waste management assessment bsc (hons) refrigeration and air conditioning engineering

Bernard Boafo

Waste Management Report

“The effects of European Union landfill directives on

Kingston-Upon-Hull City Council and East Riding of Yorkshire Council

Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy (Target 45+)”

Bernard Boafo (Student Number: S0211420)

Submission in accordance with the requirements for the degree of

BSc Refrigeration and Air conditioning Engineering,

Teesside University

The Grimsby Institute of Further and Higher Education.

Module Tutor: Andy Hudson

April 2014

Word Count: 3295

The candidate confirms that the work is his own and that appropriate credit has been

given where reference has been made to the work of others.

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Executive Summary

“Historically, the UK has been heavily reliant on landfill: of a total 28.2 million tonnes

of municipal waste produced in 2000/01, 79% - about 23 million tonnes - was

landfilled. Just 12% was recycled or composted and 8% was incinerated with energy

recovery”. (Letsrecycle.Com)

Grice (2010), wrote article titled “UK warned it will run out of landfill sites in eight

years” stated that; “57 million tonnes of rubbish, including industrial waste, are being

disposed in landfill sites each year. With 650 million cubic metres of capacity left in

the ground ...the UK will reach its limit by 2018”. His article further explained that the

UK landfilled over 18.8 million tonnes of household waste and current existing trends

could lead to UK taxpayers facing fines of up to £180m per year by 2020 due to

targets under an EC directive on landfill not met, further leading to Penalties imposed

on local authorities which could eventually be passed on to residents.

This assessment report;

Examines the Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy (Target 45+) of

East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon-Hull City Councils and how

Target 45+ is affected by the European Union landfill directives target set for

the United Kingdom.

Analyse both councils landfill targets with reference to European Community

(EC) directive target set for the UK and

Subsequently recommend improvements.

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Appendix 1 - Abbreviations

BMW – Biodegradable Municipal Waste

DEFRA - Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs

EC – European Community

EfW - Energy from Waste

EPA - Environmental Protection Act

ERYC – East Riding of Yorkshire Council

EU - European Union

GWR – Government Waste Review

HCC – Hull City Council

HWRS - Household Waste Recycling Site

KUHCC – Kingston-Upon-Hull City Council

LATS - Landfill Allowance Trading Scheme

JSWMSR – Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy Review

JSWMS – Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy

JWDPD – Joint Waste Development Plan Document

MSW - Municipal Solid Waste

NI - National Indicator

RDF- Refuse Derived Fuel

TBL – Triple Bottom Line

UK – United Kingdom

WEEE - Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment

WETB – Waste and Emissions Trading Bill

WDA – Waste Disposal Authorities

WDF – Waste Dataflow

WRG - Waste Recycling Group

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Appendix 2

Terminology

1. Landfill

“A waste disposal site for the deposit of the waste onto or into land”

(Environment Agency, 2010)

2. Residual Waste

“The waste which is left over after recyclables and organic (kitchen and

garden) waste has been separately collected.” (Hall City Council)

3. Municipal Solid Waste

“Household and commercial waste combined with waste collected through

delivery of other Council services”. (Hall City Council)

4. ‘Sustainable’

Slaper (2011), in his article on triple bottom line (TBL) stated that “measuring

the degree to which an organization is being sustainable…” and further

defined TBL as “an accounting framework that incorporates three dimensions

of performance: social, environmental and financial.

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Appendix 3

List of Figures

1. Figure 1 : Composition of local authority collected waste.

2. Figure 2 : Municipal waste generated by country in 1995, 2002 and 2009,

sorted by 2009 level (kg per capital). (European statistics Online 2011)

3. Figure 3 : Tonnes of BMW landfilled each year to date against the initial

allocation of allowances for each LATS year up to 2012/13.

4. Figure 4 : East Riding of Yorkshire Council and Hull City Council geographical

area. (Hall City council)

5. Figure 5 : MSW collected by the Councils between 2006/07 and 2010/11

6. Figure 6 : MSW collected by Hull City Council

7. Figure 7 : MSW collected by East Riding of Yorkshire Council

8. Figure 8 : Waste hierarchy adopted by East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-

Upon- Hull City Councils as set out in the National Waste Strategy for

England 2007.

9. Figure 9 : Residual waste per household produced in Hull between 2006/7 and

2010/11.

10.Figure 10 : Residual waste per household produced in the East Riding

between 2006/7 and 2010/11.

11.Figure 11 : Household recycling site for East Riding of Yorkshire Council and

Kingston-Upon- Hull City Council.

12.Figure 12 : Composition of household recycling and composting in Hull

13.Figure 13 : Composition of household recycling and composting in the East

Riding

14.Figure 14 : Percentage of household waste recycled and composted from Hull

and East Riding 2006/7 to 2010/11

15.Figure 15 : Hull City Council Percentage of household waste recycled and

composted 2009 - 2014

16.Figure 16 : Hull and East Riding councils MSW diverted from landfill compared

to 1995 levels.

17.Figure 17 : Typical gas composition at an engineered landfill site. EPA (2002,

p. 8)

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Appendix 4

List of Tables

1. Table 1 : 2011/12 BMW allocation against BMW landfilled.

2. Table 2 : Changes in total municipal waste from 2006/7 to 2010/11

3. Table 3 : Services provided by the East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-

Upon- Hull City Councils

4. Table 4 : National Waste Strategy for England 2007 Targets

5. Table 5 : East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull City Councils

Household waste recycled and composted 2006/7 to 2010/11


Recycling and Composting Targets


Residual Waste Diversion Target


Diversion of Biodegradable Waste from Landfill Target

9. Table 9 : Assessment conclusion and recommendation

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Contents

Report Front Page 1 – 4

Executive Summary 5

Appendix 1 (Abbreviations) 6

Appendix 2 (Terminology) 7

Appendix 3 (List of Figures) 8

Appendix 4 (List of Tables) 9

Introduction 11 – 18

Joint Waste Development Document 19 – 20

Target 45+ 21 – 22

Joint Sustainable Waste Management strategy Review 2012 23 – 36

Conclusion and Recommendations 37 – 39

References 40 – 42

Bibliography 43 – 45

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Introduction

The department for environment, food and rural affairs (Defra) report on waste and

recycling, captured as a snapshot by the national archives (2013), explained that

united kingdom (UK) contributed unnecessary to climate change due to the

unsustainable rate of consumption of natural resources causing a generation of

“approximately 290 million tonnes of waste, which causes environmental damage ...”

each year. The report further stated that;

“Over 40% of household waste was recycled in England in 2010/11, compared to

11% in 2000/01. The average residual waste per person in England has reduced by

88kg since 2006/07 to 263kg/person/year in 2010/11. 52 per cent of commercial and

industrial waste was recycled or reused in England in 2009, compared to 42 per cent

in 2002/3. 50% of local authority collected waste generated in the UK was sent to

landfill in 2010/11, compared to an EU-27 average of 40%....”

The Defra municipal waste composition report showed the composition of local

authorities collected waste as indicated in figure 1 below.

Figure 1: Composition of local authority collected waste.

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The Defra municipal waste composition reports further stated that;

“in 2006-07, the largest components of local authority collected waste in England

were paper and card at 23 per cent (6.4 million tonnes), food waste at 18 per cent (5

million tonnes) and garden and other organic waste at 16 per cent (4.4 million

tonnes). Food waste and garden and other organic waste together made up 34 per

cent of the total local authority collected waste in 2006-07... 67 percent of local

authority collected waste is biodegradable.”

In “1973” (European Union), the UK became a member of the European Union (EU)

and had the responsibility to abide by the European Community (EC) legislations,

regulations, decisions and directives including the “Council Directive 1999/31/EC...

on the landfill of waste”(Commission Directive 1999/31). The EC directive issued a 4

year derogation for member states including UK, who landfilled more than 80% of

their municipal waste as at 1995 (See Figure 2) for the target years of 2006, 2009,

and 2016 as explained by the Defra report on landfill and further stating that

demanding target were set by the landfill directive of UK to achieve including;

“By 2010 to reduce biodegradable municipal waste landfilled to 75% of

that produced in 1995

By 2013 to reduce biodegradable municipal waste landfilled to 50% of

that produced in 1995

By 2020 to reduce biodegradable municipal waste landfilled to 35% of

that produced in 1995”.

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Figure 2: Municipal waste generated by country in 1995, 2002 and 2009, sorted

by 2009 level (kg per capital). (European statistics Online 2011)

The Defra report on landfill further explained that the EC directive target set for the

UK, led to the introduction of the of “the Waste and Emissions Trading Bill” (WETB),

in the house of lords in 2002 and it subsequent expected Royal Assent in 2003,

which placed the “necessary legal framework to allow the UK to meet its targets and

help advance our policies both to combat climate change and to move towards more

sustainable waste management”. The Defra report on landfill further stated that the

WETB required “limits be set on the amount of biodegradable municipal waste that

local authorities may send to landfill”. And “will enable each country in the UK to set

up a landfill allowance scheme for local authorities”.

The Environment Agency report on the Landfill Allowances and Trading Scheme

(LATS) 2011/2012 stated that;

“The objective of LATS is to reduce the negative effects of landfilling on the

environment, including the production of methane gas from landfill sites and any

resultant risk to human health, by diverting BMW from landfill”.

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The report explained that the LATS applied to local authority collected wastes only,

with limits set on the amount of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) that waste

disposal authorities in England could send to landfills and the monitored set limit on

authorities reflected on their annual performance. The report further explained that

progress had been made in reducing the amounts of biodegradable municipal waste

(BMW) landfilled in England through the landfill allowance trading scheme (LATS) as

shown in figure 3 below.

Figure 3: Tonnes of BMW landfilled each year to date against the initial allocation of

allowances for each LATS year up to 2012/13.

The report further stated that, “seven years on from the start of the scheme, 52%

(12,380,966 to 6,401,199 tonnes) less BMW is landfilled by local authorities, and

collectively they sent 59% less BMW to landfill than in 2001/02 when the base data

was collated”. With reference to English waste disposal authorities (WDAs), the

report stated that in 2011/12, the WDA’s;

“Sent 6,401,199 tonnes of BMW to landfill. This is 1,375,160 tonnes less than the

previous year and 2,305,468 tonnes less than the 8,706,667 original allocation for

2011/12. English waste disposal authorities used 74% of this year’s allocation… with

2,305,468 allowances headroom”.

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Table 1 below shows English waste disposal authorities 2011/12 BMW allocation

against BMW landfilled as indicated by Environment Agency LATS 2011/2012 report.

Table 1: 2011/12 BMW allocation against BMW landfilled.

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Table 1: 2011/12 BMW allocation against BMW landfilled (continuation)

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Finally, the Environment Agency LATS 2011/2012 report explained that the

Government Waste Review (GWR) in 2011 concluded that LATS could come to an

end in September 2013, further stating that;

“Waste Dataflow (WDF) will be retained once the Scheme has ended… and it

serves a number of purposes other than reporting on Landfill Diversion Targets. For

example, there is an ongoing European legal obligation to report on the household

recycling rate target, and WDF provides the means to monitor this”.

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Joint Waste Development Plan Document (JWDPD)

Kingston-Upon- Hull city council (KUHCC) consultation portal gave a background of

the JWDPD stating that “Hull and the East Riding have historically relied heavily on

landfill as the main method of waste disposal”. The KUHCC consultation portal

explained that alternatives waste disposal methods needs to be sourced due to the

fill up of existing landfill sites with few suitable new sites availability, and “most

importantly, the need to use more sustainable methods of waste management is

required due to legislative, economic and environmental duties”. Further on, the

KUHCC consultation portal explained that with KUHCC and East Riding of

Yorkshire Council (ERYC) shared responsibility as the waste disposal authorities

under the “Environmental Protection Act 1990 for collecting, managing and

disposing of municipal waste”, it admitted that achieving sustainable waste

management within the councils could be challenging, but hence, could be of

benefit to it residents making the challenge worthwhile.

The HCC consultation portal further stated that the JWDPD;

“set out how all types of waste in Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire will be

managed over the next 15-20 years. With an increasing awareness of problems

caused through pollution, climate change and other related issues… the document

will follow the “reduce, reuse, recycle” principle, set out in European legislation”.

The KUHCC consultation portal further explained that the KUHCC and ERYC

adopted a waste hierarchy, ranking landfilling at the bottom due to it being their least

sustainable waste management option.

In addition to environmental issues posed by landfilling, the driving factor for the

council’s landfill bottom ranking could be as a result of cost (Landfill tax) as further

explained by the KUHCC consultation portal that;

“in 2001 it cost £6 per tonne to dispose of waste to landfill. This has now risen to

£24 per tonne, and will continue rising. In future it will rise by £8 per tonne per year

until at least 2010, meaning waste will then cost £48 per tonne in landfill tax to

dispose of to landfill”.

Finally the KUHCC consultation portal stated that;

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“The JWDPD has been developed to address European, national and regional

policy, strategy and priorities, whilst also reflecting local circumstances. The

JWDPD provides the waste planning framework which will consist of… exploration

of the relevant legislation and in particular the significance of the East Riding and

Hull City Council Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy. (Target 45+)”

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Target 45+

The East Riding of Yorkshire Council (2008) commenting on target 45+ stated that;

“Target 45+ is the Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy (the Strategy)

developed in partnership by Kingston upon Hull City Council and the East Riding of

Yorkshire Council (the Councils). The document sets out how the Councils plan to

manage Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) produced in the area. MSW includes waste

from households, waste collected from businesses and other waste produced as a

result of delivering environmental services.... The Strategy was jointly adopted by

both Councils in 2006 and at that time clearly set out the strategic aims and targets

for waste collection, recycling and disposal over a 15 year period from 2006-2020”.

The East Riding of Yorkshire Council (ERYC) further explained that, progress had

made by both councils in delivering the aims of the adopted JSWMS since 2006,

which had led to its planned 5 yearly strategy review in 2012 outlining the progress

made since the strategy adoption by both councils, its current position and further

on, the the proposed updated strategic aims and targets in the Strategy.

Figure 4 below show the JSWMS geographical area (East Riding of Yorkshire

Council and Hull City Council).

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Figure 4: East Riding of Yorkshire Council and Hull City Council geographical area.

(Hall City council)

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Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy Review (JSWMSR) 2012.

The JSWMSR (2012, pp 1- 41) report explained that the strategic aim of the

JSWMS, adopted in 2006 included;

“Deal with waste in the most sustainable way by moving waste management

practice up the waste hierarchy” (Figure 4)

“Raise public awareness and responsibility for waste”

“Ensure the area is well served by an integrated network of waste

management facilities”

“Divert biodegradable waste from landfill”

“Provide leadership in dealing with the Councils’ own internal waste”

“Provide a quality sustainable waste management service which achieves

value for money”

“Provide services which achieve top 10% performance in regional and

national targets” and finally

“Work through the individual Councils’ Local Strategic Partnerships to ensure

engagement with partners, communities and ensure Target 45+ contributes to

Sustainable Communities across Hull and the East Riding”

Kingston-Upon- Hull City Council and East Riding of Yorkshire Council Waste

Composition

Since the adoption of the JSWMS in 2006 by both Councils, the JSWMSR report

stated that both councils undertook;

“a number of waste composition analyses in order to understand the nature of the

waste being collected …These analyses have helped the Councils develop new

recycling and composting collection services and ensure that they are fit for

purpose”.

Further on, the JSWMSR report explained that the collected data on the councils

waste composition could provide more recycling opportunities especially for the East

Riding of Yorkshire Council area with higher Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) due to

the ERYC having more households and an increased population level within both

councils geographical area (as shown in figure 4). Table 2 below shows both

councils changes in total municipal waste from 2006/7 to 2010/11, figure 5 below

show the amount of MSW collected by both Councils between 2006/07 and 2010/11

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and figures 6 and 7 below shows each individual council’s collected MSW through

the household kerbside collection service across both Council areas respectively.

Table 2: Changes in total municipal waste from 2006/7 to 2010/11

Figure 5: MSW collected by the Councils between 2006/07 and 2010/11

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Figure 6: MSW collected by Hull City Council

Figure 7: MSW collected by East Riding of Yorkshire Council

Explaining figures 6 and 7, the JSWMSR report stated that;

“The Household Waste Recycling Sites (HWRSs), Bring Sites and bulky item

services provide the second largest waste stream, representing approximately 25%

of MSW collected in Hull and nearly 30% of MSW in the East Riding. The amount of

waste from street cleansing, fly-tipping, gully cleansing and commercial waste

services is significant but represents a relatively small percentage of total MSW”

[SIC].

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Commenting on the waste hierarchy (Figure 8 below) “as set out in the National

Waste Strategy for England 2007”, the JSWMSR report stated that it “prioritises

prevention followed by reuse, recycling and composting…The aim is to prevent

waste from being produced in the first place and where waste is produced, treat it as

resource…”

Figure 8: Waste hierarchy adopted by East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston- Upon-

Hull City Councils as set out in the National Waste Strategy for England 2007.

Waste Prevention and Preparing for re-use

With reference to the waste hierarchy (figure 8), the JSWMSR report explained that

the both Councils Strategy, aimed in reducing the amount of waste and ‘residual

waste’ produced (see figures 9 and 10) since its adoption of the JSWMS. The report

stated that waste and ‘residual waste’ produced across the councils “has decreased

from 355,270 tonnes in 2006/07 to 331,893 in 2010/11, representing a reduction of

6%”. The councils attributed this reduction to be due to the global recession on

affecting consumer habits, retail sectors minimising packaging and “a move from

paper to electronic media nationally”. The councils further explained that it

encouraged;

“a range of local initiatives …to promote waste prevention and re-use. These include

the promotion of the mail preferencing service to reduce junk mail, promotion of the

national ‘love food hate waste’ campaign, development of web-based information for

residents and businesses and provision of over 70,000 home compost bins to

residents across the area”.

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The JSWMSR report concluded on waste prevention and preparing for re-uses

stating that “the Strategy target to reduce waste growth to 0% by 2012 has been

achieved” and the “level of public awareness of … waste related issues…”

influencing “a change in behaviour with residents now actively segregating waste…

and thinking about waste prevention when purchasing goods” could have led to the

reduction of amount of residual waste per household produced being “a good

indicator of overall progress”.

Figure 9: Residual waste per household produced in Hull between 2006/7 and

2010/11.

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Figure 10: Residual waste per household produced in the East Riding between

2006/7 and 2010/11.

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Waste Recycling (and Composting)

On waste recycling including waste composting ranked third on the waste hierarchy,

the JSWMSR report stated that “major progress has been made by both Councils in

improving recycling and composting performance since the adoption of the Strategy

in 2006”. The report explained that investment in recycling and composting collection

infrastructures (Figure 11 below and table 3) had been made, and the introduction of

blue and brown coloured bins collection services within the councils could have

made it easier for the council’s residents to “recycle an expanded range of

recyclable, garden and food waste” respectively, resulting in the achievement of “the

National Waste Strategy for England 2007 target of recycling and composting 40%

by 2010” (See table 4 below).

Figure 11: Household recycling site for East Riding of Yorkshire Council and

Kingston-Upon- Hull City Council.

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Table 3: Services provided by the East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull

City Councils

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Table 3: Services provided by the East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull

City Councils (Continuation)

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Table 4: National Waste Strategy for England 2007 Targets

Further on, the JSWMSR report stated that “the Councils continue to extend the

range of recyclables collected through the network of Household Waste Recycling

Sites (HWRSs)… to maximise diversion from landfill”. Figures 12 and 13 below,

shows “the… contribution of different services to the overall amount of waste

recycled and composted”

Figure 12: Composition of household recycling and composting in Hull

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Figure 13: Composition of household recycling and composting in the East Riding

Figure 14 and table 5 below, also shows the increase in percentage of household

recycled waste and composites including the percentage of household waste sent for

reuse, recycling and composting against local and national targets.

Figure 14: Percentage of household waste recycled and composted from Hull and

East Riding 2006/7 to 2010/11

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Table 5: East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull City Councils Household

waste recycled and composted 2006/7 to 2010/11

Finally, the JSWMSR report explained that even though both councils had made

improvements in waste collection and collection services ensuring “a positive

increase in recycling, composting and diversion of more waste from landfill. The key

is now to build on this performance and set further targets...”

Both councils proposed targets in relation to its percentage of household waste sent

for reuse, recycling and composting as shown in table 6 below with a “projected

performance for the Councils by March 2012 is:

• East Riding of Yorkshire Council 53%

• Hull City Council 50%”

Table 6: East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull City Councils Recycling

and Composting Targets

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Energy Recovery and Disposal

With reference to the waste hierarchy (figure 8), the JSWMSR report stated that

“despite a reduction in the overall amount of waste produced and huge

improvements made through recycling and composting, over 50% of waste is still

disposed of in landfill”. The report further stated that “a key element of the original

Strategy was to develop Energy from Waste (EfW) facility to manage the waste left

over after recycling and composting”.

The report further explained that planning permission for an EfW facility was issued,

but the facility had not been developed under the current Joint Waste Contract with

Waste Recycling Group (WRG) which had led to the termination of the current

contract between the councils and WRG in “March 2013”.

The Joint Sustainable Waste Management Strategy Review (JSWMSR) 2012 report

further stated that “the Councils plan to commence the procurement process for new

waste contracts in 2012. This is to ensure that facilities are provided to process the

various waste streams and that alternative treatment facilities are in place to reduce

reliance on landfill”. Explaining further, the report insisted that “treatment of residual

waste will form a key part of the Councils’ waste contract reprocurement exercise”

but with the “advancements made in waste treatment technologies, the Councils are

no longer proposing a specific waste treatment technology. Instead, the Councils are

seeking to enshrine the strategy performance targets within the new Waste Contract

specification” ensuring that “… the use of landfill is significantly reduced and energy

is generated from the residual waste”

The councils proposed landfill targets are shown in table 7, 8 below.

Table 7: East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull City Councils Residual

Waste Diversion Target

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Table 8: East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-Upon- Hull City Councils Diversion of

Biodegradable Waste from Landfill Target

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Conclusion and Recommendations

With reference to the discussed waste hierarchy as in the JSWMSR 2012 report, the

present writer could draw a conclusion and further propose recommendations as

shown below in tables 9.

Conclusion

The present author could agree with the improvements made by both councils

in terms of their waste prevention and preparing for re-uses target as seen in

figures 9 and 10. Further on, as already discussed, both councils set targets on

waste recycling and composting to be achieved by March 2012. Hull City

Council (2014), announced the achievement of its set target stating that the

council had “achieved 54 per cent” of its target as shown in figure 15 below.

Figure 15: Hull City Council Percentage of household waste recycled and

composted 2009 – 2014

Further on, even though Figure 16 below showed a downwards trend in

landfilled MSW, table 1 indicated that both councils could be land filling more

than their allocated tonnages.

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Figure 16: Hull and East Riding councils MSW diverted from landfill compared

to 1995 levels.

From table 1 above, East Riding of Yorkshire Council was allocated a BMW of

56,825 tonnes but landfilled 57,128 tonnes of BMW, an increase of 303 tonnes

(an increase of £14,544 as per £48 per tonne in landfill tax by 2010 as

discussed). Kingston-Upon-Hull City Council was also allocated a BMW of

42,351 tonnes but also landfilled 43,715 tonnes of BMW, an increase of 1364

tonnes (also an increase of £65,472 as per £48 per tonne in landfill tax by 2010

as discussed).

Further on, with over 50% of both councils waste still disposed in landfill, their

residual waste diversion target (table 7) set to represent their “municipal waste

diversion rate of 85% by 2015/16 and 90% by 2020/21… compared to 2010/11

performance…”, and finally, with the councils admittance in the JSWMSR 2012

report that “some difficult waste types… may still need to be landfilled in the

future…”, the present writer could agree that without the councils investment

into waste recycling and alternative waste treatment technologies, the

aspirations of achieving the zero waste to landfill by 2020/21 by the councils,

could not be ‘sustainable’ resulting in;

Fines (Economic)

Environmental issues due to methane and other gases (see figure 17

below) produced by landfill (Environmental),

Health issues (Social)

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Failure of both councils achieving national landfill target and

subsequently affecting EC directive target set for the UK as a whole.

Figure 17: Typical gas composition at an engineered landfill site. Environment

Agency (2002, p. 8)

Recommendati

on

The present writer could recommend;

East Riding of Yorkshire Council to adhere to its March 2012 set

projected target on waste recycling and composting performance as

adhered to by Kingston-Upon-Hull City Council.

Both councils investing in waste recycling and alternative waste

treatment technologies including refuse derived fuel (RDF) technologies.

Adherence by both councils to only allocated BMW tonnages.

Both councils, could adopting recycling methods of other European countries

including Germany, whereby manufacturers and large retailers of soft drinks,

water and alcoholic beverages are oblige by to charge a deposit on all drink(s)

containers. Equipment installed at the retailers premises, could register the

empty containers on their return, sort, and shred or compact these container

and issue credit slips that can be remunerated at the checkout tills in the

supermarkets. The secondary sorted, and shredded or compacted raw

materials could then be sold back to the container producers, thus reducing the

amount of non-biodegradable waste landfilled.

Table 9: Assessment conclusion and recommendation

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.

References

1. Commission Directives (EC) No 1999/31 of 26 April 1999 on the landfill of

waste. Official Journal L 182, 26/04/1999 pp. 1 – 19.

2. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. (n.d). Composition of

local authority collected waste. [Online] available @

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/

file/142004/Composition_of_local_authority_collected_waste.pdf [Accessed

date: 21/03/2014]

3. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs. (n.d). Landfill Directive.

[Online] available @

http://archive.defra.gov.uk/environment/waste/strategy/legislation/landfill/

documents/landfilldir.pdf [Accessed date: 22/03/2014]

4. Environmental Protection. (2006).The Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment Regulations 2006. [Online] available @

http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2006/3289/pdfs/uksi_20063289_en.pdf

[Accessed date: 22/03/2014]

5. Environment Agency. (2010). Environmental Permitting Regulations (England

and Wales) 2010. [Online] available @ http://www.environment-

agency.gov.uk/static/documents/Business/RGN_LFD1_Landfills_(v2.0)_30_M

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Bernard Boafo

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http://www.ibrc.indiana.edu/ibr/2011/spring/article2.html


http://www.out-law.com/page-10692







Bernard Boafo

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Documents

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