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Definitions

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

According to the Basel Convention:

"Substances or objects which are disposed off or are intended to be disposed

off or are required to be disposed off by the provisions of international law"

(Basel Convention).

Produced by the United Nations Statistics Division (U.N.S.D.):

"Wastes are materials that are not prime products (that is productsproduced for the market) for which the generator has no further use in terms

of his/her own purposes of production, transformation or consumption, and

of which he/she wants to dispose. Wastes may be generated during the

extraction of raw materials, the processing of raw materials into

intermediate and final products, the consumption of final products, and

other human activities. Residuals recycled or reused at the place of

generation are excluded."

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Chapter 2

WASTE MANAGEMENT

Concepts

Diagram of the waste hierarchy.

There are a number ofconcepts about waste management which vary in their

usage between countries or regions. Some of the most general, widely used

concepts include:

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Waste Hierarchy

The waste hierarchy refers to the "3 Rs" reduce, reuse and recycle, which

classify waste management strategies according to their desirability in terms

ofwaste minimization. The waste hierarchy remains the cornerstone of most

waste minimization strategies. The aim of the waste hierarchy is to extract

the maximum practical benefits from products and to generate the minimum

amount of waste see: resource recovery.

Polluter pays principle - the Polluter Pays Principle is a principle where thepolluting party pays for the impact caused to the environment. With respect

to waste management, this generally refers to the requirement for a waste

generator to pay for appropriate disposal of the waste.

History Of Waste Management

Historically, the amount ofwastes generated by human population was

insignificant mainly due to the lowpopulation densities, coupled with the

fact there was very little exploitation of natural. Common wastes produced

during the early ages were mainly ashes and human &biodegradable wastes,

and these were released back into the ground locally, with

minimal environmental impact. Before the widespread use ofmetals, wood

was widely used for most applications. However, reuse of wood has been

well documented. Nevertheless, it is once again well documented that reuse

and recovery of such metals have been carried out by earlier humans.

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Chapter 3

TYPES OF WASTE

Waste can be divided into many different types. The most common methods

of classification are by their physical, chemical and biological

characteristics. One important classification is by their consistency. Solid

wastes are waste materials that contain less than 70% water. This class

includes such materials as household garbage, some industrial wastes, somemining wastes, and oilfield wastes such as drill cuttings. Liquid wastes are

usually wastewater's that contain less than 1% solids. Such wastes may

contain high concentrations of dissolved salts and metals. Sludge is a class

of waste between liquid and solid. They usually contain between 3% and

25% solids, while the rest of the material is water dissolved materials.

Industrial Waste

Industrial waste is waste type produced by industrial factories, mills and

mines. It has existed since the outset of the industrial revolution. Toxic

waste and chemical waste are two designations of industrial waste. It is

considered hazardous as they may contain toxic substances. Certain types of

household waste are also hazardous. Hazardous wastes could be highly toxic

to humans, animals, and plants; are corrosive, highly inflammable, or

explosive; and react when exposed to certain things e.g. gases. India

generates around 7 million tones of hazardous wastes every year, most of

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which is concentrated in four states: Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh,

and Tamil Nadu. In the industrial sector, the major generators of hazardous

waste are the metal, chemical, paper, pesticide, dye, refining, and rubber

goods industries. Direct exposure to chemicals in hazardous waste such as

mercury and cyanide can be fatal.

Hazardous Waste

Hazardous waste is a waste with properties that make it dangerous or

potentially harmful to human health or the environment. The universe ofhazardous wastes is large and diverse. Hazardous wastes can be liquids,

solids, contained gases, or sludges. They can be the by-products of

manufacturing processes or simply discarded commercial products, like

cleaning fluids or pesticides. It exhibits at least one of four characteristics -

ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity. Hazardous waste is regulated

under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) Subtitle.

Definition of hazardous waste

A waste will fall under the scope of the Convention if it is within the

category of wastes listed in Annex I of the Convention and it does exhibit

one of the hazardous characteristics contained in Annex III.

In other words it must both be listed and contain a characteristic such as

being explosive, flammable, toxic, or corrosive. The other way that a waste

may fall under the scope of the Convention is if it is defined as or considered

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to be a hazardous waste under the laws of either the exporting country, the

importing country, or and of the countries of transit.

Radioactive waste that is covered under other international control systems

and wastes from the normal operation of ships is not covered.

Hospital Waste

Hospital waste is generated during the diagnosis, treatment, or immunization

of human beings or animals or in research activities in these fields or in theproduction or testing of biologicals.

It may include wastes like sharps, soiled waste, disposables, anatomical

waste, cultures, discarded medicines, chemical wastes, etc.

These are in the form of disposable syringes, swabs, bandages, body fluids,

human excreta, etc. This waste is highly infectious and can be a serious

threat to human health if not managed in a scientific and discriminate

manner. It has been roughly estimated that of the 4 kg of waste generated in

a hospital at least 1 kg would be infected.

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Municipal Solid Waste

Municipal solid waste consists of household waste, construction and

demolition debris, sanitation residue, and waste from streets. This garbage is

generated mainly from residential and commercial complexes.

With rising urbanization and change in lifestyle and food habits, the amount

of municipal solid waste has been increasing rapidly and its compositionchanging.

In 1947 cities and towns in India generated an estimated 6 million tones of

solid waste; in 1997 it was about 48 million tones.

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Biodegradable Waste

Biodegradable waste is a type of waste, typically originating fromplant or

animal sources, which may be degraded by other living organisms. Wastes

that cannot be broken down by other living organisms are called non-

biodegradable.

Biodegradable waste can be commonly found in municipal solid waste

(sometimes called biodegradable municipal waste, or BMW) as green waste,

food waste, paper waste, and biodegradable plastics. Otherbiodegradablewastes include human waste, manure, sewage, slaughterhouse waste. In the

absence ofoxygen much of this waste will decay to methane by anaerobic

digestion.

Climate Change Impacts

The main environmental threat from biodegradable waste is the production

of methane in landfills. Methane is 21 times as potent a greenhouse gas as

carbon dioxide and accounted for some 3% of total greenhouse gas

emissions in the EU-15 in 1995. The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC obliges

Member States to reduce the amount of biodegradable waste that they

landfill to 35% of 1995 levels by 2016, which will significantly reduce the

problem.

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Uses Of Biodegradable Waste

Biodegradable waste can often be used for composting or must doubtless be

a resource for heat, electricity and fuel in future as it is being achieved by

the Swiss Kampongs treatment for 20 years now. This produces additional

Biogas and still delivers the compost for the soil. It is a fully developed

system and produced 27 million Kwh of electricity and Biogas in 2009. The

oldest of the companies own Lorries has achieved 1.000.000 kilometers

driven with biogas from household waste in the last 15 years.

Biodegradability Prediction

Biodegradability prediction isbiologically inspired computing and attempts

to predict biodegradability of anthropogenic materials in the environment.

Demand for biodegradability prediction is expected to increase with

governments stepping up environmental regulations (see, for instance,

testing forbioaccumulation in the REACH proposal).

Example: Development of quantitative structure-activity relationship

(QSARs) forbiodegradation, for instance, biochemical oxygen demand for

chemicals released into the environment with the aid of machine learning

and other artificial intelligence methods. The University of Minnesota

Biocatalysis and Biodegradation Database (UM-BBD), which contains

information on microbial biocatalytic reactions and biodegradation pathways

for primarily xenobiotic, chemical compounds. One of its many features

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Terminology

The most general definition of climate change is a change in the statistical

properties of the climate system when considered over long periods of time,

regardless of cause.

The term sometimes is used to refer specifically to climate change caused by

human activity, as opposed to changes in climate that may have resulted as

part of Earth's natural processes. In this latter sense, used especially in the

context ofenvironmental policy. Within scientific journals, however, globalwarming refers to surface temperature increases, while climate change

includes global warming and everything else that increasing greenhouse gas

amounts will affect.

Causes

Climate changes in response to changes in the global energy balance. On the

broadest scale, the rate at which energy is received from the sun and the rate

at which it is lost to space determine the equilibrium temperature and

climate of Earth. This energy is then distributed around the globe by winds,

ocean currents, and other mechanisms to affect the climates of different

regions.

Factors that can shape climate are called climate forcings or "forcing

mechanisms". These include such processes as variations in solar radiation,

deviations in the Earth's orbit, mountain-building and continental drift, and

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changes in greenhouse gas concentrations. There are a variety of climate

change feedbacks that can either amplify or diminish the initial forcing.

Some parts of the climate system, such as the oceans and ice caps, respond

slowly in reaction to climate forcings, while others respond more quickly.

Forcing mechanisms can be either "internal" or "external". Internal forcing

mechanisms are natural processes within the climate system itself (e.g., the

meridional overturning circulation). External forcing mechanisms can be

either natural (e.g., changes in solar output) or anthropogenic (e.g., increased

emissions of greenhouse gases).

Whether the initial forcing mechanism is internal or external, the response of

the climate system might be fast (e.g., a sudden cooling due to airborne

volcanic ash reflecting sunlight), slow (e.g. thermal expansion of warming

ocean water), or a combination (e.g., sudden loss of albedo in the arctic

ocean as sea ice melts, followed by more gradual thermal expansion of the

water). Therefore, the climate system can respond abruptly, but the full

response to forcing mechanisms might not be fully developed for centuries

or even longer.

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The most significant climate processes since the middle to late Pliocene

(approximately 3 million years ago) are the glacial and interglacial cycles.

The present interglacial period (the Holocene) has lasted about 11,700 years.

Shaped by orbital variations, responses such as the rise and fall of

continental ice sheets and significant sea-level changes helped create the

climate. Other changes, including Heinrich events, DansgaardOeschger

events and the Younger Dryas, however, illustrate how glacial variations

may also influence climate without the orbital forcing. Glaciers leave behind

moraines that contain a wealth of material including organic matter, quartz,

and potassium that may be dated recording the periods in which a glacier

advanced and retreated. Similarly, by tephrochronological techniques, the

lack of glacier cover can be identified by the presence of soil or volcanic

tephra horizons whose date of deposit may also be ascertained.

Sea Level Change

Global sea level change for much of the last century has generally been

estimated using tide gauge measurements collated over long periods of time

to give a long-term average. More recently, altimeter measurements in

combination with accurately determined satellite orbits have provided an

improved measurement of global sea level change. To measure sea levels

prior to instrumental measurements, scientists have dated coral reefs that

grow near the surface of the ocean, coastal sediments, marine terraces, ooids

in limestones, and near shore archaeological remains. The predominant

dating methods used are uranium series and radiocarbon, with cosmogenic

radionuclides being sometimes used to date terraces that have experienced

relative sea level fall.

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Radioactive Wastes

Radioactive wastes arise primarily from nuclear generation; smaller

quantities are derived from military sources and a variety of uses in medical,

industrial and university establishments. There are many types of radioactive

waste which can be classified either according to their radioactive properties

or according to the sources from which they originated. Low level

radioactive wastes generally consist of contaminated laboratory debris,

biological materials, building materials. High levels of radioactive waste

consist of spent fuels from nuclear power reactors, together with liquid andsolid residues from reprocessing of spent fuels.

Non - Hazardous Waste

Non-hazardous are those that pose no immediate threat to human health

and the environment. Household garbage is included into this category.

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Chapter 4

WASTE GENERATION

Indias garbage generation stands at 0.2 to 0.6 kilograms of garbage per head

per day. Also, it is a well known fact that land in India is scarce.

Kerala is a state considered to be having a developed modern society. The

consumption of more resources results in the generation of more waste. All

types of waste including solid, hazardous and biomedical waste generation

in the state are more compared to other states in the country.

There is a series of actions initiated at National and State level abate the

problems arise due to the wastes, particularly the pollution problem. Solid

waste generation is mainly due to industrial and domestic activities. The

waste generated due to industrial activities is of hazardous as well as non-

hazardous nature.

The solid waste generation due to domestic sources, the garbage, is very

high in the State. The biomedical wastes are generated from all health care

institutions. The responsibility of collection, treatment and safe disposal of

all types of solid wastes rests with the generator.

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generating industrial solid waste. All industries with wastewater treatment

plants are generating solid waste. Hazardous wastes handling units are

classifies on the basis of their size of operation as large, medium and small.

The sector wise distribution of industrial units that hazardous waste in

Kerala State us as shown in the below figure

Biomedical Waste

The number of health care facilities in the State is highest among all the

States. Its number and sophistication is also changing. More over, there is a

trend that more and more foreigners are making use of the health care

facilities in the State. This will in turn increase the quantity of biomedical

waste generation and so more money to be found for waste management

facilities, apart from planning for meeting the future scenario. At present the

total number of beds is just about 1, 10, 00 and the biomedical waste

generation is about 300gm/bed per day. Once the facilities in the health care

establishments are improved it is estimated that the biomedical waste

generation will be more that 500gm per bed per day.

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Kerala is having the highest number of health care institutions as per the

1991 census. About 26% of total health care institutions in India are located

in Kerala. District wise details of health care institutions, number of beds

and quantity of waste generated are in the Table given below

District wise details of health care institutions, beds and waste

generation

District No of Health

CareInstitutions

Number

of beds

Total Waste

kg/day

Alappuzha

Ernakulum

Idukki

Kannur

Kasaragod

Kollam

Kottayam

Kozhikode

343

546

194

392

209

704

440

342

8835

15819

4096

5149

2107

7530

9323

9034

11486

20565

5325

6694

2739

9789

121209

11744

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Malappuram

Palakkad

Pathanamthitta

Thiruvananthapuram

Thrissur

Wayanad

327

316

310

411

434

127

5030

4925

5096

12910

12991

2307

6539

6403

6625

16783

16888

2999

Total 5095 105152 136699

Quantity Of Waste Generated, Collected, Transported And

Disposed

Total quantity of hazardous waste generated and handled in the state is about

82724 t/y. The quantity of recyclable hazardous waste is 10725 t/y,

incinerable hazardous waste is 2596 t/y, and the balance is used for land

filling.

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It is roughly estimated that about 1.3 to 2.0 kg/bed/day of solid wastes are

generated from health care institutions of which 15 to 20% are biomedical

waste. The number of beds in government and private institutions are about

40000 and 58000 respectively. About 1.5 lakh t/day of solid waste is

generated from the hospitals and other health care centers in the state.

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The quantity of garbage generated in the state is about 60000 t/d. This

includes wastes generated from all Municipal Corporations, Municipalities

and Grama Panchayath areas. The different treatment and disposal option

followed in Kerala is shown below. This shows that the trend in the state is

to follow one or other biodegradation methods.

Waste Characteristics And Its Variation Quantity

The Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) quality is same in all areas but its

quantity varies. There are cases of biomedical waste, industrial waste and

hazardous waste mixing with MSW. No segregation of MSW done in

general. However in certain urban areas like Kozhikode Municipal

Corporation an attempt is being made to segregate the waste.

Industrial hazardous waste quality and quantity is based on the type of

source. Industrial solid waste and Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) sludge are

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Biomedical wastes are not fully segregated at source, though there is

tremendous improvement in the biomedical waste in the State. So the entire

solid waste generated from health care in institutions becomes infectious.

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District Wise Distribution Of Health Care Institutions In Kerala

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Impacts Of Waste Generation


The improper disposal of municipal solid waste at the disposal/dumping

sites attracts rodents, files, etc. apart from this the open dumping of wastes

create an unhygienic condition.

Soil Contamination

The unscientific management of municipal solid waste will lead to

contamination of soil. The contamination of soil was reported from a few

dumping sites. The soil purification activities cannot be dreamed at the

present level of economic condition of the State.

Ground Water Contamination

The contamination of soil, in turn, leads to contamination of ground water.

This is mainly due to percolation of leachate. The quantity of leachate will

be more in Kerala due to heavy rainfall. Once the ground water is polluted it

may take decades to attain the normal condition. Some studies shows that

ground water contamination is observed near some waste dumping yards.

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Health Problems

The open dumping areas can create health problem, as it will lead to

multiplication of rodents and flies. Open dumping may result in the

generation of anaerobic gases, which lead to creation of bad odor primarily

resulting in a variety of diseases. There are persistent complaints from

people residing near open dumping areas. Health care establishment

premises with poor solid waste management are more prone to spreading

diseases.

Impact Of Hazardous Waste

The improper and unscientific disposal of hazardous wastes results in

adverse impact on ecosystem including human health. In absence of

common hazardous waste handling facilities in the State the industrial units

generating hazardous waste are presently storing the wastes in their own

premises.

Soil Contamination

Once hazardous wastes are disposed on land toxic metals, oils and toxic

chemicals will contaminate soil. It is reported that some toxic organic

chemicals can affect the soil productivity.

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Ground Water Contamination

The contamination of soil results in the pollution of groundwater due to

heavy metals and toxic organic compounds. Groundwater once contaminated

may take years to get purified. Kerala is a State where large numbers of

wells are used for drawing groundwater for domestic purposes as well as for

agricultural use. The use of such polluted water will affect adversely the

health of the people. There are a few areas in the state near industrial units

where the groundwater contamination is reported.

Health Problems

The contamination of soil as well as groundwater will affect the health of the

people.

Impact of Biomedical Wastes

The biomedical wastes, which comprises of toxic chemicals and pathogens

will lead to more environmental problems if not managed properly.

Soil Contamination

The disposal of biomedical waste on land without treatment will lead to the

contamination of soil. The disposal of needles, biomedical solid waste, etc.

is a major area of concern.

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Chapter 5

DUMPING GROUNDS IN MUMBAI, INDIA

There are mainly three dumping ground in Mumbai.

Deonar

Mulund

Gorai

Deonar

Deonar is located at northwestern end of Mumbai. Its footprint land area is

52 ha and maximum height is 35 m. its capacity is 13 million cum the inflow

rate is 4100 trucks per day and residual life before closure is 2.24 per year.

In Deonar kitchen waste is 39.24, fruit waste is 8.33 and rest of waste is 0.76

that total up the wet organic material to 52.12. And dry grass is 9.60, dry

tree remaining is 0.48, cotton waste is 2.57, wood chips is 0.33 and wooden

furniture waste is 0.62 that total up the dry organic material to 13.60 And the

amount of recyclable material are plastic is 10.14, paper is 7.25, cardboard

and thermocol are equal that is 0.19, glass is 0.71, rubber is 0.52 and leather

is 0.67 that total up the recyclable material to 19.94.

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shifting 2500 TPD of waste. Under this arrangement, the time required for

completion of this activity will be about 14 months.

Mulund

Mulund is located at western end of Mumbai. Its footprint land area is 10 ha

and maximum height is 35 m. its capacity is 1.6 million cum the inflow rate

is 600 trucks per day and residual life before closure is 1.96 per year.

They fill with the foot print area is presently having undulation with steep

mounds and deep depression. This would be leveled at an even level. Based

on the site contour map the top level after completion will be approximately

at +36.5 m. The leveling can be completed within a period of 2 month if

necessary vehicles/equipments are mobilized. As a part closure activity of

the landfill at Mulund, the material lying in and around which are

haphazardly dumped will be shifted and relocated over the finished level

after initial leveling of the site and will compacted the quantity to be

relocated is estimated to be 0.21 million cum, trucks and the JCBs will be

deployed in shifting the fill material, deploying necessary trucks and

equipments. Under these arrangements the time required for completion of

this activity will be 4 months.

The material lying in the dump is having step side slopes. These slopes have

to be brought to moderate slope. This activity can be achieved by deploying

the JCBs along with trucks and bulldozers. The period required for

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Waste Management

Chapter 6

TYPES OF WASTE MANAGEMENT

Urban Waste Management

The overall goal of urban solid waste management is to collect, treat

and dispose of solid wastes generated by all urban population groups

in an environmentally and socially satisfactory manner using the most

economical means available.

Local governments are usually authorized to have responsibility for

providing solid waste management services, and most local

government laws give them exclusive ownership over waste once it

has been placed outside a home or establishment for collection.

As cities grow economically, business activity and consumption

patterns drive up solid waste quantities. At the same time, increased

traffic congestion adversely affects the productivity of the solid waste

fleet.

Productivity loss is exacerbated by longer hauls required of the fleet,

as open lands for disposal are further and further away from urban

centers. The challenge is to rationalize worker and vehicle

performance, while expanding services to a growing urban population.

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Municipal Waste Management

Over the last few years, the consumer market has grown rapidly

leading to products being packed in cans, aluminum foils, plastics,

and other such nonbiodegradable items that cause incalculable harm

to the environment. In India, some municipal areas have banned the

use of plastics and they seem to have achieved success.

For example, today one will not see a single piece of plastic in the

entire district of Ladakh where the local authorities imposed a ban on

plastics in 1998. Other states should follow the example of this region and ban the use

of items that cause harm to the environment.

One positive note is that in many large cities, shops have begun

packing items in reusable or biodegradable bags.

Certain biodegradable items can also be composted and reused. In fact

proper handling of the biodegradable waste will considerably lessen

the burden of solid waste that each city has to tackle.

Radioactive Waste Management

Radioactive waste management involves dealing safely with the

wastes from processes involving radioactivity.

This waste comes from a number of sources, and ranges from paper

towels used in hospitals to nitric acid solution formed as a result of

reprocessing nuclear fuel.

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Most radioactive waste is currently stored safely on major sites under

license from the Health and Safety Executive's Nuclear Installations

Inspectorate and is subject to strict regulatory control.

Procedure Of Waste Management

The above four key aspects of waste management disposal, processing,

recycling and minimization is presented here in the form of a dual-axis

continuum (see Figure 1), which will help in understanding the actions to be

taken, and in building a comprehensive waste management strategy for localgovernments in cities of developing countries.

Waste Disposal

Historically, efforts in the management of waste have focused primarily on

the disposal part of the waste. Whilst there is now a general move towards

the recovery of resources from waste, disposal is still the most common

form of managing waste. Dumping, land filling of waste and incineration are

some of the most common methods of waste disposal.

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Waste Processing Waste Minimization

Waste Disposal Waste Recycling


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Solids

Catheters and tubes

Disposable gowns, masks, and scrubs

Disposable tools, such as some scalpels and surgical staplers

Medical gloves

Surgical sutures and staples

Wound dressings

Liquids

Blood

Body fluids and tissues

Cell, organ, and tissue cultures

Sharps

Blades, such as razororscalpel blades

Lancets

Materials made of glass, such as cuvettes and slides

Metal stylets

Needles

Plasticpipettes and tips

Syringes

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Laboratory waste

Animal carcasses

Hazardous chemicals with biological components

Media

Medicinal plants

Radioactive material with biological components

Supernatants

Syringes

Exceptions

Cadavers, urine, faeces, and cytotoxic drugs are not considered biomedical

waste.

Biomedical Waste Management

Sorting of medical wastes in hospital. At the site where it is generated,

biomedical waste is placed in specially-labeled bags and containers for

removal by biomedical waste transporters. Other forms of waste should not

be mixed with biomedical waste as different rules apply to the treatment of

different types of waste.

Household biomedical waste usually consists of needles and syringes from

drugs administered at home (such as insulin), soiled wound dressings,

disposable gloves, and bed sheets or other cloths that have come into contact

with bodily fluids. Disposing of these materials with regular household

garbage puts waste collectors at risk for injury and infection especially from

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The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) "Where You Live" allows

users to select a region from a map to find information about Superfund sites

in that region.

Universal Wastes

Universal wastes are hazardous wastes that (in the U.S.) generally pose a

lower threat relative to other hazardous wastes are ubiquitous and produced

in very large quantities by a large number of generators.

Some of the most common "universal wastes" are: fluorescent light bulbs,

some specialtybatteries (e.g. lithium or lead containing batteries), cathode

ray tubes, and mercury-containing devices.

Also, in worldwide, The United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP)

estimated that more than 400 million tons of hazardous wastes are produced

universally each year, mostly by industrialized countries (schmit, 1999).

About 1- percent of this total is shipped across international boundaries, with

the majority of the transfers occurring between countries in the Organization

for the Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (Krueger, 1999).

In a country like the United States, some undefined portion of the total is

shipped legally or illegally to underdeveloped countries. Some of the

reasons for industrialized countries to ship the hazardous waste to

industrializing countries for disposal are the rising cost of disposing

hazardous waste in the home country.

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Chapter 8

ELECTRONIC WASTE

Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or Waste Electrical and Electronic

Equipment (WEEE) describes discarded electrical or electronic devices.

There is a lack of consensus as to whether the term should apply to resale,

reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to product that cannot be used for

its intended purpose. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing

countries may cause serious health and pollution problems, though these

countries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. Some

electronic scrap components, such as CRTs, may contain contaminants such

as lead, cadmium,beryllium, orbrominated flame retardants.

Scrap industry and USA EPA officials agree that materials should be

managed with caution, but many believe that environmental dangers of used

electronics have been exaggerated.

Definitions

"Electronic waste" may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic

equipment, entertainment device electronics, phones, television and

refrigerators.

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Technologies

Traditionally the waste management industry has been slow to adopt

new technologies such as RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) tags,

GPS and integrated software packages which enable better quality

data to be collected without the use of estimation or manual data

entry.

Technologies like RFID tags are now being used to collect data on

presentation rates for curb-side pick-ups.

Benefits of GPS tracking is particularly evident when considering the

efficiency of ad hoc pick-ups (like skip bins or dumpsters) where the

collection is done on a consumer request basis.

Integrated software packages are useful in aggregating this data for

use in optimization of operations for waste collection operations.

Rear vision cameras are commonly used for OH&S reasons and video

recording devices are becoming more widely used, particularly

concerning residential services.

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Infrastructure Provided For Waste Collection, Treatment And

Disposal Its Performance

The Kudumbasree, a voluntary agency is assisting all local bodies for the

house-to-house collection of municipal solid waste and transportation of

waste.

Infrastructure For Monitoring

The Kerala State Pollution Control Board is continuously and vigorously

monitoring the waste management activities by various agencies as well as

the environmental problems if treatment, disposal etc. corrective measures

are suggested to adopt environment friendly techniques for the management

of all sorts of solid waste.

Economic Incentives For Waste Management

The State govt. is providing incentives by way of grants for putting up

municipal solid waste management programmes. The Govt. of India under

the ministry of Environment and Forests is having a funding mechanism by

sharing the investment cost under their model facility scheme. One

municipal corporation in the state has already availed of this facility and a

few other local bodies are waiting for Government of India assistance.

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Incineration is common in countries such as Japan where land is more

scarce, as these facilities generally do not require as much area as landfills.

Waste to Energy (WtE) or Energy From Waste (EfW) are broad terms for

facilities that burn waste in a furnace or boiler to generate heat, steam or

electricity. Combustion in an incinerator is not always perfect and there have

been concerns about pollutants in gaseous emissions from incinerator stacks.

Today incineration treatments not only reduce the amount of hazardous

waste, but also they also generate energy throughout the gases released in

the process. It is known that this particular waste treatment releases toxic

gases produced by the combustion of byproduct or other materials and this

can affect the environment. However, current technology has developed

more efficient incinerator units that control these emissions to a point that

this treatment is considered a more beneficial option. There are different

types of incinerators and they vary depending on the characteristics of the

waste. Starved air incineration is another method used to treat hazardous

wastes. Just like in common incineration, burning occurs, however

controlling the amount of oxygen allowed proves to be significant to reduce

the amount of harmful byproducts produced. Starved Air Incineration is an

improvement of the traditional incinerators in terms of air pollution. Using

this technology it is possible to control the combustion rate of the waste and

therefore reduce the air pollutants produce in the process.

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Legislative Measures And Their Efficacy

There are a number of legislations on treatment of waste, both national as

well as state level. The actions initiated in the state are the following


In the case of municipal solid wastes, the Govt. of Kerala is having an

ambitious programme-the Clean Kerala Mission. As this programme, Govt.

of Kerala is planning to have scientific solid waste management system to

all local bodies in the State. In the first phase, the mission proposes, to assist

all urban local bodies to provide solid waste management system and then to

extend the programme to all rural local bodies. The assistance is by way of

preparation of solid waste management schemes, help to identify suitable

waste processing and land disposal sites and extending financial assistance

for matters exclusively for these purposes. It is hoped that all local bodies

will be providing scientific municipal solid waste management system

within next two years.

In the case of municipal solid waste management the municipal

corporations, the municipalities and all the Grama Panchayaths are engaged

in the solid waste management activities. The Clean Kerala Mission is

assisting all local bodies for selection of proper technology, identifying

treatment and disposal sites, preparing action plans, arranging training

programme to various personal involved in the municipal solid waste

management, etc. even though the State Pollution Control Board is a

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Chapter 12

CASE STUDY

Too Much Waste

All of us open biscuit or chips packets, eat the contents and casually discard

the plastic covers without giving a second thought to where they might go or

what might actually happen to them. Once the dustbins in our houses are

full, we empty them out onto the streets or hand them over to men who drive

garbage trucks, but where does all of it really go after that?

Usually, waste goes to large, empty yards on the outskirts of cities. In

Chennai, a lot of the waste gets dumped at the Palikaranai marsh, a fresh

water swamp. It is declared as a reserve forest area and is home to many

flora and fauna. But the dumping of solid waste and the discharge of sewage

are causing the marsh to shrink. Additionally, the people who live around

the marsh are also badly affected. The toxic waste is extremely hazardous to

their health. Children from these slums are often born with birth defects and

the people develop numerous other diseases inhaling these substances

throughout their lives.

The problem of waste is not only limited to where the waste is finally

dumped, but also to the treatment of those made to segregate it. Rag pickers

are usually children from a poor economic background, and anyone will spot

them digging into the street dustbins trying to gather and segregate waste. A

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waste management full approved

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