Waste to Energy (W2E)Combined Heat & Power (CHP)Sustainable Ecology System

2012

Featuring ThermalTechnologies from

v 2012 2.3

Combined Heat & Power Energy From Garbage [W2e]

enough electricity to power 40,000 homes at North American consumption rates;plus enough heat energy for district distribution, hot processing and system use.

Complete ecoTECHecoTECH System Layout600 tonnes municipal solid waste (MSW) processed per day

500 tonnes municipal solid waste combustibles (RDF) per day(260 days per processing year = 130,000 tonnes fuel)

= 36 megaWatts per hour x 24 hour days, 365 days per generating year,or 315 gigaWatts per annum.

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This document gives a generic process description of the “Waste to Energy” Power Station and consequently it can only be used as a guideline. For an accurate description and cost analyses for a custom made power plant a site

specific viability study should be done. The main feature of the “Waste to Energy” Power Station by ecoTECH is the combination of technologies which enables it to process and convert normal municipality garbage, under environmentally friendly conditions, to electricity.

The flexible system setup allows a simultaneous use of various fuel sources. This ensures not only a very reliable and effective process, but works out to be very cost effective as well.

To our knowledge, the “Waste to Energy” Power Station by

ecoTECH is one of the most environmentally friendly systems available in today’s world of waste management and electric power generation.

Although bottom line advantages, both economical and environmental, highly depend on external influences,

ecoTECH is able to guarantee a combination of:

☺ Reduction in fuel usage ☺ Reduction in water usage ☺ Reduction in waste gas problems ☺ Reduction in noise

The W2E system is designed for power plants with a capacity between 10 mW and 100 mW. This makes it suitable for rural electrification and independent industrial operations.

presents

the ecoTECHecoTECHGarbage to Energy

(W2E CHP)Combined Sorting, Gleaning,

Salvaging and Processing Systemfor

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW),

Industrial, Commercial & Institutional (ICI) Wastes,Forestry, Agricultural (FA) Wastes,

Construction & Demolition (C&D) Wastes,Manure and Discarded Tyres (tires).

A versatile, multi-input waste managementprogramme, combined with a range of

multi-fuelled, energy efficient, nonpollutingthermal power generation systems.

Materials in MSWMaterials by Type and Percentage (2007)

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Short-form Glossary: This Document

о W2E = Waste to Energy

о CHP = Combined Heat & Power

о MSW + Municipal Solid Waste (Garbage,etc)

о ICI = Industrial, Commercial & Institutional

о Flail Mill = Multi-chamber, high speed dry shredder

о Tipping Floor = Garbage reception area

о ecoPHASER = Solid fuel to gas phase conversion reactor (sublimation reactor) and produced gas sonic standing wave pulse burner

о Combined Cycle = Primary and secondary heat use power generation

о Co-gen(eration) or CHP = Simultaneous heat energy production for power and thermal processes

о RDF = Refuse - Derived - Fuel

о TDF = Tyre (tire) - Derived - Fuel

о mW = 1 megaWatt of electricity (mW/hr per hour)

о C & D = Construction & Demolition

о F & A = Forestry & Agricultural

The processes

The schematic system depicted on page 4 for garbage processing with front end separation, comprises the items and operations identified, developed or

designed by ecoTECH for the requirements of a typical installation of the multi-fuelled “Energy to Waste” Power Station.

ecoTECH reserves the right to improve upon and enhance technology, as it becomes available. The description of ‘equipment’ is based on a typical installation.

The ecoTECH waste to energy plant is best sited contiguous to a landfill for logistical reasons and the potential to recover dangerous gas emissions that can be oxidized safely with the ecoPHASER Energy System. The following is a list of advantages to the operator and the community:

☼ Permanent waste management & disposal

☼ No reduction in tipping: in fact, more garbage can be received

☼ Only 5-20% fill tipping rate = 20 to 5 times life

☼ Power and heat generation at economical rates

☼ No air pollution

☼ No additional decomposing media added to landfill

☼ No further leaching risks (subject to existing liner status)

☼ No rats, gulls, vultures and vermin in plant

☼ Landfill gas capture possible with end use combustion

☼ Acceptance of hog fuel and woodwaste

☼ Acceptance of tyres (tires) prevents polluting pile-fires

☼ Acceptance and safe management of manure

☼ Salvage of high value and usable refuse components

INTRODUCTION

Many of today’s landfills are approaching capacity. Notwithstanding the critical problems that have come to light through heightened public awareness

and the denial of permits being the vogue for new proposed sites for “sanitary landfills”, there are serious and immediate problems with the maintenance of old landfills: e.g. the fire and explosion risks prevailing, due to the production of methane and other inflammable gases via the anaerobic decomposition of fill; or the containment and remedial action problems associated with the migration of leachate into water courses and tables.

Accordingly, we must address a new era in waste and landfill management and operational technology; an era which demands maximizing use and minimizing risks in existing facilities whilst concurrently reducing the amounts of unsalvageable fill that is deposited into fast-declining fill areas.

ecoTECH encourages home, commerce, industry and institutional source separation initiatives and salvage programs.

However, we all know that such programs, however well intended and publicized, will only solve part of the problem. The answer is to process garbage; to remove all salvageable fractions (components) found in the solid waste stream; turn the remaining biomass into usable heat or electrical energy and deliver only the 5-20% residual to the landfill.

ecoTECH specializes in landfill replacement and the exploitation of the potential energy and salvageable waste stream components found in MSW and other garbage, industrial waste and decomposing landfills.

SustainabilityGleaning salvage for supply to manufacturers, foundries, etc. dramatically reduces the cost and energy requirements of industries that otherwise would have to rely on the supply of new commodities. The carbon footprint is dramatically reduced with recycling, plus the GHG emissions from transportation is likewise positively affected.

The ecoTECH garbage sorting and processing RDF gasification plant can provide clean energy in the forms of heat and electricity, with no airborne pollution, ground contamination or other traditional landfill problems, whilst reducing the amount sent to the landfill by 80-95%, (depending on the waste stream component mix). This can increase remaining landfill life three or four fold. The presence of the W2E CHP plant means that even closed landfills can still receive wastes, have revenue for maintenance and risk mitigation,

whilst ensuring control of GHG emissions, through utilization and oxidation of gases.

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Station Description # Description of operations at station Method Notes: (Illustrations # = Station #)

1 Receiving: "Hog feed" 1

Trucks tip wood wastes & tyres onto "live or walking floor" inset conveyors. This includes demolition wastes, transportation pallets and yard/forestry/agricultural biomass. Separate wood & tyre processing system produces combustible components that are added to the fuel blending and mixing system MSW feed.

Automatic see tyre & wood info

2 By-pass conveyor system 1 Moves wood and tyres to hog shredder, (see station # 37) Automatic see tyre & wood info

3 Receiving: "Tipping floor" 1 Trucks tip general waste (MSW) onto "live or walking floor" inset conveyors Automatic see illustration #3

4 Sorting: "Tipping floor" 1 Operators manually discard large unwanted items for custom stripping & salvage Manual see unwanted (problem) list

5 Bagged & mixed MSW separation 1 Bobcat movement then conveyor switching system, bags are hooked on Manual routes MSW two ways

6 Bagged waste stream: Bag Splitter 1 Laser guided water cutter removes bag bottoms, then airblast collapses bags Automatic contents routed to mixed MSW line

7 Bagged waste stream: Bag Salvage 1 Bags are specrographically sorted into separate colour recipient bins Automatic each bin has separate plastic salvage

8 Mixed waste scrutiny 1 Toxic, explosive and suspicious items are removed Manual sensors, x-ray and manual removal

9 Primary magnetic separation 1 Larger ferrous items are removed via a magnetic conveyor Automatic see detail image illustration #9

10 Primary flail mills 2 MSW is reduced to <85mm shards Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #10)

11 Secondary magnetic separation 2 Remaining ferrous items are removed via a magnetic conveyor Automatic see detail image illustration #9

12 Secondary flail mills 2 MSW is reduced to <55mm shards Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #12)

13 Disc Screen 1 Glass, brick, cement, pottery grinds drop out Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #13)

14 Eddy current separator 2 Aluminium shards are removed Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #14)

15 ecoTECH horizontal air separator 1 Combustible plastics and biomass are separated. Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #15)

16 Blending & mixing pit / hopper 1 Depends on site, but both systems use hollow opposing auger mixers Automatic pre-mixing & blending as fuel

17 Staging hopper 3* Agitated fuel hopper chews & feeds sublimation reactor fuel into fuel augur Automatic see image #17

18 Thermal sublimation reactor 3* Directly converts biomass and plastics into" producer gas" Automatic see producer gas definition

19 Sonic standing wave pulse burner 3* Burns producer gas with a radiant flame with near zero nitrous oxide emissions Automatic see sonic standing wave burner

20 Water decontamination 1 Filters inlet water, micro-filters then deaerates for evaporation process Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #20)

21 Water conditioning 1 Adds biological high temperature staph corrosion preventer Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #20)

22 Boiler & steam generation system 3* Boiler, superheater, reheater and economizer system Automatic superheated steam to high pressure turbine

23 Flue gas analyzer system 3* Controls on-demand exhaust scrubber system Automatic routes exhaust through scrubber if needed

24 Low pressure drop bubble scrubber 3* In the event of contaminants identified by gas analyzer Automatic removes problem emissions

25 Water recycling 1 Refilters water and adds the treated inlet water for circuit reinjection Automatic see detail info & image (illustration #20)

26 High pressure turbine generator 3* Converts steam to electrical energy Automatic 6 mW per thermal module

27 Reheater circuit 3* Steam exhaust from high pressure turbine to reheater section of the boiler Automatic reheated steam to low pressure turbine

28 Low pressure turbine generator 3* Converts reheated steam to electrical energy & condenses steam to water circuit Automatic 6 mW per thermal module

29 Electrical control circuit 1 Power station switch gear Automatic controls generation system

30 Power grid or user 1 Electricity consumer network Automatic power client(s)

31 Heat circuit 1 Hot oil thermal circuit for district heating or industrial use Automatic heat client(s)32 Magnetic ash separation conveyor 3* Removes ferrous (does not sublimate) from ash Automatic see image #9

key: 3* means for 36 mW power there are actually 4 of each (3 active energy system modules @12mW each + 1 module standby during operations)

Tyre & wood sub-circuit Description of operations at station Method Notes: (Illustrations # = Station #)33 Tyre (tire) shear 1 Chops large (agricultural, mine,truck) tires into sizes to fit the tire shredder Manual see image #33

34 Tyre shredder 2 Shreds car tyres and chopped large tyres into >50mm. pieces Automatic see image #34

35 Tyre grinder 2 Grinds tyre shred to crumb Automatic see image #35

36 Wood feedstock preparation 1 Tree limbs, demolition wastes chainsaw cut, sheared for hogger Manual can use power shear, discards gypsum wastes

37 Hogger shredder 2 Shears and shreds wood components, demolition wastes Automatic see image #37

38 Magnetic separation conveyor 1 Removes ferrous from tyre shred, crumb, wood shards Automatic see image #9

Problem (unwanted) Items Description of problem wastes & treatment Method Notes: (Illustrations # )1 Paint cans & solvent containers Contents emptied manually & pyrolyzed: still-precipitated as components Manual containers returned to mixed waste stream

2 Soft & upholstered furniture Manually broken up & fed to appropriate feed systems; wood, MSW, metal salvage Manual wood items to hogger/shredder3 Bricks, stones, concrete items Crushed & discarded to land fill Manual some used for roadbeds

4 Appliances, bicycles, large toys, etc. Plastics stripped out; to MSW feed. Metal crushed & sheared; to ferrous salvage Manual separate collection zone on tipping floor

5 Batteries , electronic items Set aside and sent to specialist recycling Manual separate collection zone on tipping floor

Description of recovered recyclables and useful wastes % of MSW Notes: (Illustrations # )1 Ferrous (iron & steel scrap) Depends on volumes of steel belt tyres, and other metal content (varies) average for North America

2 Aluminium (aluminum) Mainly cans, some vehicle wheels, discarded cookware, foil & foilware average for North America

3 Glass When ground very fine all glass is clear, uses for fillers, e.g. reflective signs average for North America

4 Wood If a separate feed is available, uses include pyrolyzed bio-oils, ethanol in this case, not included in RDF

5 Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF)Feed fuel for sublimation reactor, includes MSW gleaned biomass, shredded wood, tyre crumb, plastics, paper, cardboard. This is the main fuel.

tyre (tire) crumb includes rayon residuals

Salvage Items (products & by-products)

Waste Streams processing days = 260 days @ 8 hours : Power generation = 365 days @ 24 hours per day

System Description: How it Works

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System Description: How it Works

The brief per-station activity description on page 6 gives the outline operations and functions of the various sections of the plant. These fall into 10

categories:

1. Receiving (6 areas): MSW, C & D, Yard+ F & A, Tyres, Manure & Oversized (white goods, other appliances and furniture).

2. MSW processing

3. Wood, yard and construction/demolition process.

4. TDF production (maybe crumb by-product salable).

5. Manure treatment for fuel and bio-algal by-product.

6. Appliance, white goods & bulky item process.

7. Problem & toxic waste components, isolation and process or disposal.

8. Dispersal of gleanings for recycling.

9. Fuel blending & storage

10. Power generation & heat distribution

The description of the system operations that follows is necessarily brief. For a full description of the operations, please view the descriptions at the garbage processing section of our web site at www.etwm.ca/Garbage-to-Energy/.

Receiving: General Arrangement

Waste is delivered to the facility, generally segregated by the collection methods:

General Household Refuse: is delivered in garbage bags to the Tipping Floor

Woodwaste and Paper Wastes: are delivered to the woodwaste and tyre (tire) reception Tipping Pits.

Tyre Waste: is both whole tyres and reject rayon fibre waste from tyre crumb processing/recycling plants. Whole tyres are shredded and shipped to this facility as a value-added product, for a percentage of the tyre disposal fee.

ICI Wastes: are received and sorted in the woodwaste reception area.

Combustible Wood Debris, Garden Wastes: including felling residues, branches and slash, are delivered to the Hogger/ Rotary Shredder/Grinder area.

Large Timber Items: including poles, rail ties, fencing and, fallen trees are delivered to the Woodwaste Pit, where the tub grinder is fed by a swing-arm grab.

Tipping floor: Refuse

On the pre-sort floor, mobile equipment makes shunt-and-tip sorts into “waste stream fractions”; (bagged; loose; white goods; stones, bricks and

concrete; large wood and cardboard). The bagged and loose garbage proceeds to further processing stages. The balance of the material is separated into salvage containers and either sold to brokers or disposed of to recycle operations. That which cannot be recycled is landfilled, or sent to special waste establishments.

The main floor is a hydraulically operated “Moving Floor” conveyor. In moving floor conveyance, reciprocating aluminium slats serve as the floor of a trailer or bunker -- moving material in either direction with the action of the sequentially motivated slats. In a four-phase sequence, horizontal slats slide with a back-and-forth rather than up-and-down motion. In the first phase, one third of the slats slide under the material to be conveyed. The material doesn’t move because it is two thirds supported by the other slats.

In the second phase, another one-third of the slats slide under the material, followed by the third phase, in which remaining slats slide without the material moving. In the final phase, all slats move together, conveying the material about one foot , or 300mm. (see Illustration # 3 following)

Illustration # 3

Illustration # 9 Magnetic Belt Ferrous Separators

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Gross BioGenicNon-

BioGenicUsable as

fuelMaterial:

Paper & paperboard 32.7% 32.7% 32.7%Glass 5.3% 5.3%Metals

Ferrous 6.2% 6.2%Aluminium 1.3% 1.3%

Other non-ferrous 0.7% 0.7%total metals 8.2%

Plastics 12.1% 12.1% 10.0%Rubber & leather 2.9% 2.9% 2.9%Textiles 4.7% 4.7% 4.7%Wood 5.6% 5.6% 5.6%Other:

diapers, ,feces etc 0.9% 0.9% 0.9%batteries & electronic discards 0.8% 0.8%

total other 1.7%

Food scraps 12.5% 12.5% 12.5%Yard trimmings 12.8% 12.8% 12.8%Miscellaneous inorganic (crockery, etc) 1.5% 1.5%

percentages of gross weight 100.0% 72% 28% 82%

Percentages of MSW component categories by weight

System Description: How it Works

Bag Splitter and Pre-milling Area

The garbage bags are impaled on the spiked hub of an overhead conveyor. The conveyor travels to a high pressure jet (40,000 p.s.i.) water cutter, which shears the bottom of the bag, leaving the shorn base seam still attached by a small uncut tail. The contents tumble out of the bag, which is assisted in its collapse and disgorgement by air blasts from overhead nozzles.

Plan

View

Once the contents are removed from the bagged material, the bags travel on to a station where they are spectrographically sorted into colour types and recycled as colour matched plastic salvage.

The loose materials tumbled from the bags at the bag splitter/unloader station are then reduced in size in a flail mill and passed via a magnetic separator, (which removes any ferrous material) to secondary shear-milling stations for further size reduction.

Both walking floors leading to this area of the main processing floor have funnel-type deflector walls which force the garbage along narrowing paths to tumble down onto lifting feed-conveyor which travel up to the mill feed opening.

Plan view of area >>

Over the walking floors are hydraulic lift gates. In the event of a problem with a mill, these gates lower, deflecting the garbage onto alternative feed conveyors, which carry the garbage to the working mill.

Illustration # 6

Illustration # 9

Illustration #7

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System Description: How it WorksFlail Mills: Pulverizing & Screening

The latest generation of ecoTECH Primary Flail Mills are patent pending and of 7 chamber design. The flail mill uses less power than its counterpart hammer-

mill, (400 horsepower [300kw] as compared to 1500 horsepower [1119kw] for hammer-mills) .

It has better recorded history. Problems with flail damage from hard objects are resolved in this design which is believed to be the first to combine chain flails with the conventional shear flails

Garbage fed into the top encounters heavy, spinning chain flails, revolving at high speed. Top chains are 15 link, 6” x 1”[150 x 25mm]. Each top flail weighs circa 2001bs, [90 kg] and travel over a spinning 1”[25mm] thick stainless steel balancing shelf at 1800 RPM. Throat diameter is 125” (3.2m).

Impact of the flail with its tip travelling at 642.599 miles per hour (1028 k.p.h.), is preceded by a shock wave that disrupts and de-agglomerates most assemblages. Force at 50% mass is estimated at 2,889 lbf (12,850 Newtons). The arc of the chain stays in the horizontal plane centrifugally, but the nature of the link arrangement allows for impact deflection without damage and minimum wear to the flail.

The mill is driven by a 400 HP (300 kW) motor, through a heavy duty automatic transmission that facilitates downshift in high or overload conditions, with resultant reduction in chain velocity, so feed flow rates are an important factor in design. Staging pits (some not shown in diagrams) facilitate evening of load fluctuations throughout the system. Staging requirements depend on site and local flow-rates, waste stream variances and work shift cycling.

The refuse is struck by the flail and flung against the outer wall of the upper chamber. The softer fraction slides down the wall to encounter the next chamber. Hard items, bricks, stone, small castings, etc, ricochet off the upward sloping walls back into the flail path.

The chain flails comprise hardened links which strike the component at different angles. The links allow the flail to deflect on impact, preventing breakage of the flail, whilst the spinning shelf mass keeps the flail column in balance. The hard fractions, including glass, are pulverized by this action, falling through the mill sieve-grid floor to be pneumatically conveyed to waiting aggregate fines containers, sealed to prevent airborne particulate emission.

Illustration # 10

Items small enough to miss the chain flail sweep slide down the wall into the next chamber, encounter the next set of chain flails, set closer to the wall, which reduce the component sizes further.

Aerosol cans and other items that cause explosion in other plants using hammer-mill reduction instead of flail mills, burst harmlessly in the mill chamber (Hammer-mill systems downtime = 20% due to explosion; flail mill downtime = 6%; and then only in other systems with no presort floor. Problems arise from ropes, chains and wire entanglement).

The garbage medium travels down through the mill where it is sheared by the first fixed hardened steel chopping flail. Each flail mill chamber comprises a spinning circular balancing shelf surmounted by five hardened steel chopping blades which are set at different start angles for each chamber. Different from the open wall chain flail sections, each chamber has a narrow, fixed shelf lip that abuts to the vertical walls of the octagonal mill. The fixed shelf is on the same plane as the spinning shelf and has a hole in its centre, so that it forms a shear anvil for the spinning blades.

Chopping flail blades are down-angled at various pitches to drive the material in a compressive shear motion. The gap between the spinning and fixed anvil shelves progressively narrows from chamber to chamber, creating a situation where shorn material shards have to be smaller in each chamber to pass through the gap into the lower chamber.

Garbage media, gravity fed into the mill top chamber to start, is now driven down by action of the angled blades, to drop through the gap, hitting deflector plates that divert the media into the centre of the mill, where the spinning action centrifugally conveys it outward, to the next shear zone.

The penultimate active chamber has deep scoop blades mounted on its shelf which force the media through a funnelled exit and onto disc separator conveyors, where the hard component aggregate and glass fines are shaken out. Aggregate and dense component fines drop into the inlet of a pneumatic conveyor system after tumbling over an angled magnetic separator and are conveyed to a covered particulate and fines bin.

Disc Screen >>>>

The Secondary Flail Mills mentioned in the design are 180 HP (135kW) units of the same design, without chain flail

chambers and without the fines recovery system.

Illustration # 9

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Ferrous & Non-Ferrous Recovery for Recycling via Electro-magnetic Conveyors

and Eddy Current Separators

The magnet has an inverted “U” configuration between the conveyor surfaces. Ferrous metals are lifted from the mill discharge conveyors by the magnetic force of

the electro-magnet.

The larger flailed pieces, (squashed steel cans, etc.) are lifted together with the shattered cast steel/iron and particle ferric matter. The conveyor travels to the end of the force field, where it climbs the end roller axle.

At this point the force is broken, thus allowing the metal to fall by gravity into a waiting collection demountable container.

The same system is used to remove spikes and nails from the woodwaste stream in the other department, (ties & woodwaste), of the processing system. (See the image of an Eriez magnetic conveyor in the “Woodwaste” description further in this document).

Eddy Current Separators are increasingly used wherever separation of non-ferrous metals from a product stream can give a more valuable product, whether the end use is in recycling, reduction of waste, raw material production or any other process where separation is beneficial. Typical examples of applications are:

* Separation of non-ferrous metals in auto shredder residue

* Separation of non-ferrous metals from solid waste incinerator ash

* Sorting of steel and aluminium beverage cans

* Removal of contamination from crushed glass cullet

* Extraction of contaminants from process lines

* Separation of non-ferrous dross from foundry sand

* Non-ferrous metal removal in WEE recycling plants

* Removal of aluminium components in UPVC window recycling

Illustration # 9 (see page 7)

ecoTECH Horizontal Air-density Separating SystemThe unique component separation system utilizes thevariances indensityof themilledgarbage fractions.Withthe ferrous componentsmagnetically removed themilledmedium is in the formof shards that fall roughly ito twosizes.Thesizesareseparatedusingaclassifierdiscscreenandtheyareblownviaspecialnozzlesacrossanarrayofcaptureconveyorsthattakethedensityseparatedsalvageandrejectaggregatetowaitingbins.Thisisdescribedinthediagramsonthispage.

ecoPHASER Mk V

At the heart of an ecoTECH Material Recycling Facilities (MRF’s) an Eddy Current Separator will remove the non-ferrous metals from each domestic, commercial and industrial waste.

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Sawmill and Wood/Paper Waste System

Bark, slash, off-cuts, sawdust, shavings and hog fuel from the sawmills are dumped in a wood

waste pit from where it is flail and shear milled to a smaller, more uniform size and moved to a staging pit. From the staging pit it is moved in measured amounts to the main fuel storage pits where it is mixed with the other waste stream biomass materials .from the other waste streams.

Paper, pallets and cardboard wastes are received and processed by the wood system. Nails and pins, staples and brackets are liberated by the Shredder, Hogger and Flail Mills actions and are recovered by the magnetic conveyors as ferrous salvage.

Optional tyre (tire) recycling utilizing tyre components for combustion is available. This is best effected in conjunction with a local tyre recycler. Tyres can be processed jointly for a split of the disposal fee. For example, a tyre crumbing facility (the most common tyre recycler) would receive its own tyres for processing as would the waste-to-energy facility. Tyres received at the waste-to-energy operation would be shredded and delivered to the crumbing facility in bulk as shredded dense rubber salvage. In return, whilst the crumbing facilities have markets for crumb and recovered ply steel, they have no market for rayon strand, which is attached to rubber compound particles. The waste-to-energy facility acts as a disposal operation recipient of the rayon/rubber, which is very combustible.

Poles, rail ties and fencing are rendered separately by process rotation. The flail tears the wood up and it is stockpiled as feed standby, being turned over several times to allow any pentachlorophenol residue to photolyse before mixing with the fuel biomass.

The Construction & Demolition wastes come in a variety of conditions; some needing the MSW process to break up and separate as in the skip depicted right, or in organized orderly bundles as shown in the inset construction discards bag. The heavy duty system shown above can preprocess most of the items to a condition suitable for conveying to the material to the MSW processing area for secondary treatment.

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Refuse-Derived Fuel Mixing Pit

The mixing pit receives light combustibles from the garbage sorting and processing system and delivers a homogenous mix of fuel to the thermal (Phaser)

processing system.

This is achieved by the reciprocal action of rows of opposed-direction shear augurs which carry the mixtures bidirectionally, thoroughly mixing them. The pit has oscillating sides and baffles mounted on hollow rubber springs, plus vibrating vertical agitation chains that prevent cavitation or bridging of the material over the delivery augers.

The fuel now comprises only combustibles, . As the fuel is thoroughly mixed it travels to the centre aisle pit, which conveys fuel via a walking floor through the middle of the lower floor of the thermal power generation annex to the garbage processing building. The feeder pit and walking floor sit under the metal service walkway for the Phaser Combustion Systems Array.

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The Power StationOverview of the combustion and power generation system.

When looking at the requirements for thermal processes, where MSW is the prime ingredient and fuel, the variances of specifications and the actual make up of the received fuel

is of paramount importance in calculating throughput and volumes of fuel required. The local sources type and thermal yield, plus both the passenger inert materials and tramp contaminant content are factors that affect the throughput volume, efficiency and combustion gas quality/yield.

Removal of the unwanted, (non-hydrocarbon) content of the fuel, prior to thermally processing it to release its entrained gases, is a necessary action that must be performed to get optimum, uncontaminated, reliable quality gas for the production of heat.

Method: Using the normal arrangement of gasifying refuse-derived fuel where all of the feedstock undergoes solid to gas phase conversion by direct starved air (sub-stoichiometric) sublimation, will result in variances in the released gas stream, due to uncontrollable factors such as ambient temperature fluctuations, the tramp solvents in the fuel, the differences in volatility of plastics and their ratios, the presence of tyre component polymers and moisture content variances from climatic influences in storage or transit. Accordingly, we design a system that mitigates all the aforementioned performance detractors.

SSW 440 Hz Pulse Burner

schematic

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Material through system @ approximately 130,000 or 120,000Key: US measure data Blue

Key: Metric measure data Mauve # days 260 production of fuel for 365 days of 24 hour power generationGross mass to separation process (260 day work year) 100% 56 metric tonnes per hour 446 per day - 5 day work week

(260 day work year) or days per year tipping operations 100% 61 US tons per hour 490 per day - 5 day work week

Usable for fuel 46% 26 tonnes to fuel storage 11.91 metric tonnes required per hour260 day production basis of fuel to storage per hour 46% 28 tons to fuel storage 13.101 (365 day power generation year)

Production to usage buffer: (percentage - 365 day basis ) 111.06% 11.06% contingency for maintenance , stoppages and repairs.

Screened out to landfill & metal salvage (US measure data) 35.00% 44,612 US tons per year 172 per day - 5 day work weekmetal salvage from household & demolition 13.00% 12,428 US tons per year 48 per day - 5 day work week

rejected to landfill gross 25.25% 32,185 US tons per year 124 per day - 5 day work weekash generation to landfill gross 10.00% 8,285 US tons per year 32 per day - 5 day work week

if ash & agg used by cement works 12.53% 10,377 tons/yr to cement works 40 per day - 5 day work weeknet to landfill if cement works uses ash 17.11% 21,807 US tons per year 84 per day - 5 day work week

129,694 US tons per yearScreened out to landfill & metal salvage (metric data) 35.00% 40,557 metric tonnes/ year 156 per day - 5 day work week

metal salvage from household & demolition 13.00% 11,298 metric tonnes/ year 43 per day - 5 day work weekrejected to landfill gross 25.25% 29,259 metric tonnes/ year 113 per day - 5 day work week

ash generation to landfill gross 10.00% 7,532 metric tonnes/ year 29 per day - 5 day work weekif ash & agg used by cement works 12.53% 9,434 m tonnes/yr to cement 36 per day - 5 day work week

net to landfill if cement works uses ash 17.11% 19,825 metric tonnes/ year 76 per day - 5 day work week117,904 metric tonnes/ year

Truck movement cycles 25 tons per truck 23 tonnes per truckwaste deliveries: in inbound 5,099 truck movements per year 20 truck movements per dayexports: metal: out outbound 497 truck movements per year 2 truck movements per day

exports: reject to landfill: out outbound 872 truck movements per year 3 truck movements per dayexports: ash & aggegate: out outbound 415 truck movements per year 2 truck movements per day

Truck movement cycles total 6,883 truck movements per year 26 truck movements per day

Traffic through the facility : Logistics 3 trucks per hour; 8 hour day 3.31 trucks per hour mean averageExpected am loading 80.00% 5 trucks/hr (morning trash pickup) 21 truck movements per morningExpected pm loading 20.00% 1 trucks/hr (later deliveries: ICI etc) 5 truck movements per afternoon

Theoretical gross energy potential 69 mW/hrEfficiency factor: energy in heat or 2nd Cycle 66.00% 45 mW thermal loss 45.443 Heat energy residual (mW per hr)Net single cycle electrical energy forecast 34.00% 23 mW/hr 23.410 Power generation forecast: mW/hrCombined cycle potential 61.00% 42 mW/hr 42.000 Power generation forecast: mW/hr

US (short) tons per year metric tonnes per year

Sizing the Plant

The amount of fuel required:

The table below is an analysis of the amount of fuel required and the Municipal Waste truck movement, to produce 36 megaWatts per hour of electricity.

This guide shows that volume of generation is feasible, with healthy contingency margins, if the facility receives circa 500 tonnes of mixed waste per day.

The processing of the wastes into fuel and salvage is calculated on a single work shift, 260 days per year.

We need to average 11.1 tonnes per hour of 6-7,000 BTU/lb fuel, 365 days per year, hence the equivalencies shown in this generic example.

It is imperative to note that the example shown is a guide based on experience, but as each area waste stream, component mix, ambients and logistics are different, a full feasibility study must be undertaken to determine viability and planning for the project.

Variances such as “tipping fees”, transportation costs, climate and the amount of home recycling that removes combustibles affect profitability.

Sustainable Fuel Energy ecoPHASERCombined Solid to Gas Phase Thermal Reactor and Sonic Standing Wave Pulsed Oxidation Unit.

13

Energy conversion system

The energy conversion system consists of a number of solid to liquid-suspension (superheated steam) and solid to gas phase reactors, which are placed

in arrays, each fitted to a secondary stage cyclonic, over-fired thermal ramjet burner (“The ecoPHASER System”). A Phaser embodies a primary stage bio-gasification reactor/generator and a second stage high temperature sonic standing wave (near zero NOX) 440 Hz pulse burner.

The waste is fed into this system and fuelled by a combination of the biomass contained in the waste and, where landfill gas is available, 61% methane (CH4) natural bio-gas. Garbage-Waste-to-Energy (W2E) Power generation stations that are sited on covered and capped landfills with off-gas gathering systems enjoy the extra “free energy” boost. The gas is injected into the second stage of the Phaser in steam cogeneration systems or is filtered into the fuel injection systems of gas turbine cogeneration systems, also offered by ecoPHASER Energy Corp.

In the primary stage the waste is burned under starved air (sub-stoichiometric) conditions, so that it releases an inflammable gas mixture. Ash residue is minimal (circa 2%). The process is actually enhanced by the moisture content of the biomass fuel.

In the second stage, this inflammable gas mixture ignites, ensuring complete burnout of particular matter with temperatures sufficient to crack the hydrocarbons and break down gases to simple products of combustion, which are uniquely disrupted in recombination phasing by our Sonic Standing Wave pulse burner, drastically reducing the production of the polluting GHG molecules, NOX & SOX.

The inflammable gases that occur with the superheated steam plus released carbon are described in the following equation:

Csolid+H2O steam = CO + H2 *

* = per “Biomass Energy Systems & Technology (BEST) Project” research analysis by Winrock International Institute for Agricultural Development - 1998.

The secondary combustion chamber is connected to a heat extraction system (boilers etc), which generate steam for the turbines, powering the generators. Waste heat from the power generation process is fed through excess and residual energy recovery systems that feed industrial processes, provide district or local heating and preheat boiler influent water to prevent shocking of the boiler tubes or heat transfer vanes. The energy depleted exhaust is fed through wet, enhanced surface recovery (bubble) scrubber, on demand. The scrubber is not needed for most fuels, due to the phenomenon created by the SSW burner.

Firebox

Log Soak Tank

Debarker

Oil RadiatorOil Radiator

Peeled Logs

Solid to Gas Phase Reactor

Combustion Venturi & Burner

Oil-HeatedWater Boiler

Steam Storage

Drying Kiln

Screw Feed

Wood Residues Fuel

OIL Heat Exchanger

Waste Wood & bark

Hot ThermaxR Oil 675 o F 355 oC

Oil RadiatorOil Radiator

Hot Oil Hot Oil

Hot OilReturn

Humidifier

Small BoreSteam Feed

Large Bore Steam Feed

To Veneer Steam Processes

Hot Oil Hot Oil Return

Optional Mini TurbinePower System

RamJet

PHASER

TheecoTECH"ThermaxR"ProcessHeatDeliveryCircuitSystem:ThermaxR is a registered trade name of Royal Dutch Shell Corporation

14

GARBAGE MIX VARIATION

High Moisture (developing country) Municipal Solid Waste

Garbage is not the same worldwide. The examples shown previously in this brochure describe, remediate and derive energy in proven circumstance

North American, European, Australasian and other highly populated industrialized countries that have a much smaller percentage of low income or extremely poor regions.

The waste streams from developing high population countries have a much higher removal rate of gleaned recyclables, salvaged for income to the gleaners that often form the lower or zero income sector of the region, so there is a higher percentage of organic wastes in the form of slop-wastes and semi-dry food wastes, manure and other effluents.

The diagram on the opposite page shows the ecoTECH treatment process for high moisture and slop wastes, which uses a progressive series of anaerobic and aerobic cyles to derive energy and other by-products. In the diagram, the mechanical and thermo-chemical processes that are described heretofore form the left side of the enhanced system diagram, whereas the high moisture waste processing cascade is depicted on the right.

How it works:We term food wastes, manures or process effluent “slop wastes”. This is often 40-50% of the entire waste stream.

Digestion:The slop wastes are augured, extruded or pumped into an empty unit of an array of temperature controlled Anaerobic Digesters. As the Anaerobic digestive process takes 48 - 72 hours, it is necessary to introduce the slop medium on a daily basis to one third of the digesters (batch processing).

The digesters function in a de-oxidized environment, where microbial deagglomeration and breakdown of the medium occurs, releasing off-gases comprising mainly of close to 50% methane (CH4), a small volume of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and circa 50% carbon dioxide (CO2).

Digester gas treatment:The off-gases are pressure-segregated in a Whitefox membrane separator into two streams. The CO2 is piped to the Algae Tank Building (described later), whilst the methane and undesirable aromatics are piped directly to the ecoPHASER SSW burners, giving a calorific uplift to the producer gases that are generated from the solid waste sublimation reactor sections of the ecoPHASERs.

Csolid+H2O steam = CO + CH4(digester gas)+H2 +PAH(mixed)

Polyaromatic hydrocarbons are highly carcinogenic ubiquitous industrial wastes, that can also arise from the decomposition of foods. As these are formed from fused benzene rings of carbon and hydrogen, their components disassociate at high temperature and are oxidized.

Digestate (residue sludge) treatment:The anaerobic sludge and mixed liquid effluent from the digesters is piped to aeration tanks, where they are air sparged to fully oxygenate and homogenize the medium into a high particulate organic aerobic slurry.

The slurry may be further diluted with fresh water at this time to produce a more biologically supportive marine plant nutrient medium. In some circumstances it will be mixed with coarse-filtered sewage or manure at this stage.

The aerobic medum is cascade filtered to remove lumps, which are deaggomerated in a murator (grinder-pump), to be reintroduced to the medium as a slurry. The now dilute slurry is piped into the Algae Building.

Slurry treatment and algae production:The Algae Building is a greenhouse containing a series of covered recirculating pools with clear covers, 18 hours per day light comprising sunlight until dusk, then light augmented by spectrum-tuned LED growlights to achieve the optimum growth to transpiration ratio. Carbon dioxide from the digester gas separator unit is fed through the contained pool atmoshere by bubbling it through the medium via sparging nozzles.

In the pool are arrays of slowly revolving Algae Wheels. The AlgaeWheelR Process and its intellectual property are owned by Algae Wheel Inc., (www.algaewheel.com) and licensed to each installation. The Algaewheel® system was designed as an advanced biological process for conventional wastewater treatment facilities. Algae can metabolize sewage far more rapidly than bacterial treatment. Treatment is more complete and more rapid since bacteriological treatment is a process of decay whereas algae treatment is one of conversion of organic matter to living, healthy plant species.

Why The AlgaeWheelR WorksFunctionally, the wheel offers a suitable environment where bacteria and algae work in a symbiotic fashion to efficiently synthesize living organic mass from the nutrients in a variety of wastewaters. Algae and bacteria function well together because each organism provides a vital source of energy for the other. Bacteria convert the available organic matter into carbon dioxide (CO2) which is readily useable by algae. Algae create oxygen (O2) which the bacteria use during cellular growth. Bacterial conversion of wastewater nutrients is generally represented in the following equation.

(CH2O) +O2 --> CO2 + H2O

1515

High Moisture Garbage

16

It is important to note that the O2

consumed in bacterial treatment represents direct energy input since oxygen must be pumped into the treatment process by mechanical means. O2 added through certain photosynthetic organisms such as algae is generally represented by the

following equation where solar energy provides the energy needed to supply oxygen for bacterial conversion.

CO2 + 2H2O +Solar Energy --> (CH2O) + O2+ H2O

As the foregoing equations suggest, there is a mutually beneficial relationship between bacteria and algae. By removal of organic carbon at the front of the process and introduction of CO2 into the algaewheel system, we can maximize algal biomass production by limiting the competition from bacteria.

Oxygen produced by algae through photosynthesis replaces the need for costly mechanical oxidation of the wastewater. Also the symbiotic relationship between algae and bacteria provide a balanced environment where wastewater nutrients are most efficiently converted into biomass in less time and at less cost. The input air and carbon dioxide bubble lift drives the wheel and no mechanical drives are necessary. There may be 500 wheels in a system.

Processing the algaeAs the Algae reaches a length of growth where it can be trimmed, it is sheared from the wheel, in a continuous harvest cycle of the generated biomass. The biomass is squeezed dry through a rotary press, yielding 40-60% bio-oil by weight. The dry biomass residual is then transferred to the Bio-StillR for pyrolysis (energy from the ThermaxR circuit) and precipitation into bio-diesel, cellulose, hemi-cellulose and lignin.

The Bio-Still:

Products & Uses:

Bio-Oils From Hemicellulose:

• Sugars,

• Proteins,

• Fertilizer,

• DieselReplacement,

• HeatingFuel

From Lignin:• Sealants,

• Adhesives,

• Binders

From Cellulose:• NaturalAntifreeze,

• Sugars,

• Solvents

Char• ActivatedCarbon,

• Fertilizer

Product Yields;• PyroOil 63%• Char 22%• NonCondensableGases,[NCG] 15%(pipedtofirebox&oxidized)

17

The Bio-Oil algae development and press

The Bio-Still Process:

Algae Derived Oil and Clean WaterThe extraordinary growth rate and capture and conversion of the majority of noxious and undesirable components in effluent streams makes algae the fastest most economical and highest yielder of bio-oil, whilst providing an invaluable delivery of clean water.

The water can be further polished to potable standards with filtration through the Bio-Still’s by-product bio-char, which can be turned into activated carbon filtration medium by steam reforming, using returning steam from the power generating steam turbines, taken off before condensation.

Normally, the water from the algae tanks will be clean and oxygenated enough for pumping to the environment via a local watercourse. Some, however, completes the water circuit for boiler top up via the water make-up and conditioning system of the powerplant and some is used the dilute the digestate sludges prior to air sparging.

We believe the ecoTECH W2E CHP System is the most comprehensive full solution available today. The ecoTECH slogan that “Waste is the ultimate resource” is evident in every application.

ECTH Target:CLEAN, SUSTAINABLE, ECOLOGICALLY ACCEPTABLE ENERGY FROM DISCARDED AND UNUSED BIOMASS >>>

An Algae-oil Press

© C. Victor Hall & ecoTECH Waste Management Systems (1991) Inc. 8th March 1991

© System Design Copyright C. Victor Hall 1979-2012

ecoTECH Energy Group Incorporated.USA & Canada

e-mail: info@etwm.caTelephone: +1 604 755 9363

Telefacsimile: +1 604 357 1363www.ecotechenergygroup.com & www.ecth.com Stock Symbol OTC:BB ECTH

www.etwm.ca : www.ecophaser.ca : www.ecogrow.ca