waste water assessment at a distillery/beverage …

© 2019 JETIR April 2019, Volume 6, Issue 4 www.jetir.org (ISSN-2349-5162)

JETIR1904E65 Journal of Emerging Technologies and Innovative Research (JETIR) www.jetir.org 403

WASTE WATER ASSESSMENT AT A

DISTILLERY/BEVERAGE UNIT, SITAPUR

USING CORN COBS

MOHIT YADAV 1 AND RAJIV BANERJEE 2

1 M.tech Scholar, Environmental Engineering, Integral University,Lucknow 2 Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering. Integral University,Lucknow

ABSTRACT

Water is used in most process industries for a wide range of applications. Processes and systems using water

today are being subjected to increasingly strict environmental regulations on effluents and there is growing

demand for fresh water. These changes have increased the need for better water management and

wastewater minimization. The combination of water demand management and cleaner production concepts

have resulted in both economic and ecological benefits. Beverage industry requires huge amount of fresh

water, generating considerable amount of polluted waste water during different processes including drink

production, washing bottles, plant washdown as well as washing the floors and the general work area.

Untreated effluent is found to have high contents of BOD ,very low contents of DO and high COD also.

Most of the industries do not reuse the waste water and are consuming bulk of fresh water. If we treat this

waste water with the help of corn cobs then this waste water can be treated to a standard useful for

irrigation.The beverage industry is one of the major industries in India and the present study will be

conducted on the distillery industry at Dalmiya Mills,Sitapur to assess the feasibility of reuse of wastewater

form bottle washing plant by conducting treatment test, like dilution of the waste water in different ratios,

reverse osmosis and coagulation. The results reflect that the treated effluents are not highly polluted and

they satisfy the Bureau of Indian Standards values and therefore can be used for irrigation purposes. Treated

effluent of distillery plant which is well balanced of chemicals if it is diluted with fresh water and will be

suitable for irrigation purposes.

1.INTRODUCTION

Distillery industries are one of the most polluting industries. In India there are about 613 sugar mills and

307 distilleries with a total installed capacity of 3289 million litres per annum and a yearly production of

1723 million litres alcohol. Alcohol is produced from molasses by two type of fermentation processes,Praj

type and Alfa Laval distillation. In Praj type one litre of alcohol produces about 12-15 litres of spent wash

where as in the Alfa Laval continuous fermentation and distillation process only 7-8 litres of waste water

per litres of alcohol is produced.The effluent coming from distillery industry is highly polluted which seeps

into the ground ultimately contaminating the ground water. A maximum number of distilleries is present in

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Maharashtra (67) with an annual capacity of about 625 million litres of alcohol per year and an effluent

generation of about 9367 million liter per year, approximately.

Alcohol (preferably ethanol) is mainly produced from cellulosic materials. Raw materials, mainly used

in distilleries are sugarcane molasses, grains, grapes, sugarcane juice, and barley malt. Alcohol production

in distilleries consists of four main steps which are feed preparation, fermentation, distillation, and

packaging. Diluted sugarcane molasses is inoculated with yeast and fermented in either batch or continuous

mode to yield a broth containing 6–8% ethanol. In the continuous process, the cellulosic materials first

delignified and hemi-cellulose and cellulose are subsequently acid hydrolyzed into simple sugars. These

sugars are fermented in the presence of yeast to yield ethanol and carbon dioxide. The alcohol vapor is

removed from the fermentation solution under reduced pressure and subsequently distilled. Carbon dioxide

gas may be sparged throughout the fermenting solution in order to aid in the removal of the alcohol from the

fermenting solution. The gaseous carbon dioxide is captured and utilized for the manufacture of additional

quantities of ethanol or other basic chemicals.

Figure 1 –Production of alcohol at a Distillery Unit




2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1) Joel Tshuma et.al.(2016)1 –According to these authors a detailed beverage effluent treatment

technology was developed in a period of 4 months, using samples from an operating beverage plant. The

total number of samples collected were 1304. The volume of the sample collected hourly was 500ml for 4

hours to give a composite sample. The plant operated continuously for 6 days a week and had two-12 hour

shifts a day. The technology consisted of four water treatment methods combined consecutively which were

chemical, physical, biological and physical treatment methods. The aim of developing the technology was

The average percentage reduction in COD and TSS was 91.1% and 90.6% respectively. The pH was

adjusted to 8.05. The obtained results indicated that the developed technology was effective for treating

beverage wastewater at ambient temperature to meet the quality of effluent that can be discharged into

public water works.

2.2) Joe Beah et.al.(2017)3 -This analysis of industrial effluents at Sierra Leone Bottling Company Limited

(SLBC) in Freetown, the capital city of Sierra Leone were conducted to assess its composition, and removal

efficiency of physio-chemical parameters. Fifteen (15) samples were collected from the drain water

(influent), pretreatment effluent and treated effluent (effluent) for five days. There were significantly higher

concentrations of influents parameters relative to those of the corresponding effluents. The influent levels

were checked for pH, electrical conductivity and chloride were higher than permissible threshold. 80% of

the samples at the influent point were within permissible guideline for TDS but all were in total agreement

with the effluent samples for the same parameter.

2.3) Marin Matosic et al.(2008)6-The paper reports on the results of treatment of wastewater from the

bottling of water and soft drinks with a membrane bioreactor (MBR) pilot plant. The existing conventional

activated sludge process could not produce effluent suitable for discharge due to significant fluctuations of

wastewater composition and flow rate. MBR successfully removed pollutants measured as COD, BOD and

TOC from the wastewater with an efficiency of over 90%.

2.4) Emrah Alkayaa and Göksel Niyazi Demire (2015)2 -The aim of this study was to investigate water

conservation and reuse opportunities in a soft drink/beverage manufacturing company. Water use analysis

was carried out to determine the areas and processes where significant water saving potential is present.

Based on evaluations, water recycling and reuse practices were realized in cooling systems. As a result of

applying these practices, the total specific cooling water demand oft the company was reduced from 14.4 to

1.2 m3/m3 product or by 91.8%. Moreover, the total specific water intensity of the company was decreased

by 55.0%. Thus, the achieved total annual water saving was 503,893 m3.

2.5) Remya Neelanchari et al.(2018)10- The study investigated the photolytic and photocatalytic treatment

of soft drink industry wastewater (SDIW) in presence of microwave (MW) irradiation. The treatment

efficiency was investigated in terms of removal rate of chemical oxygen demand (COD), total nitrogen and




total phosphate in microwave photolysis (MWP) system, MW photo catalytic system with one and two

electrode less discharge lamp (EDL), denoted as MWPC-1 and MWPC-2 respectively.

2.6) Yingjun Chen et al.(2017)4 - Beverage industries are one of the most polluting industries producing

huge amount of wastewater effluents. The aim of this study was to determine the status of waste water

effluent discharge of beverage industry in Ethiopia. Samples were collected from 8 beverage industries’

wastewater effluent discharge end pipe and examined for different physico-Chemical parameters such as:

COD, BOD, TSS, ammonia, total nitrogen, PH and phosphate. The observed values were ranged between 9

- 397.5 mg/L for TSS, 0.185 - 69.7 mg/l for phosphate, 0.265 - 71 mg/l for ammonia, 226 - 1975 mg/l for

COD, 15 - 576 mg/L for BOD, 4 - 86.6 mg/l for total nitrogen and 5.21 - 12.37 for PH.

2.7) Mona Amin et.al (2016)8– These authors put forward a result based on a successful experimental result

from laboratory and treatment of wastewater from beverages industry.. Experimental results have been

considered as the basis for full scale design of the industrial capacity of 1600m3/day treatment plant. Final

effluent characteristics after treatment resulted in reducing COD and BOD by about 97% and 95%

respectively. So it is recommended to reuse treated waste wate in textile industry for dyeing purposes and

other in house cleaning processes.

2.8) Ran Mei et al.(2015)9– According to these authors the anaerobic packed-bed (AP) and hybrid packed-

bed (HP) reactors containing methanogenic microbial consortia were applied to treat synthetic soft drink

wastewater, which contains polyethylene glycol (PEG) and fructose as the primary constituents. The AP and

HP reactors achieved high COD removal efficiency (>95%) after 80 and 33 days of the operation,

respectively, and operated stably over 2 years.

2.9) Nafees Mohammad et.al(2013)7- The objective of this study was to investigate the potential for

reducing freshwater consumption through recycling,low cost wastewater treatment and beneficial use of

sludge of beverage industry at Hattar industrial estate (HIE), Haripur, Pakistan, under the concept of clean

technology and water recycling. Samples were collected from end of pipe and analyzed for various physico-

chemical parameters such as flow rate, temperature, conductivity, odor, chloride, sulfate, sodium and

calcium which were found below the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQs), while pH, color,

turbidity, alkalinity, hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and chemical

oxygen demand (COD) were found above the NEQs level..

2.10) K M Hossain et al.(2007)5 - According to these authors various types of waste effluents produced by

two industries were studied to verify their environmental effects and to prepare a suggestion for

management of those wastes. Two types of wastes were considered- wastewater and solid wastes. Analysis

on three samples of wastewater was performed to determine the physical, chemical, organic and biological

pollution. The pH values were 6.58, 6.75 & 6.64; amount of TDS were 235, 241 & 270 ppm; total hardness

were 126, 123 & 144 ppm; calcium hardness were 105, 99 & 122 ppm, all the values of P-alkalinity were




zero and values of M-alkalinity were 40, 40 & 45 mg/l. Iron concentrations were 0.21, 0.18 & 0.19 mg/l.

Results.

3. Treatment options of distillery spent wash

Current treatment options used to treat distillery spent wash includes physical, chemical, physicochemical

and biological methods before its disposal. The selection of treatment methods depends on various factors

such as treatment efficiency, treatment cost, local geography, climate, land use, regulatory constraints, and

public acceptance of the treatment.

3.1. Physical treatment

Physical treatment methods are used at the initial stage of effluent treatment. Various physical treatment

methods currently being used in distillery wastewater treatment are screening, flow equalization mixing,

flotation, and sedimentation. Adsorption is also a one of the most widely used physical method. Adsorption

on activated carbon is widely employed for removal of colour and specific organic pollutants. Physical

treatment is used to decrease suspended/settable solids from wastewater which may be removed

inexpensively via sedimentation by using the force of gravity to separate suspended material, oil, and grease

from the wastewater reported removal of total suspended solids (TSS) by passing wastewater through a fine

granular media such as sand, the particles are captured in the fine pores and sorbed on the surface of the

granular media. Distillery wastewater treatment by the membrane-based nano-filtration and reverse osmosis

processes. It reported that membrane based nano-filtration and reverse osmosis processes can be used to

reduce the total dissolved solids (TDS), COD, and potassium (K+) content of distillery wastewater by 99.80,

99.90, and 99.99%, respectively.

3.2. Chemical treatment

During chemical wastewater treatment, compound like chlorine (Cl2), oxygen (O2), ozone (O3), and

permanganate (MnO4) are added to the wastewater to oxidize the wastewater components into carbon

dioxide (CO2), water, inorganic matter, and other harmless products .Coagulation and flocculation processes

are used for rapid and economical removal of suspended, inert, or undesirable colloidal materials in

industrial waste.

Reported suggest that treatment of distillery wastewater using iron sulfate (Fe2 (SO4)3) as a coagulant results

in 40% removal of wastewater pollutants and it also achieved 55% reduction in COD by using integrated

Fenton-coagulant/flocculation process in distillery wastewater treatment. In another report, addition of

ferrous sulfate, aluminum chloride, calcium oxide, ferric chloride along with coagulants reduced the colour

to 95%, 74.4%, 80.2%, and 83%, respectively, while COD was reduced as 78%, 61.3%, 39.8%, and 55%,

respectively.




3.3 Biotechnological/biological processes

All biological treatment processes depends upon the natural growth and selection of microorganisms in a

suspended culture or fixed film. During the treatment process, these microorganisms utilize pollutants for

growth and convert the organic substrate in the wastewater into simpler substances such as CO2 and water,

in the presence (aerobic) or absence (anaerobic) of O2. Biotechnology treatment encompasses a range of

scientific and engineering techniques for applying biological systems to the manufacture or transformation

of valuable materials or the elimination of problematic, often poisonous, liquid, solid, or gaseous wastes.

There are a number of waste treatment systems which are based on aerobic and/or anaerobic microbial

action to the wastewater.This approach can remove most of the biologically removable organics, CODs, and

colour. Identification and optimization of biotechnological treatment methods is a necessity of the present

time. Various biotechnical/biological processes are being practiced successfully to remove the high

pollution load from the distillery wastewater.

4. Preparation of Corn Cobs Activated Carbon

Maize is a popular cereal crop cultivated in many parts of the world. During the processing and production

of corn, several wastes are generated including corn cobs and corn husk. The world production of corn

increased in the 1980s, which also implies a high amount of corn cob waste. It is estimated that about 18 kg

of cobs are obtained from every 100 kg of corn produced. The corn cobs are regarded as carbonaceous

materials but a greater percentage of it, for example in India, ends up in landfills as waste.

In recent times, various low-cost activated carbons derived from carbonaceous agricultural wastes, including

coconut shells, palm kernel shells , chickpea husks and corn cobs are used as adsorbents for gases and

liquid phase pollutants. Treatment of water in India is done by several processes such as ion exchange,

chemical precipitation and solvent extraction. However, these processes are very selective and expensive.

These Corns were collected from a village near Sitapur and dried in sunlight for 8 hours after consumption.

After the drying process these corn cobs were cut into very small pieces and washed thouroughly and dried

again in sunlight for 8 hours.The dried corn cobs were then treated with a combination of H2SO4 and

H3PO4 in ratio 1:1 as an activating agent for producing activated carbon.The sample was then dried in a hot

air oven for 24 hours.After this these corn cobs were processed in microwave at 120 0 C for about 30

minutes. It was finely distributed after getting jetblack colour into smaller powdery form.The prepared Corn

cobs are then analyzed for pH,moisture content,conductivity,ash content and volatile matter content to

ensure everything is under the permissible standards.




4.1. Characterization of Corn Cobs Activated Carbon

High moisture content is not desirable as it diluted the adsorption capacity of the activated carbon and

thus,larger dosage would be required. The corn cobs contained 19.50 wt% fixed carbon, 68.62 wt% volatile

matter, 4.41 wt% ash and 5.23 wt% moisture. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen contents were also

analysed which came to be as 44.57 wt%, 6.26 wt% and 1.30 wt%, respectively.

5. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

5.1 Effect of Contact Time

The contact time is one of the most important parameters that should be considered in adsorption

experiments.The contact time between the pollutants and adsorbent plays a pivotal role in adsorption

treatment of waste water. Tables and Graphs represent the effect of contact time on reduction of all physic-

chemical parametric value.

Observation Table 5.1 on COD (contact time 6 hours) in mg/l

S. No. COD (1

hour)

COD(2hour) COD(4

hours)

COD(6hours) Adsorbent

1 10,420 10,310 5,450 3,450 5 gm CCAC

2 10,300 9,430 4,560 3170 10 gm CCAC

3 10,210 9,120 4,130 2150 15 gm CCAC

4 10,110 8,560 3,140 1560 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table 5.2 on Colour (contact time 6 hours) in Hazen units

S. No. Colour(1

hour)

Colour(2

hour)

Colour(4hour) Colour(6

hour)

Adsorbent

1 3 2.5 2.1 1.7 5 gm CCAC

2 2.8 2.4 2 1.5 10 m CCAC

3 2.7 2.4 1.8 1.2 15 gm CCAC

4 2.6 2.3 1.5 0.8 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table 5.3 on Electrical Conductivity (contact time 6 hours) in Siemens




S. No. EC(1 hour) EC(2 hour) EC(4 hours) EC(6 hours) Adsorbent

1 28 26 18 16 5 gm CCAC

2 27 25 17 14 10 gm CCAC

3 27 24 15 9 15 gm CCAC

4 26 20 13 5 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table 5.4 on Hardness in mg/l as Calcium Carbonate

S. No. Hardness(1

hr)

Hardness(2

hr)

Hardness(4

hour)

Hardness (6

hour)

Adsorbent

1 180 170 120 100 5 gm CCAC

2 170 160 110 80 10 gm CCAC

3 170 150 100 70 15 gm CCAC

4 170 140 80 50 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table 5.5 on Turbidity in NTU

S. No. Turbidity(1

hr)

Turbidity(2

hr)

Turbidity(4

hour)

Turbidity(6

hours)

Adsorbent

1 45 40 34 30 5 gm CCAC

2 43 38 32 28 10 gm CCAC

3 42 36 30 25 15 gm CCAC

4 42 35 28 22 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table 5.6 on Total Solids in mg/l

S. No. Total

Solids(1

hour)

Total

Solids(2

hours)

Total

Solids(4

hours)

Total

Solids(6

hours)

Adsorbent

1 30230 27600 22300 14670 5 gm CCAC

2 30140 26570 21340 13480 10 gm CCAC




3 30110 25460 20320 12360 15 gm CCAC

4 30070 24340 19400 11340 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table on 5.7 Nitrogen in mg/l

S. No. Nitrogen(1

hour)

Nitrogen(2

hours)

Nitrogen(4

hours)

Nitrogen(6

hours)

Adsorbent

1 980 930 820 770 5 gm CCAC

2 930 880 750 710 10 gm CCAC

3 910 850 620 510 15 gm CCAC

4 890 820 590 320 20 gm CCAC

Observation Table 5.8 on Chloride in mg/l

S. No. Chloride(1

hour)

Chloride(2

hours)

Chloride(4

hours)

Chloride(6

hours)

Adsorbent

1 5150 5070 4540 4150 5 gm CCAC

2 5100 5030 4320 3450 10 gm CCAC

3 5090 4980 3850 2460 15 gm CCAC

4 5070 4910 3270 1630 20 gm CCAC




Graph 1 on Effect of Contact Time on removal of Colour

Graph 2 on Effect of contact time on removal of Chemical Oxygen Demand

Graph 3 on Effect of contact time on removal of Electrical Conducivity

COD(1 hour) COD(2 hours) COD( 4 hours) COD(6 hours)

5 gm CCAC 10420 10310 5450 3450

10 gm CCAC 10300 9430 4560 3170

15 gm CCAC 10210 9120 4130 2150

20 gm CCAC 10110 8560 3140 1560

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

Ch

em

ical

Oxy

gen

De

me

and

Mg/l

EC(1 hour) EC(2 hours) EC(3 hours) EC(4 hours)

5 gm CCAC 28 26 18 16

10 gm CCAC 27 25 17 14

15 gm CCAC 27 24 15 9

20 gm CCAC 26 20 13 5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Ele

ctri

cal C

on

du

ctiv

ity

Seimens unit




Graph 4 on Effect of contact time on removal of Hardness

Graph 5 on Effect of contact time on removal of Turbidity

Hardness(1hour)

Hardness(2hours)

Hardness(4hours)

Hardness( 6hours)

5 gm CCAC 180 170 120 100

10 gm CCAC 170 160 110 80

15 gm CCAC 170 150 100 70

20 gm CCAC 170 140 80 50

020406080

100120140160180200

Har

dn

ess

mg/l in terms of Calcium Carbonate

Turbidity( 1hour)Turbbidity(2

hour)Turbidity(4

hours)Turbidity(6

hours)

5 gm CCAC 45 40 34 30

10 gm CCAC 43 38 36 35

15 gm CCAC 42 36 30 25

20 gm CCAC 42 35 28 22

05

101520253035404550

Turb

idit

y

NTU unit




Graph 6 on Effect of contact time on removal of Total Solids

Graph 7 on Effect of contact time on removal of Nitrogen

Total Solids(1hours)




5 gm CCAC 30230 27600 22300 14670

10 gm CCAC 30140 26570 21340 13480

15 gm CCAC 30110 25460 20320 12360

20 gm CCAC 30070 24340 19400 11340

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

Tota

l So

lids

Mg/l

Nitrogen(1 hour)Nitrogen(2

hours)Nitrogen(4

hours)Nitrogen(6

hours)

5 gm CCAC 980 930 820 770

10 gm CCAC 930 880 750 710

15 gm CCAC 910 850 620 510

20 gm CCAC 890 820 590 320

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

Nit

roge

n

Mg/l




Graph 8 on Effect of contact time on removal of Chlorides

5.2 Effect of adsorbent Dosage

The adsorbent dosage is also a very important parameter in adsorption studies because it determines the

capacity of adsorbent. The experiments were carried at optimum contact time of 6 hours.Amount of

adsorbent used was 20 grams of Corn Cobs Activated Carbon. Increase in quantity of activated carbon

increased the percentage removal of pollutants from the waste water.This was due to more surface area

availability and more surface functional groups. The following charts explain this aspect further.

Chloride(1 hour)Chloride(2

hours)Chloride(4

hours)Chloride(6

hours)

5 gm CCAC 5150 5070 4540 4150

10 gm CCAC 5100 5030 4320 3450

15 gm CCAC 5090 4980 3850 2460

20 gm CCAC 5070 4910 3270 1630

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Ch

lori

de

mg/l




Chart 1 on Effect of 6 hour contact time @ 20 gm CCAC on Waste water


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Colour( 1 hour) Colour(2 hours) Colour( 4 hours) Colour(6 hours)

Co

lou

r

Colour( 1 hour) Colour(2 hours) Colour( 4 hours) Colour(6 hours)

20 gm CCAC 2.6 2.3 1.5 0.8

Hazen Units

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

COD(1 hour) COD(2 hour) COD(4 hours) COD(6 hours)

20 gm CCAC 10110 8560 3140 1560

Ch

em

ical

Oxy

gen

De

man

d

Mg/l






0

5

10

15

20

25

30

EC(1 hour) EC(2 hours) EC(4 hours) EC(6 hours)

20 gm CCAC 26 20 13 5

Ele

ctri

cal C

on

du

ctiv

ity

Seimens unit

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

Hardness( 1hour)

Hardness(2hours)

Hardness(4hours)

Hardness(6hours)

20 gm CCAC 170 140 80 50

Har

dn

ess

Mg/l in terms of Calcium Carbonate






0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

TS( 1hour) TS(2 hours) TS(4 hours) TS(6 hours)

20 gm CCAC 30070 24340 19400 11340

Tota

l So

lids

Mg/l

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Turbidity(1hour)

Turbidity(2hours)

Turbidity(4hours)

Turbidity(6hours)

20 gm CCAC 42 35 28 22

Turb

idit

y

NTU units






0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

pH( 1hour) pH(2 hours) pH(4 hours) pH( 6 hours)

20 gm CCAC 3.6 4.5 5.4 6.1

pH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

Nitrogen(1hour)

Nitrogen(2hours)

Nitrogen(4hours)

Nitrogen(6hours)

20 gm CCAC 890 820 590 320

Nit

roge

n

Mg/l






5.3 Conclusions

The present study investigated the effectiveness of Corn Cobs activated carbon(CCAC) for the treatment of

biomethanated distillery condensate waste water. The studies revealed that maximum removal of COD,Total

Solids,Colour,Nitrogen,Chloride,BOD,Hardness was 85.02

%,65.24%,73.33%,67.34%,68.3%,80.4%,72.22%.respectively are obtained at an optimum operating

parameters of 6 hours of contact time when treated with a CCAC dose of 20 gm/mL.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

Chloride(1hour)

Chloride(2hours)

Chloride(4hours)

Chloride(6hours)

20 gm CCAC 5070 4910 3270 1630

Ch

lori

de

Mg/l

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

BOD(1 hour) BOD(2 hours) BOD(4 hours) BOD(6 hours)

20 gm CCAC 4350 3540 1480 850

Bio

logi

cal O

xyge

n D

em

and

Mg/l




REFERENCES

1) Joel Tshuma et al., Beverage Effluent Treatment Technology, American Journal of Engineering

Research (AJER) e-ISSN: 2320-0847 p-ISSN : 2320-0936 Volume-5, Issue-10, pp-01-09 (2016).

2) Emrah Alkaya and Goksel demirer, Water recycling and reuse in soft drink/beverage industry: A

case study for sustainable industrial water management in Turkey ,Resources Conservation and

Recycling Journal.( September 2015).

3) Joe Beah et al.,Wastewater Effluents at Sierra Leone Bottling Company Limited: Composition,

Assessment and Removal Efficiency of Physico-chemical Parameters Journal of Water Resources

and Ocean Science (May 2nd 2017; 6(3): 46-50).

4) Yingjun Chen et al., Analysis of Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Effluents from Beverage

Industry in Ethiopia, Journal of Geoscience and Environment Protection, (25th June 2017, 5, 172-

182).

5) K M Hossain et al. , A Study on Industrial Waste Effluents and Their Management at Selected Food

and Beverage Industries of Bangladesh, J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. December, 2007 Vol. 11(4)

5 – 9.

6) Marin Matosic et al., Treatment of beverage production wastewater by membrane bioreactor ,

Science Direct (25 April,2008).

7) Nafees Mohammad et al., Low Cost water treatment at beverage industry, International Journal of

Environmental Protection , Vol. 3 Iss. 11, PP. 23-28 (November 2013).

8) Mona Amin et. al., Design parameters for waste effluent treatment unit from beverages production,

Ain Shams Engineering Journal(25th April 2016).

9) Ran Mei et al. Microbial Community Analysis of anaerobic reactors treating Soft Drink waste water

, PLoS ONE 10(3): e0119131 ·(10th January 2015).

10) Remya Neelanchary et al., Soft drink industry wastewater treatment in microwave photo catalytic

system – Exploration of removal efficiency and degradation mechanism, , Separation and

Purification Technology 210:600-607 · (16th August 2018).


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