheel.Trytoanticipategusts.

• Youshouldslowdowntolessentheeffectofthewind,orpullofftheroadwayandwait.

• Contactyourdispatchertogetmoreinformationonhowtoproceed.

BackingBackingaschoolbusisstronglydiscouraged.Youshouldback

yourbusonlywhenyouhavenoothersafewaytomovethevehicle.Youshouldneverbackaschoolbuswhenstudentsareoutsideofthebus.Backingisdangerousandincreasesyourriskofacollision.Ifyouhavenochoiceandyoumustbackyourbus,followtheseprocedures:• Postalookout.Thepurposeofthelookoutistowarnyouaboutobstacles,approachingpersons,andothervehicles.Thelookoutshouldnotgivedirectionsonhowtobackthebus.

• Signalforquietonthebus.• Constantlycheckallmirrorsandrearwindows.• Backslowlyandsmoothly.• Ifnolookoutisavailable:- Settheparkingbrake.- Turnoffthemotorandtakethekeyswithyou.- Walktotherearofthebustodeterminewhetherthewayisclear.

• Ifyoumustback-upatastudentpick-uppoint,besuretopickupstudentsbeforebackingandwatchforlatecomersatalltimes.

• Besurethatallstudentsareinthebusbeforebacking.• Ifyoumustback-upatastudentdrop-offpoint,besuretounloadstudentsafterbacking.

Tail SwingAschoolbuscanhaveuptoathree-foottailswing.Youneedto

checkyourmirrorsbeforeandduringanyturningmovementstomonitorthetailswing.

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Test your knowledge1. Definethedangerzone.Howfardoesthedangerzoneextendaroundthebus?

2. Whatshouldyoubeabletoseeiftheoutsideflatmirrorsareadjustedproperly?Theoutsideconvexmirrors?Thecrossovermirrors?

3. Youareloadingstudentsalongtheroute.Whenshouldyouactivateyouralternatingflashingamberwarninglights?

4. Youareunloadingstudentsalongyourroute.Whereshouldstudentswalktoafterexitingthebus?

5. Afterunloadingatschool,whyshouldyouwalkthroughthebus?

6. Whatpositionshouldstudentsbeinfrontofthebusbeforetheycrosstheroadway?

7. Underwhatconditionsmustyouevacuatethebus?8. Howfarfromthenearestrailshouldyoustopatahighway-railcrossing?

9. Whatisapassivehighway-railcrossing?Whyshouldyoubeextracautiousatthistypeofcrossing?

10. Howshouldyouuseyourbrakesifyourvehicleisequippedwithantilockbrakes(ABS)?

Thesequestionsmaybeonyourtest.Ifyoucan’tanswerthemall,rereadSection10.

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11-1

Pre-Trip Inspection

This section covers:• The Pre-Trip Inspection Test• What the tester will look for• Checks for all vehicles• Checks for combination vehicles• Checks for all buses• Checks for school buses

11.1 – The Pre-Trip Inspection TestThe Pre-Trip Inspection Test is used to evaluate your ability to

inspect important parts of your commercial vehicle. Items that you must check during this test are described in this section.

When you are inspecting the outside of your vehicle, inspect the:• Front• One side• Opposite side–if it has unique items, you must inspect them• Rear• Steering axle• Last axle

All drivers should review Section 2 of this guide and all sections that apply to the vehicle you will use for your testing.

You cannot take the skill tests and you will need to reschedule your appointment if:• Your vehicle has defective equipment–any equipment required

by law to be working that is not working.• Your vehicle does not have proper emergency and safety

equipment required by law.• Your vehicle is not licensed.• You don’t have proof of current insurance.• Your vehicle has inspection items that are marked or labeled.

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• You don’t have a valid Medical Examiner’s Certificate (DOT physical card) in your possession.

No smoking is allowed within 25 feet of the skill test parking area, in or outside of your vehicle. We may cancel your appointment if you disregard this notice.

No weapons are allowed in the vehicle.No passengers or animals will be allowed in the vehicle during

the test. This does not apply to drivers that require the use of service animals.

No memory aids will be allowed during the test.No portable audio or video recording devices will be allowed

during the test. This does not apply to school buses that are equipped with an onboard camera to monitor students.

You must have a Skill Test Results form in your immediate possession at the time of your scheduled appointment to take the Pre-Trip Inspection Test. You can get this form at any driver licensing office after you have successfully completed all required knowledge testing.

If you disqualify during a Pre-Trip Inspection Test and have passed the Road Test, you must wait until the next day before you try again.

11.2 – What The Tester Will Look ForDuring the pre-trip inspection, you must show that the vehicle

is safe to drive. The tester will score your ability to identify and inspect items on your vehicle. As you go through your pre-trip inspection, you must point to or touch each item you are inspecting and explain what you are checking and why. Some inspection items may not be visible. You will not have to crawl under the vehicle, but you may be asked the general vicinity of where an inspection item would be located on your vehicle if it cannot be seen. Study all of the vehicle inspection items that apply to the type of vehicle you will use during your CDL skill test. You should be able to identify each item and tell the tester what you are looking for or inspecting.

As you inspect the outside of your vehicle, you must tell the tester about any differences in other axles or inspection items. You must also tell the tester if your vehicle has any unique items on the side opposite the side you are inspecting. Walk around the entire vehicle before you test, to see if you have any such items.

11-3

11.3 – Checks For All VehiclesMake these checks in addition to all other inspections that apply

to your vehicle:

1. Lights and ReflectorsCheck that all external lights and reflectors are clean and

working. This includes:

Front of the vehicle• Headlights:

- High beam- Low beam

• Turn Signals: - Left - Right

• 4-way flashers

Rear of the vehicle• Turn Signals:

- Left- Right

• Taillights• 4-way flashers• Brake lights

Clearance lights and reflectors• Check that all reflectors work and are clean.

- Clearance lights–red on the rear, amber elsewhere. - Reflectors/Reflective tape–red on the rear, amber

elsewhere.

Checks of the brake, turn signal, and 4-way flashers must be done separately.

2. Air Supply SystemIf you don’t correctly perform all parts of the air-brake

checks, you will be automatically disqualified.Though air brake safety devices vary, this procedure is designed

to see that all safety devices operate correctly as air pressure drops from a normal to a low-air condition. For safety purposes, in areas where an incline is present, you must use wheel chocks during the air brake check. To correctly inspect the air brake system, follow these steps:

11-4

Air leak check1. Shut off the engine.2. Chock your wheels (if necessary).3. Place the transmission into neutral or park.4. Release tractor protection valve and parking brake (push in).5. Fully apply the foot brake and hold it for 1 minute.6. Check the air gauge to see that the air pressure drops

no more than 3 psi in 1 minute in a single vehicle or no more than 4 psi in 1 minute in a combination vehicle.

You must tell the tester what the air leakage rate is for the type of vehicle you are operating, or you will be automatically disqualified.

Low-air warning check1. Ensure all brakes are still released (pushed in).2. Turn the key to the “on” or “battery charge” position without

restarting the engine.3. Begin fanning off the air pressure by pumping the foot brake.4. Low-air warning devices (buzzer, light, flag) should activate

at 60 psi or above.

You must tell the tester that the low-air warning must activate at 60 psi or above, or you will be automatically disqualified.

Tractor protection valve or parking brake1. Ensure all brakes are still released (pushed in).2. Continue to fan off the air pressure.3. When pressure drops to 20-45 psi on a combination vehicle,

the tractor protection valve should close (pop out). On single vehicles, the parking brake valve should close (pop out) when pressure drops to 20-45 psi.

You must tell the tester that the tractor protection valve (combination vehicle) or parking brake valve (single vehicle) must activate when pressure drops to 20-45 psi, or you will be automatically disqualified.

11-5

3. Brake ChecksTrailer hand valve• If equipped, check the trailer brakes by pulling forward and

applying the trailer hand valve only or engage the hand valve and pull against the trailer brakes. Otherwise, set the trailer parking brake and perform the same check.

Parking brake• Apply the parking brake only and check that it will hold the

vehicle by shifting into a lower gear and gently pulling against the brake.

Service brake• Operate and check the service brake by pulling forward slowly

and applying the service brake.

Hydraulic brake check• For vehicles with a hydraulic brake system, pump the brake

pedal three times, and then hold it down for 5 seconds. Tell the tester that the brake pedal should not move (depress) during the 5 seconds.

Federal and state laws require you to wear your vehicle seat belt properly. Brake checks may require your vehicle to be put in gear and moved, so you must wear your seat belt. If you are not wearing the seat belt when your vehicle is put in motion at any time during the test, you will be immediately disqualified.

Air-over hydraulic brakesThese systems are usually found on medium-sized commercial

vehicles. They combine features of air brake and hydraulic systems by using air to boost the hydraulic brake pressure. An air-over hydraulic system assists the service brakes, so a loss of air could mean the loss of service brakes, but the parking brake will continue to work.

An air-over hydraulic system and a standard air supply system have many of the same parts, including:• Warning buzzer• Warning light• Compressor• Governor• Wet and dry air tanks• A foot valve (brake pedal)

11-6

These items are often where you would find them in a complete air brake system. You will likely see an air chamber or cylinder attached to the hydraulic master cylinder. This starts a push rod from the air unit, producing hydraulic pressure through the lines to the wheel cylinder, which operates the front and rear brakes. Some systems may not have all of the parts you expect to see; to meet the definition of air brakes, the system must have:• Air pressure gauge(s)• Low air-pressure warning device(s)

If your vehicle does not have these inspection items, it cannot be used as an air brake vehicle for a skill test.

When testing on a vehicle that has air-over hydraulic brakes, you must be able to properly inspect both the air brake and the hydraulic system inspection items found on your vehicle. Because there are different types of air-over hydraulic systems, you should read your vehicle’s operation manual for more information.

4. In-Cab/Bus InspectionsEmergency and safety equipment• Check for a properly charged and rated fire extinguisher.

- The fire extinguisher must be properly stored and secured for testing purposes.

• Check for spare electrical fuses. - If the vehicle does not have electrical fuses, you must

mention this to the tester.• Locate where the red reflective triangles are stored.• Check for three triangles.

Under federal and state law, vehicles in commercial operation must meet all emergency and safety equipment requirements. If the vehicle to be used for a test does not have all of the required equipment, the test will be postponed until a later time. Make sure the vehicle you will use for your test has all of the required equipment before you arrive for your test.

Heater and defroster• Check that the heater and defroster fan works.

Horn(s)• Check that the air horn and/or electric horn(s) work.

11-7

Windshield• The windshield should:

- Be clean. - Have no illegal stickers or decals. - Have no obstructions. - Have no damage to the glass.

Wipers• Check that wiper arms and blades:

- Are secure. - Are not damaged. - Operate smoothly.

Clutch pedal• Engage and release the pedal.• Check that the pedal:

- Has freedom of movement. - Does not bind or stick. - Does not make unusual noises.

Service brake pedal• Apply and release the pedal.• Check that the pedal:

- Has freedom of movement.- Does not bind.- Does not make unusual noises.

Accelerator pedal• Apply and release the pedal.• Check that the pedal:

- Has freedom of movement. - Does not bind or stick.

Safety start• Set the parking brake.• Depress the clutch (if the vehicle is equipped with a manual

transmission).• Place the gearshift lever in neutral (for automatic

transmissions, place the lever in park).• Start the engine, then release the clutch slowly.

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Steering wheel• Non-power steering. Check for excessive play by turning the

steering wheel back and forth. Play should not be more than 10 degrees–about 2 inches on a 20-inch wheel.

• Power steering. With the engine running, check for excessive play by turning the steering wheel back and forth. Play should not exceed 10 degrees–about 2 inches on a 20-inch wheel–before the front-left wheel begins to move.

• You must watch the front tire while making this check. If your vehicle does not allow this–as in a coach or transit bus–a verbal explanation of the check will be accepted.

Air supply gauge• With the vehicle running, check that the air pressure gauge(s)

are working properly.• Check that the vehicle has an adequate working air supply in

the tank reservoir(s).• Build the air pressure to the governed cutout at 100-125 psi.

If your vehicle has a higher cutout range than 100-125 psi, inform the tester. - Tell the tester when the air governor cutout activates.

Ammeter/Voltmeter• Check that the gauges show the alternator and/or generator is

charging or that the warning light is off.

Oil pressure gauge• Check that the oil pressure gauge is working.• Check that the pressure gauge shows increasing or normal oil

pressure or that the warning light goes off.

5. Engine Compartment (Engine Off)Oil level• Identify where the dipstick is located.• Check that the oil level is within a safe operating range. The

level must be above the refill mark. A verbal explanation is acceptable.

Coolant level• Check that the coolant level is within a safe operating range.• Inspect the reservoir sight glass or tell the tester that you

would remove the radiator cap and check the coolant level.

11-9

Never attempt to remove a radiator cap on an engine that has recently been running. A verbal explanation for the coolant level is acceptable.

Power steering fluid• Identify where the power-steering-fluid dipstick is located.• Check that the power-steering fluid is at the proper level. The

level must be above the refill mark. A verbal explanation is acceptable.

Air compressor• Identify the location of the air compressor and check that the

unit is securely mounted.• Check for any fluid or air leaks from the compressor.• Check for missing nuts or bolts.

Leaks (engine compartment)• Check for fluid leaks on the ground under the engine.• Check for puddles of oil, coolant, or fuel.

Engine compartment belts• Check the condition of the belts–they should not be:

- Cracked. - Worn or frayed.

• Check the tension of the belts–they should not deflect more than 1/2 to 3/4 of an inch from the center of the belt.

6. Front AxleTires• Check for proper inflation by using a tire gauge or by striking

tires with a mallet or a similar device. You will not get credit if you simply kick the tires to check for proper inflation.

• Check for cuts, bumps, abrasions, or other damage to the tread or sidewalls.

• Check that valve stems are not missing, broken, or damaged.• Check that the tread depth is at least 4/32 of an inch in all

major grooves on steering-axle tires.• Check that tread is evenly worn.

Rims• Check for dents or damage to the flange.• Check that there are no visible cracks or welding repairs.

11-10

Lug nuts• Check that all lug nuts are present and have no:

- Cracks or distortions. - Signs of being loose – such as rust trails or shiny threads.

Hub oil seals/Axle seals• Check that hub oil/grease seals and axle seals are not

leaking.• If the wheel has a sight glass or removable seal, check the oil

level. If the hub/axle seal has a removable seal or beauty cap, a verbal explanation will be acceptable.

Steering box• Check that the steering box is securely mounted to the frame.• Check for any missing nuts or bolts.• Check for power-steering fluid leaks.• Check that the steering box is not cracked.

Steering linkage• Check that connecting links, arms, and rods from the steering

box to the wheel are not: - Worn. - Cracked.

• Check that joints and sockets are not: - Worn or loose. - Missing nuts, bolts, or cotter keys.

7. Front SuspensionInspect all suspension parts for each axle–on both the power

unit and the trailer–whenever the suspension parts for an axle are different from each other in any way.

Springs• Check that leaf springs are not:

- Missing. - Shifted. - Cracked or broken. - Check for broken or distorted coil springs.

Mounts/Hangers• Check for cracked or broken spring hangers.• Check for missing or damaged bushings.• Check for other axle-mounting parts that are broken or loose.

11-11

You should check mounts at each point where they are secured to the vehicle frame and axle.

U-Bolts• Check that U-bolts are not loose or missing:• Check that U-bolts are not damaged or cracked:

Shock absorbers• Check that the shock absorbers:

- Are secure. - Do not have any leaks.

Air bags• Check that the air-ride suspension:

- Has no damage. - Has no leaks. - Does not rub against other parts.

8. Driver, Fuel, and Under-Vehicle AreasFor inspection items located under the vehicle, you will not need

to crawl under the vehicle. A verbal explanation will be acceptable.

Doors• Check that any doors:

- Are not damaged. - Open and close securely.

You must demonstrate this to the tester.

Mirrors• Check that all mirrors and mirror brackets are:

- Securely mounted. - Properly adjusted. - Not damaged, and have no loose fittings.

• Check that the glass is clean.

Battery box• Check that the battery box and its cover or door are secure.

Fuel tank• Check that all tanks are secure.• Check that all caps are tight.• Check that there are no leaks from any tanks or crossover

lines.

11-12

Drive shaft• Check that the drive shaft:

- Is not bent or cracked. - Is securely mounted. - Couplings are free of foreign objects.

Exhaust system• Check that the exhaust system is securely mounted and

tightly connected.• Check the exhaust system for cracks, holes, and any signs of

exhaust leaks.

Frame–tractor or straight vehicle• Check for cracks or bends in the frame.• Check for loose or missing bolts.• Check for cracks in the cross members.

9. Rear AxleTires• Check for proper inflation by using a tire gauge or by striking

tires with a mallet or a similar device. You will not get credit if you simply kick the tires to check for proper inflation.

• Check for cuts, bumps, abrasions, or other damage to the tread or sidewalls.

• Check that valve stems are not missing, broken, or damaged.• Check that the tread is evenly worn.• Check that the tread depth is at least 2/32 of an inch in all

major grooves–this tread depth is different from what is required for steering-axle tires.

• In-between duals: - Check that dual tires are not touching. - Check that dual tires have nothing lodged between them.

Rims• Check for dents or damage to the flange.• Check that there are no visible cracks or welding repairs.

Lug nuts• Check that all lug nuts are present and have no:

- Cracks or distortions. - Signs of being loose – such as rust trails or shiny threads.

11-13

Hub/Axle seal• Check for axle seal leaks.• If wheel has a sight glass or removable seal, check that the

oil level is at the proper level. If the axle seal has a removable seal or beauty cap (hub/axle seal cover), a verbal explanation will be acceptable.

Mud flaps• Check that the mud flaps:

- Are securely mounted. - Are not too worn or torn. - Hang down to at least the center of the axle.

10. BrakesBrake linings• Check that brake linings:

- Are at least 1/4 of an inch. - Have no loose or missing parts. - Are not cracked or broken. - Show no signs of oil or grease on the linings.

Brake drum• Check for cracks, grooves or holes.• Check that there are no signs of oil or grease on the brake

drums.

If your vehicle has dust covers, explain this check to the tester.

Slack adjustors• Check for broken, loose, or missing parts.• For manual slack adjusters, the brake push rod should not

move more than 1 inch (with brakes released) when pulled by hand.

Brake hoses/lines• Check that hoses are not:

- Leaking. - Cut or cracked. - Worn or frayed. - Rubbing against other parts.

If the brakes are hydraulic, look for leaks; if they are air-powered, listen for leaks.

11-14

Brake chambers• Check that the brake chambers:

- Are securely mounted. - Have no cracks or dents. - Are not leaking.

11. Rear SuspensionInspect all suspension parts for each axle–on both the power

unit and the trailer–whenever the suspension parts for an axle are different from each other in any way.

Springs• Check that leaf springs are not:

- Missing. - Shifted. - Cracked or broken. - Check for broken or distorted coil springs.

Mounts/Hangers• Check for cracked or broken spring hangers.• Check for missing or damaged bushings.• Check for other broken or loose axle-mounting parts.

You should check mounts at each point where they are secured to the vehicle frame and axle.

U-Bolts• Check that U-bolts are not loose or missing.• Check that U-bolts are not damaged or cracked.

Shock absorbers• Check that the shock absorbers:

- Are secure. - Do not have any leaks.

Air bags• Check that the air-ride suspension:

- Has no damage. - Has no leaks. - Does not rub against other parts.

11-15

Torque arm (radius rod/torque spring)• Check that torsion bars, torque arms, or other types of

suspension parts are:- Not damaged.- Securely mounted.

11.4 – Checks For Combination VehiclesMake these checks in addition to all other inspections that apply

to your vehicle:

1. Service AreaAir lines• Check that the air lines are securely connected.• Check that the air lines are not:

- Leaking. - Cut. - Cracked. - Spliced. - Taped. - Crimped. - Rubbing against other parts.

Electrical line• Check that the electrical line is securely connected.• Check that the electrical line:

- Is not pinched. - Is not worn. Has no exposed wires. - Has no bare wires. - Has no broken wires. - Has no taped wires. - Is not rubbing on other components.

Steel braid should not show through anywhere along the line.

Deck plate/Catwalk• Check that the deck plate/catwalk is:

- Solid. - Clear of objects. - Securely mounted to the tractor frame.

Header board/Front-end structures• Check that the header board or front-end structure:

- Is mounted securely to the tractor or trailer. - Has no loose or missing bolts or mounting brackets.

11-16

2. Coupling SystemsFifth Wheel Coupling System:

Gap• Check that the trailer is lying flat–without a gap–on the fifth

wheel skid plate.

Mounting bolts• Check for loose or missing mounting brackets, bolts, or nuts.

Release arm• Check that the release arm:

- Is in the engaged or locked position. - Safety latch is engaged.

Kingpin and locking jaws• Look into fifth wheel gap and check that the locking jaws are

fully closed around the shank of the kingpin.

Sliding fifth wheel locking pins• Check that the sliding fifth wheel has no loose or missing pins

in the slide mechanism. If it is air-powered, check for leaks.• Check that locking pins are fully engaged.• Check that the fifth wheel is positioned properly so that the

tractor frame will clear the landing gear during turns.

Pintle Hook Coupling System:

Pintle hook• Check that the pintle hook is:

- Secure. - Not cracked or broken. - Not excessively worn.

Sliding pintle• Check that the sliding pintle:

- Is secure. - Has no loose or missing nuts or bolts. - Cotter pins are in place.

Mounting bolts• Check for loose or missing mounting brackets, bolts, or nuts.

11-17

Safety chains/cables• Check that the safety chains or cables are:

- Secure. - Free of any kinks or excessive slack.

Drawbar & Eye• Check that the entire drawbar:

- Is not bent or twisted. - Shows no signs of cracking.

• Check that the eye is not too worn or cracked.

Drawbar landing gear• Check that the landing gear:

- Is fully raised. - Has no missing parts. - Crank handle is secure. - Support frame has no structural damage.

On other types of coupling systems (i.e., ball hitch, gooseneck, etc.)• Check the locking mechanism:

- Is secure. - Mounting brackets and bolts are not broken or missing. - Hitch release lever is in place and secure. - Safety chains/cables are secure and free of any kinks or

excessive slack.

3. TrailerHeader board/Front-end structures• Check that the header board or front-end structure:

- Is mounted securely to the trailer. - Has no loose or missing bolts or mounting brackets.

Landing gear• Check that the landing gear:

- Is fully raised. - Has no missing parts. - Crank handle is secure. - Support frame has no structural damage.

11-18

Frame (trailer)• Check that the trailer frame:

- Has no cracks or bends. - Has no loose or missing bolts. - Has no cracks in the cross members. - Checks for damage to the trailer floor.

Tandem release arm/Locking pins• Check that the locking pins are locked in place and the

release arm is secured.

Doors (rear and side)• Check that doors and hinges:

- Are not damaged. - Open, close, and latch properly from the outside.

Cargo lifts• Check that the cargo lift:

- Has no leaking, damaged, or missing parts. - Is fully retracted. - Is securely latched.

Breakaway control module• This test will be performed only on a combination vehicle

when the trailer has electric brakes. It is used to check that the module works and will set the trailer brakes. To correctly perform this test, follow these steps:1. Disconnect the breakaway wiring from its connector on the

trailer.2. Start the engine.3. Place the transmission in first gear and drive forward.4. The truck should not move forward without dragging the

trailer tires. If the combination moves forward without dragging trailer tires or if there is no braking action on 20 percent or more of the braked wheels, the emergency breakaway is not working.

11-19

11.5 – Checks For All BusesMake these checks in addition to all other inspections that apply

to your vehicle:

Entry lift• Check that the power lift:

- Has no leaks. - Is not damaged. - Has no missing parts. - Is fully retracted and securely latched.

Passenger entry• Check that the entry door is not damaged, and that it operates

smoothly and closes securely from the inside.• Check that the entry handrails are secure.• Check that:

- The entry steps are clear. - The step treads are not too worn or loose.

• Check that nothing is blocking the aisle-way.

Emergency exit(s)• Identify the location of all emergency exits.• Show the tester how to use at least one emergency exit–other

than the primary entrance–and tell the tester how all other emergency exits operate.

• You must check that the exits: - Are not damaged. - Operate smoothly. - Close securely from the inside.

• Check that the emergency exit warning devices are working.

Seating• Check for broken seat frames.• Check that the seat frames are securely attached to the floor.• Check that seat cushions are securely attached to the seat

frames.

Compartments• Check that baggage doors and all other outside compartment

doors are: - Not damaged. - Working properly. - Securely latched from the outside.

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11.6 – Checks for School BusesMake these checks in addition to all other inspections that apply

to your vehicle:

School bus lights• Check the following external lights and reflectors:

- Alternately-flashing amber lights. - Alternately-flashing red lights. - Stop-paddle light.

School bus emergency equipment• Check for an emergency first-aid kit.• Check for a body-fluid-cleanup kit.

Stop paddle• Check the stop paddle for loose parts and damage.• Check that it is securely mounted to the side of the bus.

Crossing arm(s)• Check the crossing arm for loose parts and damage.• Check that it is securely mounted to the front of the bus.

Grounds for Automatic DisqualificationYou will be automatically disqualified for any of the following:• Air supply system checks – Failure to properly demonstrate or

verbalize any of the required parameters associated with the following air supply system checks: - Air leak check. - Low air warning check. - Tractor protection valve – Class A only. - Parking brake valve – Class B/C only.

• Failure to perform: - When you cannot comprehend or respond to instructions

given during any part of the pre-trip inspection test. - Repeated inability to properly demonstrate and/or verbalize

your vehicle’s inspection items during the pre-trip inspection test.

• Equipment failure: - Anytime your vehicle has been identified as unsafe, is not

street legal, or is missing state required safety equipment.

If your vehicle is disqualified due to an equipment failure, CDL skills test fees will be carried over to your next test attempt.

12-1

Basic Controls

This section covers:• The Basic Controls Test• What the tester will look for

The Basic Controls Test is used to evaluate your skill at controlling your vehicle while backing, and your ability to judge your vehicle’s position in relation to other objects. This test is scored separate from the Road Test. You cannot get a CDL until you successfully complete this part of the test.

The judgment and skills these exercises require are used in many different driving situations and are essential to the safe control of your vehicle.

If you disqualify on the Basic Controls Test, you must wait until the next day to retest:

If retesting is required, you must successfully complete each backing exercise regardless of how well each exercise was performed during an earlier test attempt.

12.1 – The Basic Controls TestDuring this test, you must perform three separate exercises,

which includes:• Straight-line backing.• Offset back to the right.• Alley dock at a 90-degree angle.

Backing boundaries are lined with cones. Treat the inside base of each cone as a vertical wall projecting upward. When any part of your vehicle–excluding mirrors–crosses over the base or between cones through this imaginary vertical wall, it will be scored as an error. If you stop your vehicle during an exercise, you must perform a vision check and sound the horn (if your vehicle does not have a backup alarm) before continuing the exercise.

12-2

To back safely, you must always check that the backing area is clear before you move your vehicle. Generally, you can do this by using another person to help you or by getting out of the vehicle yourself to make sure the way is clear.

12.2 – Scoring The Basic Controls Test• Mirror use• Flashers• Warning devices• Crossing boundaries (encroachments)• Pullups• Vehicle exits (looks)• Final position

The tester will score the following:

Mirror Use: You must check both mirrors before backing and continue checking both mirrors during the entire exercise. Check both left and right mirrors at least once every ten seconds while backing.

Flashers: You must use your 4-way flashers before you begin each backing exercise.

Warning Devices: You must use your vehicle’s horn–unless your vehicle has a working backup alarm–before backing your vehicle.

Encroachments: You will be scored with an encroachment error each time any portion of your vehicle touches or crosses over an exercise boundary. Each encroachment is scored as a two point error.

Pullups: When you stop and reverse direction to get a better position, it “may” be scored as a pullup. You will not be penalized for initial pullups. However, each excessive pullup will count as a one point error.

Outside vehicle observations (Looks); You are allowed to stop and exit the vehicle to check the position of the rear of your vehicle (look) during each exercise. When doing so, you must place the vehicle in neutral, or park if equipped with an automatic transmission and set the parking brake. When exiting and reentering the vehicle, you must do so safely by facing the vehicle

12-3

and maintaining a three point of contact method with the vehicle at all times. When exiting and reentering a bus, maintain a firm grasp on the entryway handrail at all times. If you do not safely secure the vehicle, or if you exit the vehicle in an unsafe manner, you will be disqualified.

Final position: It is important that you finish each exercise exactly as the tester has instructed. If you do not place the rear of your vehicle into the final position boundary as described by the tester, you will be penalized 10 points. This could result in a disqualification because of exceeding a qualifying score.

You must have a passing score of 18 points or less as a combined score for the three backing exercises. If more than 18 points are scored, you will not pass the Basic Controls Test. If 20 or more points are scored, the test will be stopped.

12.3 – What The Tester Will Look For

Straight Line BackingYou will be instructed to back your vehicle in a straight line

between two rows of cones without touching or crossing over the exercise boundaries. See Figure 12-1 at the end of this section.

You must put the rear of your vehicle inside the final docking boundary. The tester will stop you and instruct you to return back into the exercise boundary if you encroach on or through any cones.

Offset Backing to the RightYou will be instructed to back into a space that is to the right of

your vehicle. See Figure 12-2 at the end of this section.You will drive straight forward and then back your vehicle into

the backing lane to the right without encroaching on or through any boundaries marked by cones. You must put the rear of your vehicle inside the final docking boundary. The tester will stop you and instruct you to return back into the exercise boundary if you encroach on or through any cones.

Alley DockYou will be instructed to set your vehicle up at a 90 degree angle

and back your vehicle–sight side–into an alley dock. See Figures 12-3a 12-3b and at the end of this section.

12-4

You must put the rear of your vehicle inside the final docking boundary. The tester will stop you and instruct you to return back into the exercise boundary if you encroach on or through any cones.

Grounds for Automatic DisqualificationYou will be automatically disqualified for any of the following:

Accident:• An accident, however slight. This includes contact with any

fixed object. • Striking exercise boundary cones will not be scored as an

accident.

Dangerous action:• Applies to situations that require the tester to intervene and

stop you from striking any fixed object. • Applies if you fail to put the vehicle in neutral/park and set the

vehicle’s parking brake, prior to exiting the vehicle to perform a “look.”

• Applies if you exit the vehicle in an unsafe manner while performing a “look.”

Failure to perform:• Applies when you cannot comprehend or respond to

instructions given during any part of the Basic Controls Test.• Applies to the inability to perform any of the backing exercises.

12-5

Figure 12.1Straight line backing

10’Front of base

to front of base

100’

Straight Line Backing Course

3’

Docking Boundary

12’

12-6

Figure 12.2Offset backing to the right

Off-Set Backing Course

140’

from

fron

t of c

ours

e to

bar

rier

on ‘A

’ com

bina

tion

vehi

cles

12’

10’

40’Minimum

3’

100’

from

fron

t of c

ours

e to

bar

rier

on ‘B

/C’ s

ingl

e ve

hicl

es

33’

Docking Boundary

12-7

Figure 12.3aAlley dock–’A’ vehicles

12’

20’

10’

3’

Docking Boundary

90-Degree Alley Dock Course “A” Vehicles

20’

80’

70’ “

A” V

ehic

les

12-8

Figure 12.3bAlley dock–’B/C’ vehicles

12’

20’

10’

3’

Docking Boundary

90-Degree Alley Dock Course “B/C” Vehicles

20’

80’

50’ “

B/C

” Veh

icle

s

13-1

The Road Test

This section covers:• The Road Test• What the tester will look for

To get a CDL, you must pass the Road Test during daylight hours. This test will be used to evaluate your ability to safely and legally operate a commercial motor vehicle. You will drive on a test route that contains a variety of traffic situations. You must drive safely and responsibly at all times.

You will be scored as if other traffic were present during your test, even when there is none. Always follow commercial rules of the road by driving in, or moving to, the right-most lane on roadways with multiple lanes traveling in the same direction, unless the tester instructs you to do otherwise.

You will be given instructions and plenty of time to perform what is required. You will not be told to drive in an illegal or unsafe manner. When you are asked to simulate certain traffic situations, tell the tester what you would do if you were in those situations.

You must have a passing Road Test score of 25 points or less if you are operating a vehicle equipped with an automatic transmission. A score of 30 points or less is required if you are operating a vehicle equipped with a manual transmission.

If you disqualify on a Road Test, you must wait seven days before you retest. If you have previously passed the Pre-trip Inspection test, you will be required to complete a vehicle safety inspection prior to taking the Road Test.

13-2

13.1 – The Road TestThe tester will score your performance on a state-certified road

test route.

You must correctly perform the following:• Left and right turns.• Stopping at and driving through intersections.• Driving on sections of urban and rural roads.• Making lane changes.• Driving around curves.• Give the tester information from traffic signs.• Making a road side stop and reentering traffic.• Railroad crossing.• Driving on a freeway.

The tester will also score your general driving skills during the test–you should:• Use the clutch properly.• Use the gears properly.• Use the brakes properly.• Control the steering wheel properly.• Remain within your lane of travel.• Stop at the proper point at crosswalks, stop signs, and at

stop lines.• Conduct regular traffic and mirror checks.• Use the turn signals properly.• Obey all traffic signs.• Obey all speed limits.• Operate your vehicle safely.

13-3

13.2 – What The Tester Will Look ForThis section describes the items the tester will score as you go

through your test. The tester will watch to see that you correctly perform each of these items and that your general driving skills meet licensing standards.

Left and Right TurnsWhen you have been directed to make a turn:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.• Signal at least 100 feet before the turn.• Slow down smoothly and change gears as needed to keep

your vehicle’s power up. - Don’t coast with your foot on the clutch.

• Move into the correct lane and position your vehicle to make the turn. Make your turns without needless stops.

If you must stop before the turn:• Come to a smooth stop without skidding.• If stopping behind another vehicle, leave a gap with enough

space to see the rear wheels of the vehicle in front of you.• Stop so that your vehicle is not in the traveled part of the

intersection, over the stop line, or in the crosswalk.• Keep the front wheels aimed straight ahead while stopped.• Stop completely–don’t allow your vehicle to roll.

While you are turning:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.

- Continue to check your mirrors to be sure that your vehicle does not hit anything.

• Keep both hands on the steering wheel during the turn.• Don’t change gears during the turn.• Control your speed. Make your turns without needless stops.• Don’t turn into oncoming traffic and yield to pedestrians and • other traffic.• Don’t turn too wide or short, go over or rub the curb, or cause

other traffic to back up.

As you complete the turn:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.• Complete the turn in the correct lane.

- For left turns use the left lane and for right turns use the right lane.

13-4

• Cancel the turn signal after the rear of your vehicle has completed the turn.

• Accelerate smoothly. - After left turns, move into the right-most lane (if applicable),

when it is safe to do so.

IntersectionsAs you approach an intersection:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks before

entering the intersection.• Slow down and brake smoothly.• If you need to shift gears, do so before entering the

intersection.• Don’t coast up to the intersection.• Move smoothly though the intersection and maintain your lane

position.• If necessary, stop so that your vehicle is not in the traveled

part of the intersection, over the stop line, or in the crosswalk.

When you are stopping at an intersection:• Brake smoothly and steadily.• If stopping behind another vehicle, leave a gap with enough

space to see the rear wheels of the vehicle in front of you.• Stop completely and don’t allow your vehicle to roll. • When starting from a stopped position and driving straight

ahead, shift gears through the intersection–up-shift as necessary if starting in lower gears.

When you are driving through an intersection:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks before

entering the intersection. • Keep both hands on the steering wheel (unless shifting).• Accelerate smoothly–don’t lug or rev the engine.

- If gear changes are necessary after starting from a stopped position, don’t grind or clash gears or coast through the intersection.

• Decelerate and yield to pedestrians and other traffic in the intersection.

• Don’t change lanes while driving through an intersection.• Check traffic and clearance.

- Don’t drive into an intersection unless you can safely cross.

Once you are through the intersection:• Continue checking mirrors and traffic.

13-5

• Maintain your lane position.• Accelerate smoothly and change gears to maintain proper

speed.

Urban and Rural DrivingAs you drive down a city or county road:• Regularly check traffic, watch for hazards, and look far enough

ahead–12 to 15 seconds.• Check both the left and right mirrors at least once every ten

seconds.• Select the proper lane.

- Stay in the right-most lane when traffic conditions permit, or unless instructed otherwise by the tester.

- Stay to the center of the lane without wandering back and forth.

• Keep the correct speed and don’t slow down, stop, or accelerate more than you need to.

• Keep a proper following distance.• If you need to stop, leave a gap with enough space to see the

rear wheels of the vehicle in front of you.

Lane ChangesWhen you are changing lanes:• Check traffic to the front and use your mirrors to check traffic

to the sides and rear.• Signal your lane change at least 100 feet before changing

lanes.• Don’t tailgate while you wait to change lanes.• Make a smooth lane change and maintain your speed,

keeping a proper distance between all vehicles.• Cancel your turn signal after the rear of your vehicle

completes a lane change.

CurvesWhen you are driving in curves:• Check traffic thoroughly in all directions.• Reduce your speed before entering the curve.• Don’t brake or shift while in the curve.• Control your speed smoothly–you should not feel a strong pull

to the side.• Keep all of your vehicle’s wheels in your lane.• Regularly check traffic and use your mirrors to watch your

vehicle’s tracking.

13-6

Sign InformationThe tester may ask you to:• Give the posted weight limit for a bridge as you drive over it.• Give the posted clearance height for an underpass as you

drive under it.• Give information from a specific sign that relates to

commercial vehicles or road conditions.

Roadside Stop and StartThe tester will instruct you to pull over to the side of the road as if

you are making an emergency stop.

When you are stopping:• Check traffic conditions in all directions and perform mirror

checks before moving to your right.• Signal at least 100 feet before moving to the right.• Position your vehicle in the right-most lane before pulling off of

the road.• Slow down, shift gears as necessary, and brake smoothly. • Come to a complete stop without coasting.

Once you are stopped, the tester will check that you:• Did not hit any curb.• Have positioned your vehicle parallel to the curb or edge of

the roadway and out of the flow of traffic.• Did not block a driveway or fire hydrant, or park illegally.• Don’t let your vehicle roll forward or backward.• Canceled your turn signal and turned on your 4-way flashers.• Set your parking brake, put the gearshift in neutral or park,

and removed your feet from your foot brake and clutch pedals.

When you are instructed to reenter traffic, the tester will check that you:• Check traffic conditions in all directions, and perform mirror

checks before moving your vehicle.• Turn the 4-way flashers off and active your left turn signal

before moving your vehicle.• Release the parking brake, put your vehicle in gear, and pull

straight ahead. - Don’t turn the steering wheel before your vehicle moves.

• Don’t stall the engine or allow your vehicle to roll forward or backward.

13-7

• Acceleratesmoothlyandshiftgearsasnecessary.- Don’tjerk,lurch,orturnsharplyintothelaneoftravel.- Mergesafelywithothertraffic.

• Canceltheturnsignalaftertherearofyourvehicleisfullyinthetrafficlane.

Railroad CrossingsWhenyouapproachandcrossrailroadtracks:• Checktrafficinalldirectionsandperformmirrorchecks.• Activatethe4-wayflasherswithin200feetbeforereachingthetracks.- AppliestopassengerandClassChazmatvehicles.

• Slowdownandbrakesmoothly.• Shiftgearsdown(ifapplicable)beforereachingthetracks.• Ifyoumuststop,dosowithin15to50feetofthenearesttrack.

• Lookleft,lookright,andlisten.• Don’tbrake,orstoponthetracks.• Don’tchangegearswhileonthetracks.• Don’tmakelanechangesorpassonthetracks.• Don’tattempttocrossunlessyouhaveenoughspacetofullycrossoverthetracks.

• Youwillbeautomatically disqualified,ifyoustallorstopwhilecrossingrailroadtrackswithanypartofyourvehicleonoroverthetracks.

Additionalrequirementsforschoolbusvehicles:• Activatethe4-wayflasherswithin200feetbeforereachingthetracks.

• Quietstudentsandturnoffallnoisemakingdevices.- Fortestpurposes,averbalexplanationisacceptable.

• Opentheservicedooranddriver’swindow.• Lookleft,lookrightandlisten.• Closetheservicedoor.• Followdrivingstepsoutlinedabove.• De-activethe4-wayflashersafterclearingthetracks.• Afterstoppingandresumingintotraffic,youwillalsobe

automatically disqualified,ifyoubegintopullforwardwiththeservicedooropen.

13-8

If you are testing in any passenger bus, or a Class C vehicle that will be used to transport hazardous materials after licensure, you must activate your 4-way flashers and stop at every railroad crossing. Regardless, if the Class C vehicle used is not placarded for hazardous materials at the time of testing. You are not required to stop at a railroad crossing when the crossing is marked exempt. Drivers operating passenger and Class C hazmat vehicles for skills testing who fail to stop at any non-exempt crossing will be automatically disqualified.

Student Stop (School Bus Only)When you have been instructed to complete a simulated student

stop:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.• Activate alternating amber school bus flashers at:

- No less than 100 feet and no more than 300 feet before stopping, when traveling at or under a speed of 35 miles per hour.

- No less than 300 feet and no more than 500 feet before stopping, if traveling at a speed more than 35 miles per hour.

- If applicable, move into the right-most lane and position your bus to stop.

• Slow down and brake smoothly, don’t coast.

When you have stopped:• Activate alternating red school bus flashers, stop paddle and

crossing arm. - You must use the override switch on the instrument panel.

• Place the transmission in neutral or park and set the parking brake.

• Check traffic in all directions, including mirrors before opening the service door and then open service door.

When you reenter traffic:• Close the service door.• Inactivate alternating red flashers, stop paddle and crossing

arm by using the override switch on the instrument panel.• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.• Place your foot on the service brake and put the vehicle in

gear, then release the parking brake and accelerate smoothly.

After stopping and resuming into traffic, you will be automatically disqualified, if you begin to pull forward with the service door open.

13-9

Freeway DrivingAs you move onto the freeway and merge with traffic:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.• Signal at least 100 feet before merging.• Accelerate to the traffic flow in the acceleration lane. • Merge smoothly without stopping and maintain a proper

following distance.• Move to the center of the driving lane and cancel your signal

as soon as the rear of your vehicle is centered in the new lane.

While you are driving on the freeway:• Regularly check traffic conditions. Check both the left and right

mirrors at least once every ten seconds.• Maintain a proper following distance.• Select the proper lane.

- Stay in the right-most lane unless you are told otherwise. - Stay to the center of the lane without wandering back and

forth.• Maintain the correct speed.

- Don’t slow down, stop, or accelerate more than you need to.

When you exit the freeway:• Check traffic in all directions and perform mirror checks.• Signal at least 100 feet before the exit lane.• Smoothly enter the deceleration lane at the start of the exit

lane.• Slow down gradually while in the deceleration lane.• Don’t exceed the ramp speed, coast, or use too much brake

while slowing down–you should not feel a noticeable pull to the side on the ramp curve.

• Don’t use a trailer hand valve to slow down your vehicle.• Maintain a proper following distance while exiting and don’t • tailgate on the ramp.• Cancel your turn signal when the rear of your vehicle is

completely in the exit lane.

13-10

General Driving SkillsThe tester will score your general driving skills throughout the

test–you should:• Use the clutch to shift.

- Don’t coast with the clutch in, ride or “snap” the clutch. - Always double clutch on non-synchronized transmissions.

• Select the correct gear without grinding or clashing gears. - Don’t lug or over-rev the engine.

• Use the brakes properly. - Brake smoothly and with steady pressure. - Don’t brake too hard, don’t fan the air brakes, or ride the

brakes. - Don’t use the trailer hand valve to brake.

• Operate the vehicle safely. - Keep both hands on the steering wheel. - Don’t palm the steering wheel or drive with your hands on

its spokes. - Don’t under- or over- control your steering.

• Stay within your traffic lane and don’t scrape curbs. - Move to the right-most lane–unless the tester tells you

otherwise, when traveling on a roadway with more than one lane going the same direction.

• Don’t stop beyond marked stop lines, in marked crosswalks, or into the traveled part of intersections.

• Conduct regular traffic checks. - Check traffic conditions in all directions, including mirrors

regularly. - Check mirrors and traffic before, while in and after an

intersection. - Scan and check traffic in high volume areas and areas

where pedestrians are expected to be present.• Use turn signals properly.

- Activate turn signals when required and at the appropriate time.

- Cancel turn signals after completing a turn or lane change.• Obey all traffic signs and laws.• Obey all speed limits, including advisory and construction

zone signs. - Keep your speed to the posted speed limits or at no less

than ten mph below the posted limits when necessary because of traffic or road conditions.

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Grounds for Automatic DisqualificationYou will be automatically disqualified for any of the following:• A seat belt violation:

- Anytime you drive a commercial vehicle without the seatbelt fastened.

• An accident, however slight. This includes contact with pedestrians, running off of the roadway, and contact with any fixed object.

• A dangerous action: - Whenever another driver must drive evasively, a pedestrian

must avoid your vehicle, or the tester must take physical or verbal control of your vehicle to prevent an accident or a dangerous act.

- Any part of your vehicle stalls or stops on railroad tracks. - If you begin to cross railroad tracks with the service door

open (school buses only). - Your vehicle speed is too fast for weather conditions. - Your vehicle speed is too fast for traffic conditions. - Operating the vehicle 15 mph or more under the posted

speed limit due to lack of driving skills.• Vehicle over a curb:

- When any of your vehicle’s wheels go up onto a curb or sidewalk during any part of your test.

• A violation of a traffic law or any act for which you could be cited. The most common violations are: - Speeding. - Failing to stop for a stop sign or signal. - Driving on the wrong side of the road. - Driving the wrong way on a one-way street. - Failing to stop at a railroad crossing (HAZMAT or any

passenger buses).• Failure to perform:

- When you refuse to try a maneuver, or say that you cannot perform a required action.

- When you cannot repeatedly comprehend or cannot respond to instructions given during any part of the Road Test.

- If you are unable to properly operate your vehicle after going a short distance on the test route.

13-12

PUB-520-408 (R/9/11)W

Please recycle. Bring this guide with you when you come

to test.