waste disposal for nuclear power plants

Waste Disposal for nuclear power plantsA technologically solved challenge

VGB PowerTech e.V.| Version 1.0 | Letzter Stand: 5. Mai 2014 | FOLIE 2

100Renewables*

Sha

re o

f ele

ctric

ity g

ener

atio

n in

%

Oil and natural gas

Hard coal

Lignite

Nuclear power

*Hydro power, wind energy, biomass, photovoltaics, domestic waste and geothermics; practically only hydropower prior to 1990

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Former West German States Old and newFederal States

Energy mix of Germany's electricity supply between 1960 and 2010


19 %Oil and natural gas

23 %Nuclear

23 %Lignite

19 %Hard coal

16 %Hydro power and

other renewables

Energy mix of Germany's electricity supply from 2010


Brunsbüttel

GreifswaldBrokdorf

KrümmelStadeUnter-weser

EmslandGorleben

RheinsbergLingen Grohnde Asse

MorslebenKonrad

Ahaus

Würgassen

Hamm-Uentrop

Duisburg

Jülich

Mülheim-Kärlich

Biblis Kahl

Grafenrheinfeld

MitterteichPhilippsburg

ObrigheimKarlsruhe

NeckarwestheimGundremmingen Isar

Niederaichbach

Nuclear power plant

Authorisation for electricity production expired in 2011according to the 13th AtG (Atomic Energy Act) amendment

Nuclear power plant shut down

Nuclear power plant completely decommissioned

Research facility with wastetreatment facility

Waste treatment facility

Central interim storage facility

Repository

1 Exploration

2 Emplacement completed

3 Construction

Nuclear power plants and their corresponding disposal facilities in Germany


Radioactive residual materialsfrom nuclear power plants

For conventional use, recycling orremoval of released materials

Waste

Operational wastes

Spent fuel assemblies- high level- thermogenic

Other radioactive materials- low or intermediate level- non-heat-generating

Decommissioning wastes

Other radioactive materials- intermediate or low-level- non-heat-generating

Differentiation of the radioactive residual materials


Radioactivity

heat-generatingwastes

high level

Waste designation Examples of waste Final disposal

Distribution of totalvolume of waste

intermediatelevel

lowlevel

wastes with negligible heat generation

Fission products from reprocessing

Conditioned fuel assemblies

e.g. Gorleben repository

5 % of the volumeof waste with 99 % of radioactivity

Core components

Wastes from reprocessing

Operational waste from nuclear power plantsWaste from decommissioning

Konrad repository

95 % of the volumeof waste with 1 % of radioactivity

Bq/m3

1016

1014

1012

1010

108

Classification of radioactive wastes


Final disposal

Direct finaldisposal

Storage in the fuel poolof the nuclear power plant

Spent fuelassembliesNew fuel

assembliesNuclear power plant

Interim storage in the central interim storagefacility or in the on-site interim storage facility

ConditioningReprocessingWaste

Fuel assembly manufacture

Uranium andPlutoniumrecycling

Disposal routes for fuel assemblies in Germany


11 billion (109) kWh

4 transprot flasks Reprocessing Fuel elements- Uranium- Plutonium

Final disposal Interim storage facility ≤ 2 casks, e.g. CASTOR® type- 1/3 high level waste

(glass canisters)- 2/3 intermediate level waste

Canisters (approx. 10 m3)

Nuclear power plant40 fuel assemblies( 21 t nuclear fuel)≅

Fuel assembly disposal:reprocessing / statistics for a pressurised water reactor per year of operation


11 billion (109) kWh

2 casks for– transport and interim storage– e.g. CASTOR® type

Fuel assembly storage

Final disposal e.g. 4 POLLUX® disposal casks

Nuclear power plant40 fuel assemblies( 21 t nuclear fuel)≅

Fuel assembly conditioning

Fuel assembly disposal:direct final disposal; statistics for a pressurised water reactor per year of operation


Decay storageRadioactive residual materialsaccruing in the

radiation-controlled area

Separate collection accordingto material type and

activity inventory

Direct reuse or recycling in the nuclear field possible

and economically viable?

Reuse or recycling in the nuclear field

Decontamination measures orbuffer storage are to be verified and/or

implemented if necessary

Release according to §29 StrlSchV (radiation protection ordinance)possible, economically viable?

Release

- Unrestricted release- Release for disposal- Release of scrap metal for recycling- Release of buildings for demolition- Release in the individual case procedure

Radioactive waste Conditioning Interim storage and final disposal

YES

YES

NO

NO

Disposal routes for radioactive by-products from radiation-controlled areas


Manufacture of new productsfor nuclear fields

Melting

Final disposalin Konrad

Waste packages

Interim storage facility

Radioactive waste,e.g. slag, filters

New products,e.g. waste containers

Scrap metal

Waste packages

Controlled recycling of metals


Radioactivity

Bq / m3

106

1014

1012

1010

108

2 m3

2 m3

2 m3

18 m3

1 m3

170 m3

2 m3

2 m3

Bead resinsFilter cartridge insertsMetal components

Evaporator concentrates

Filter concentrates and sludgesSolid waste

Bead resins

Oils

Typical operational wastes for a NPP with a PWR, by way of example annual raw wastesof a 1,300 MW plant and radioactivity spectrum


Liquid wasteSolid wasteType of waste

Raw waste

Conditioning

Waste products

Repository cask

Metal components,rubble, etc.

Metalcomponents, insulation,etc.

Paper, plastics, fabrics, etc..

Oil Sludges Evaporatorconcentrate Filters

Ion exchanger resin conc.

Incineration Drying, dehydration, cementing

Compacting

Solid waste Compactedpellet

Salt block, granulate,powder, cement block

E.g. container,cast iron containerE.g. container

Optimised treatment methods for solid and liquid radioactive wastes from nuclear power plants


Raw waste High-pressure compaction Incineration Incineration &high-pressure compaction

1/1to

1/5

to1/50

to1/100

Waste treatment methods for volume reduction


Konradrepository

Annual operational wastesfrom 17 power plants withan output of 21,500 MW

3,900 m3 raw waste

11 PWR plants 6 BWR plants

1,700 m3 2,200 m3

800 m3

Waste conditioning Interim storage facility

Annual waste volume from operation of the German nuclear power plants as of 2010


Charging system Secondaryand

afterburnerchamber

Heatrecovery

Addition of lime and

active charcoalFan

Vent stackPrimarychamber

Incineration furnace Exhaust gas cooler Bag filter I Bag filter II

Flow diagram of an incineration facility for radioactive wastes


Shut-down nuclear power plants in GermanyPlants of the electricity supply companies

Plant Output in MWe Operating time Status

VAK Kahl 16 1960 to 1985 completely removed

KRB A Gundremmingen 250 1966 to 1977 dismantling

KWL Lingen 254 1968 to 1977 safe entombmentdismantling application made

Obrigheim 357 1968 to 2005 dismantling

Würgassen 670 1971 to 1995 dismantling

Stade 672 1972 to 2003 dismantling

Mülheim-Kärlich 1302 1986 to 1988 dismantling

Biblis A 1225 1974 to 2011

Authorisation for electricity production expired on entry into force of the 13th amendment to the Atomic Energy Act

Biblis B 1300 1976 to 2011

Brunsbüttel 806 1976 to 2011

Neckarwestheim 840 1976 to 2011

Isar 1 912 1977 to 2011

Philippsburg 1 926 1979 to 2011

Unterweser 1410 1979 to 2011

Krümmel 1402 1983 to 2011


Shut-down nuclear power plants in GermanyPlants of the German Federation / Federal States

Plant Output in MWe Operating time Status

MZFR Karlsruhe 58 1965 to 1984 dismantling

AVR Jülich 15 1966 to 1988 dismantling

THTR Hamm-Uentrop 308 1983 to 1988 safe entombment

Rheinsberg 70 1966 to 1990 dismantling

HDR Karlstein 25 1969 to 1971 completely removed

Niederaichbach 106 1972 to 1974 completely removed

Greifswald 1 440 1973 to 1990 dismantling




Greifswald 5 440 trial operation1990 dismantling

KNK II Karlsruhe 20 1977 to 1991 dismantling


Total mass of the radiation-controlled area(PWR reference power plant)

156,500

Distribution of the accrued masses during dismantling of the radiation-controlled area of a PWR (indications in t)

Concrete and reinforcement

Plant components

Radioactive waste(concrete/reinforcement)

Material for harmlessrecycling

Waste for conventionaldisposal

Radioactive waste(plant components)

Radioactive waste(secondary waste, e.g. from decontamination)

For final disposal

For harmlessrecycling

For dumping

For final disposal

For final disposal

600

9,800

700

3,00013,500

500

For freerecycling 143,000


Work sequence plansapplication to

Treatment of radioactive wastes with step-by-step accountsconcerning interim storage and final disposal

Preliminary testingProcedure qualification

Work sequence plansrelease

Accompanying control

Documentation

Test report

Release

Supervisory authority BfS

Interim storage facility Repository

Preparationfor conditioning

Conditioning

Interim storage/final disposal

Responsibility

Waste producer

RepresentativeExpert

BfS/supervisory authority


Waste producer


BfS/supervisory authority

Interim storage/final disposal


Responsible institutions in final disposal of radioactive wastes in Germany

BMUFederal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety

RSKReactor safety commission

SSKRadiation protection commission

ESKDisposal commission

BMWiFederal Ministry of Economicsand Technology

BfSFederal Office for Radiation Protection

BGRFederal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources

DBEDeutsche Gesellschaft zum Bau und Betrieb von Endlagern für Abfallstoffe mbH

RSK/SSK/ESK consultancy

Federal State Auth.Planning approval

Mining authoritiesPlanning approvals DBE

Constructor and operator

BfSResponsible for construction

and operation, applicant

BMUAdministrative and

technical supervision

BMWiAdministrative and

technical supervision

BGR

Gorleben projectKonrad repository

Waste producer

Necessary expenditureOrdinance on Advance Payments for the Establishment of Federal Facilities for Safe Custody and Final Storage for Radioactive Wastes


Responsibilities for disposal of radioactive wastes

Nuclear power plant operator

Duty to surrender

German Federation

Development, operation and decommissioning of the power plants

Development of suitable methods for treating waste and fuel assemblies

Performing reprocessing/conditioning Interim storage

Financing of final disposal

Final disposal

- Exploration - Construction - Operation - Decommissioning


Structure of a repository for radioactive wastes in a salt formation

Overburden

Salt dome

Repository containers(fuel assembly casks)

Depth approx. 800 m

Depth approx. 1,100 m

Repository containers (canisters)

Tunnel

Bore holes

waste disposal for nuclear power plants

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