waste management policy in japan - keio...
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Waste Management Policy in Japan
Waste Management Waste Management Policy in JapanPolicy in Japan
Koji Hayashi Kenji Oshima
Kentaro Nara
Keisuke Shiinoki
Kaito Hosoyamada
Purpose of presentation
We’d like to introduce to you EPR, the concept of waste management policy in Japan, andJapanese laws based on it. (EPR・・・Extended Producer Responsibility)
We’d like you to know EPR itself and its effect.
Before our presentationAlthough we presented about waste (EPR) last year, we will present again for persons who has never participated in the past symposiums.
Basically, the word “Waste” will be used as municipal waste (such as household appliances, containers,
and packaging).
Structure1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPRー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
1, Why did Japan adopt EPR?Chapter 1
Because・・・
Recycling is necessary in Japan
EPR promotes recycling
and
①Why is recycling necessary
in Japan?
②Why does EPR promote
recycling?
①Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
There are 2 reasons・・・
Shortage of landfills Limited natural resources
Remaining capacity & years of landfills
0
50
100
150
200
1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
yearsm
illio
n M
0.0
10.0
20.0
30.0
40.0
50.0
CapacityYears
Decreasing in recent yearsOnly about
10 yearsShortage isvery serious
Reducing final disposalis necessary
Source: Made from Ministry of Environment (2003) Environmental Statistics
3
①Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
There are 2 reasons・・・
Shortage of landfills Limited natural resources
Reducing final disposalis necessary
①Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
Natural resources are limited.Remaining years
oil(43 years), copper (49 years),lead (22 years)
Japan has little natural resources and has to import them a lot
It is necessary to use them more effectively !
Chapter 1
①Why is recycling necessary in Japan?
There are 2 reasons・・・
Shortage of landfills Limited natural resources
Reducing final disposalis necessary
Using resources effectivelyis necessary
Recycling can achieve them !
What is 3R ?It means ・・・
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle
Reducing
Reusing
Recycling
Chapter 1
To reduce dumping by using products as long as possible
To use used products againafter repairing or cleaning
To utilize waste as resources and make new products from them
3R leads to
the reduction of final disposal
the effective use of natural resources
Reason(1)Shortage of landfills
Chapter 1
There are 3 figures・・・
Volume of Total Waste
35 .0
40 .0
45 .0
50 .0
55 .0
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000Year
(Million ton)
Source: Ministry of Environment (2003) Environmental Statistics
Reason(1) Shortage of landfillsChapter 1
Capacity of newly built landfills
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000year
million M
Source: Made from Ministry of Environment (2003) Environmental Statistics
3
②Why does EPR promote recycling?
(1) What is EPR?
(2) How does EPR promote recycling?
(3) Kinds of responsibilities
(1) What is EPR?
Extended Producer Responsibility
EPR
To extend producers’ responsibility for their products to the post-consumption stage
before EPRbefore EPRafter EPR after EPR
(1) What is EPR?
Production Recycling orDisposal
Consumption
Producers’responsibility
Local government’ s Responsibility
Case1: general case
Extended!
Chapter 1
Pre-consumption Post-consumption
before EPRbefore EPRafter EPR after EPR Production Consumption
Producers’responsibility
Local government’ s Responsibility
Case2: non-general case
Recycling orDisposal
Extended!
(1) What is EPR?Chapter 1
Pre-consumption Post-consumption
Producers are responsible for recycling or disposal.
They have to bear recycling or disposal costs.
Products may have a rise in price.
(2) How does EPR promote recycling?
Chapter 1
More Recycling and Reduction!
Producers want to cut costs.
Chapter 1
Producers begin producing
longlong--livedlived products
easilyeasily--recycled recycled products
・・・
recycling disposal
(3) Kinds of responsibilities
※ PhysicalPhysical responsibilityresponsibilityProducers must collect and recycle their used productsthemselves .
※ FinancialFinancial responsibilityresponsibilityProducers must finance systems to collect and recycletheir used products.
Chapter 1
1 : PhysicalPhysical and FinancialFinancial responsibilitye.g. Specific Household Appliances Recycling Law in Japan
2 : Only FinancialFinancial responsibilitye.g. Containers and Packaging Recycling Law in Japan
3 : The other casese.g. ELV law in Japan
cases
How do producers bear the “responsibilities” ?
Chapter 1
The most efficient way to bear the responsibility
depends on characteristics of products
Sammary of chapter 1 ・・・
Please keep in mind 3 things
1. Japan needs to 1. Japan needs to recyclerecycle waste,waste,in order to in order to reduce final disposalreduce final disposal
use resources effectivelyuse resources effectively..
2. EPR promotes 2. EPR promotes recyclingrecycling..
3. The most efficient form of responsibility 3. The most efficient form of responsibility depends on characteristics of productsdepends on characteristics of products..
Chapter 1
Japan adopted
EPR
Structure1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPRー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Effects of EPRー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
Chapter 2
・Home Appliance Recycling Law
・Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
・ELV recycling Law
Home Appliance Recycling Law
Kenji Oshima
This law obliges recycling of This law obliges recycling of waste household appliances.waste household appliances.
Chapter 2
1. The relationship between Household 1. The relationship between Household Appliance Recycling Law and EPRAppliance Recycling Law and EPR
2.2. Results of the last two yearsResults of the last two years
3. Conclusion3. Conclusion
Chapter 2
Outline of the law
The law has come into force in April 1st, 2001Targets
⇒TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air TV, refrigerator, washing machine, air conditionerconditionerPurposePurpose
①①mitigate the shortage of landfillsmitigate the shortage of landfills②② efficient use of resourcesefficient use of resources
Chapter 2
before before
useruserretailerretailer
local local governmentgovernment
recyclerecycletreatment treatment agencyagency
treatmenttreatment
disposedispose
Flow of waste appliancesFlow of waste appliances
producerproducer
treatmenttreatment
afterafter
PROPRO
manufacturermanufacturerimporterimporter
Local Local governmentgovernment
useruserretailerretailer
local local governmentgovernment
recyclerecycle
disposedispose
PROPRO
Responsibility (collection & recycling) was Responsibility (collection & recycling) was physically and financially physically and financially
transferred to private sectortransferred to private sector!!
Chapter 2
1. The relationship between Household 1. The relationship between Household Appliance Recycling Law and EPRAppliance Recycling Law and EPR
2.2. Results of the last two yearsResults of the last two years
3. Conclusion3. Conclusion
Chapter 2
Result of Recycling Rate
60%61%75%78%2002
56%59%73%78%2001
50%50%55%60%law
Washing MachineRefrigeratorTVAir
Conditioner
Chapter 2
1. The relationship between Household 1. The relationship between Household Appliances Recycling Law and EPRAppliances Recycling Law and EPR
2.2. Results of the last two yearsResults of the last two years
3. Conclusion3. Conclusion
Chapter 2
Conclusion
The two purpose has achieved
①①mitigate the shortage of landfillsmitigate the shortage of landfills②② efficient use of resourcesefficient use of resources
Chapter 2
Out line1.Back ground
2.Summary of the law・Flow chart・Partial EPR
3.Actual result in Japan・The change from back ground situation
⇒EPR is effective in recycling
・The volume of recycled is increasing
・Growth of the volume of waste is mitigated
By the Law…
Chapter 2
Background
55% of municipal waste in Japan consists of containers and packaging
the Ministry of Health and Welfare 1997
Ratio ofvolume
Ratio ofweight
44.5%
22.9%
8.3%
10.0%
5.9%8.5%
77.4%
1.7%
8.0%
2.6%
5.9%4.3%
55.5%
22.6%expect containers
and packaging
ratio of "Containers and packaging" in Waste
containers for foodcontainers for beverage containers for commoditiespaper containersothers
containersand
packaging
Chapter 2
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997
volume of recycled( t) volume of products ( t) volume of waste( t)
Source: Japan PET Bottle Association 2001
Background volume of containers (PET bottles)
UP!!UP!!
LOW!LOW!
Flow chartcontainers flow
money flow
producers
recyclers
consumers
localgovernment
Physical responsibility
Financial responsibility
PROPartial EPR!!
Chapter 2
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
450000
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
volume of col l ected( t) volume of products ( t) volume of waste(t)
effect of EPR
Source: Japan PET Bottle Association 2001
After・・・UP!UP!
DOWN!DOWN!
EPR is EPR is effective in recyclingeffective in recycling!!
Chapter 2
Is EPR perfect?
The volume of waste is still increasingWHY??
*Producers are doing nothing?⇒(redesigning for easy recycling, resource saving, etc)
*Local governments are ・・・?⇒(collecting, transporting, etc)
*Consumers are ・・・?? ⇒(separating waste??)
NO!
NO!
???
Chapter 2
Present condition
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
1000t
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
2000 2001
1000t
Volume of recycled production Volume of waste
GAP!!GAP!!GAP!!GAP!!
PET bottles Plastic containers and packing
containers
Does it come from Partial EPR?
producers
recyclers
consumers
localgovernment
PROPRO
producers
Defect!!
EPR’s defection
EPR can’t influence on Consumers!
⇒Waste separating is not enough!!
⇒It can be a big problem.
⇒It depends on the products property!
Chapter 2
Complement measures
Charge for garbage collectionConsumers pay some money when they dump.
DepositConsumers are returned some money whenthey bring cans or bottles back to the shop.
・Consumers will buy the product with a fewpackage.
・Consumers will separate garbage strictly.
・Consumers will return cans or bottles.・The rate of recycling will be high.
Chapter 2
Actual result in Japan~Moriyama city~
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1981 1982 1983 1998 1999
t
Volume of waste Volume of recycled
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1981 1982 1983 1998 1999
g
Volume of waste per capita / day
Change of the volume of waste
downdown downdown
upup
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
g
Volume of waste per capita / day
Actual result in Japan~Seki city~
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
18000
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
t
Volume of waste Volume of recycled
Change of the volume of wasteChange of the volume of waste
upup
downdown downdown
Conclusion
EPR is not always perfect!
Some cases…EPR needs Complement measures!
We have to consider the product’s property!
Complement measures are necessary !!
Chapter 2
Why is ELV recycling law necessary? No.1
ELV ( end of life vehicle) is 4million per year
In the past, ELV was recycled/deposited through market
The car recycling system has gone bankrupt
Chapter 2
What is ASR?ASR Automobile Shredder ResidueMainly contains iron scrapConstitute about 25% of ELV
return
Chapter 2
Final disposal cost up↑
the price of ASR down↓
→ASR lost its worth
illegal dumping / Improper disposal
recycling system had been out of control
Why is ELV recycling law necessary? No.2
→ To decrease quantity of ASR is necessary
Chapter 2
Why is ELV recycling law necessary? No.2
Revenue - cost +
Revenue - cost -
ASR lost its worth recycling system collapsed
Reducing ASR is necessary
Why is ELV law necessary ?Why is ELV law necessary ?~Consideration of the environment~~Consideration of the environment~
• Used in portion of Air-control
• Chlorofluorocarbon destroys ozone
Treating it properly is necessary
Chapter 2
Why is ELV law necessary ?Why is ELV law necessary ?dangerdanger
Shredding Air-bags, it sometimes explode
Treating it carefully is necessary
Chapter 3-3
BOMB!!BOMB!!
Chapter 2
ELV law as EPRThe role of Car producers
① Collect chlorofluorocarbon /air bag /ASR and recycling them
To help decreasing disposal waste preventing illegal dumpingprotecting environmentreducing danger in shredding air-bag
②Collect treatment fee from final user at the time of delivery
ELV law as EPRThe role of Car producers
① Collect ASR and recycle them
To help decreasing disposal waste preventing illegal dumping
②Collect treatment fee from final users when they buy
EPR
<EPR>
a local government producers
<ELV law>Nobody but market car producers
ELV law is Partial EPR
Responsibility
Chapter 2
summary
Adaptation of EPR into ELV recycling law will lead to
→recovery of collapsed ELV recycling law
→reduce disposal waste, and prevent illegal dumping
Chapter 2
Structure1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPRー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Expected impacts on China
1, Improvement in technology to produce environmentally compatible parts
2, Improvement in technology for recycling
Chapter 3
Incentives for Chinese parts producers to produce environmentally compatible parts.
1.Improvement in technology to produce environmentally compatible parts
Japanese producers have responsibility for treating their products.
They want to get environmentally compatible parts to produce environmentally compatible products.
In case of Home appliance products,most of part factories is now in China.
Improving technology toproduce environmentally
compatible parts
2, Improvement in technology for recycling
Most of the Home appliances producing factories of Japanese companies are also in China.
There is a possibility that the Japanese companies transfer their recycling factories to China.
Improvement in technology for recycling in China!
Chapter 3
Expected impacts on China
1.Improving technology to produce environmentally compatible parts
2.Improving technology for recycling
These may be effective for China to①cope with predicted waste management
problems in the future.②have market power in the world
Chapter 3
① Why may the transfer happen by introducing EPR?China Japan
Producing factory
Recycling factory
Producing factory
MarketLittle
demand
Recycling factory
Structure1, Background
ーWhy did Japan adopt EPR?ー
2, Effects of EPRー3 examples of laws based on EPRー
3, Impacts on China by EPR
4, Conclusion
Conclusion①
EPR is an effective policy to EPR is an effective policy to promote recycling andpromote recycling and
reduce waste!reduce waste!
・Home Appliance Recycling Law
・Containers and Packaging Recycling Law
・ELV Law
Chapter 4
Conclusion②
1, Improving technology to produce environmentally compatible parts
2, Improving technology for recycling
①cope with waste management problems ②have a market power!
The positive impacts on China by Japanese EPR policies are・・・
Chapter 4