Washington’s Presidency1789-1797

Chapter 11: Political Developments in the Early Republic

The Federal Judiciary Act

1. Set up the federal court system2. Appointed 5 justices and 1 chief justice to the US Supreme Court3. John Jay was the 1st chief justice4. John Jay was a lawyer and negotiated the

Treaty of Paris

Washington’s Cabinet

1. Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson • Handled relations between the US and other

countries2. Secretary of War: Henry Knox• Trusted general during the Revolutionary War3. Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton• Raised money and handled government

finances4. Attorney General: Edmund Randolph• Chief legal advisor to the President

The Whiskey Rebellion

• Farmers in western Pennsylvania didn’t like paying taxes

• Turned grain into whiskey because it was cheaper to transport

• Washington and 13,000 state militia went to PA to squash the rebellion

• GW proved the Federal government would not put up with such rebellions

The French Revolution

• French people rebelled against their king.• Many Americans liked/supported this idea.• Jefferson and his followers began calling

themselves the Democratic-Republicans or Republicans

• Hamilton and his followers didn’t like the French rebellion and began calling themselves Federalists

Washington’s Farewell Address• Growing tension between Federalists and

Democratic-Republicans caused GW to serve a 2nd term

• Urged people to remember why they fought for independence• Warned people of the danger of political parties• Worried about getting involved in foreign

affairs

Economic Problems of the US

1. The government needed MONEY!• Taxes?• Tariffs?• How to get the money?2. The government needed to pay back its debts• Owed money to France, Netherlands, Spain, and other

individuals---52 million dollars• Individual states borrowed money--- 25 million dollars

=77 million dollars in debt

In today’s value of a dollar, that would be

equal to $1,038,942,591

Hamilton’s Financial Plan

1. Hamilton believed in a strong federal government that encouraged business and industry2. Hamilton had little faith in ordinary citizens3. Hamilton’s 3 Part Plan

1. A. Pay off the war debt2. B. Raise government revenue3. C. National bank

Hamilton’s 3 Part Plan

1. Pay off the war debt• Problem with the northern states that still owed money• Compromise reached: southern states agreed to help pay the

northern states’ debt if the US capital was placed in the South.2. Raise government revenue (money)• Tariff- tax on foreign goods which encouraged Americans to

buy US made goods3. National Bank• Safe place to keep money• Could issue paper money• Could make loans to the government and the people

Views of the ConstitutionLoose vs. Strict Construction

1. Loose Construction• Supported by Alexander Hamilton (Federalist

party)• Believed that money was more valuable than

land• Believed they could do whatever the

Constitution did not prohibit them from doing• The Constitution doesn’t not say they couldn’t

make a National Bank, so they could do it

Loose Construction vs. Strict Construction

2. Strict Construction• Supported by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison

(Democrat-Republican party)• Believed land was more valuable than money• Believed people only had the power to do what the

Constitution says they can do• Constitution doesn’t say anything about a National Bank,

so there can’t be one• Feared banks would create money and power hungry men

11.6 John Adams’ Presidency

• John Adams, Federalist, is President• Thomas Jefferson,

Democratic-Republican, Vice President

• This is problem!

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Federalists passed these laws to protect the US from foreigners who might be a threat.

• Alien Act– Lengthened the time aliens could become citizens– 5 to 14 years in US

• Sedition Act– Speaking or printing unfavorable things about the government

(Federalists) could land you in jail– Lengthened the time aliens could become citizens– 5 to 14 years in US

Made to keep the Federalists in power!

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• An attempt for states to protest the Alien and Sedition Acts

• Didn’t work• But did begin talk about States’ Rights Theory

11.7 and 11.8 The Election of 1800• Jefferson and Burr (Dem-Rep) vs.

Adams and Pinckney (Fed)• People wanted Hamilton to be

President but he was born in the Caribbean and was not eligible• Jefferson = 73 votes•Burr = 73 votes•Adams = 65

Resolution and the 12th Amendment

• Hamilton persuaded Congressmen to vote for Jefferson over Burr…what??? I thought they hated each other!

• Jefferson won the election• Burr kills Hamilton in a dual…really???• 12th Amendment changed things so a tie couldn’t happen again

Chapter 11 Reading Check1. Who was in Washington’s cabinet?2. What was learned by the Whiskey Rebellion?3. What did GW warn in his farewell address?4. Explain the difference between a loose and strict constructionist.5. How did the Alien and Sedition Acts keep the Federalists in power?6. What problem did the 12th Amendment resolve?

Chapter 12:Foreign Affairs in the Young Nation

1. Why should the US get involved in conflicts between England and France?

2. Why should the US not get involved in conflicts between England and France?

12.2 President Washington Creates a Foreign Policy

1. The US didn’t have a standing army because it was expensive and citizens viewed it as a threat2. What’s going on?– British are in Canada and won’t leave Ohio Valley– Spain controls Florida and Louisiana Territory– French in a revolution and declared war on

England

3. The US stays NEUTRAL! Why?

12.3 President Adams’s Dilemma: Protecting US ships

1. Isolationism/neutrality didn’t work– Why?

2. Jay’s Treaty– England agreed to leave the Ohio Valley– France said this treaty broke their treaty with the US and

started attacking US ships going to England

3. XYZ Affair• Adams sent 3 men to France to work a deal• France wouldn’t meet with them unless the US paid a

tribute (bribe)• NO WAY! “Millions for defense, not one cent for tribute”

12.4 What Happened: Adams Pursues Peace

1. Adams wants peace for the country even though the Federalists didn’t like it

2. Napoleon is new leader of France and wants peace with US and England

3. Federalists didn’t like this policy and didn’t reelect him in 1800

12.5 President Jefferson’s Dilemma: Dealing with Pirates

1. Peace didn’t last long when England and France are back in war

2. England impressed American sailors3. Washington and Adams paid a tribute for trade in North Africa and now Jefferson had to decide if he would pay too. Why is this a contradiction?4. War or bribery?

12.6 What Happened: Jefferson Solves the Problem

1. US attacked Tripoli for 1 year2. Jefferson continued to convince Britain and

France to leave US ships alone…they didn’t3. Embargo Act 1807– No trade with any country– Huge failure– Ended in 1809

12.7 President Madison’s Dilemma: Protecting Sailors and

Settlers1. Madison told France and England that if they stopped

seizing US ships, they would stop trading with their enemy

2. France said OK, but continued to seize US ships going to England!

3. England continue to take US ships and kidnap US sailors! And…– Gave Native Americans weapons to fight US expansionHenry Clay and other “War Hawks” wanted war with England.

Wait a minute, I know that name!

12.8 What Happened: The War of 1812

1. Madison couldn’t stay neutral any more2. America tried to conquer Canada…failed3. 1814 the White House burned in DC4. Francis Scott Key wrote the “Star Spangled Banner” while watching the British attack Fort McHenry in Baltimore, Maryland

The Battle of New Orleans

1. British ships surrendered after Battle of Lake Champlain and attack on Fort McHenry

2. Britain moved on to attack US in New Orleans3. General Andrew Jackson defended New

Orleans and forced England to surrender. HUGE victory!

4. Treaty of Ghent actually signed 2 weeks earlier to end the war.

Results of War1. No clear winner. Britain said they won too.2. No land disputes settled3. Impressment stopped over time4. Native American resistance stopped5. National pride increased6. Federalist party, who opposed war, died out7. Jackson became war hero and later president of US

12.9 President Monroe’s Dilemma: A New Foreign Policy Challenge

1. Returned to policy of isolationism

2. Latin America Revolutions– Hidalgo inspired

Mexican independence from Spain

– Bolivar and San Martin led rebellion in South America from Spain

12.10 What Happened: The Monroe Doctrine

1. North and South America were free and independent states and could not be colonized by any European country.

2. Europe thought Madison was arrogant3. It was a bold statement to all other nations

that the US was a strong, united country not to be messed with

Chapter 12 Reading Check1. Who agreed to leave the Ohio Valley in

Jay’s Treaty?2. Explain the XYZ Affair.3. How were both France and Britain

disrespecting US’s rights at sea?4. Why was Jefferson’s Embargo Act a

failure?5. Give 3 effects of the War of 1812.6. Explain why the Monroe Doctrine is

considered a “bold statement?”

Chapter 14: Andrew Jackson and the Growth of American Democracy

14.5 Nullification Crisis1. Congress passed a law raising tariffs2. North liked the tariffs3. South disliked the tariffs4. Calhoun led South Carolina’s rebellion over the tariffs. Said tariffs favored northern states–Threatened to secede–Compromise reached when Congress

agreed to lower tariff tax over next 10 years

14.7 Jackson’s Indian Policy1. Jackson had very little sympathy for natives2. The Five Civilized Tribes of the South hoped to stay

on their homelands and learned the “white way” of life.

3. Indian Removal Act of 18301. Allowed Jackson to make treaties with Indians to

move to new land in the Great Plains2. Supreme Court said they could keep their lands

in the east3. Jackson forced them to move anyway!4. Trail of Tears is the journey that 17,000 natives

took from Georgia to Oklahoma

Trail of Tears

Chapter 14 Reading Check

1. What is a tariff?2. Why did the South not like tariffs?3. Why did the North like tariffs?4. What compromise was reached

concerning tariffs?5. What is the Trail of Tears?