waste water recycling / septage processing phd, university

Waste Water Recycling / Septage ProcessingDr Chandrashekar

B.Tech, IIT Bombay, PhD, University of Michigan Ann Arbor

Post Doc, University of PittsburghCEO, Vision Earthcare, SINE IIT Bombay

[email protected] www.visionearthcare.com

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.visionearthcare.com

http://www.visionearthcare.com

• Role of Public officials• Global Water Scenario• CPCB criteria for Waste Water Recycling • Why Waste Water Treatment Systems Fail• Criteria for successful projects• Technology Comparison (CSBT/MBBR/ASP/WSP)• CAMuS-SBT as the best fit technology Solution• CSBT Implementer Case Studies• Q&A

2

Overview of Presentation

• Protectors of Public Environmental Resources• Water, Air, Land, Public Health

• Providers of Public Safety• Law and Order• Community Relations

• Enablers of Economic Opportunity by• Utilities : Roads, Electricity, Water, Internet?• Facilitation of Industry and Employment• Education and Skills

Revenue linked to Quantity and Quality of of services provided.

3

Role of Public Officials and Media

Water Scenario-1

Within a decade India will be highly stressed for water

Entire India and desert regions of West Asia & Africa will be on the same boat. By 2025,

India will have less than 1000 m3/capita year – water scarcity.

Municipal Water Demand @135 LCPD = 50 m3/capita/yr

Food Production Water Demand = 1200 m3/capita/yr (rice vegetarian diet)

Food Production Water Demand = 1800 m3/capita/yr (non - vegetarian diet)

Source : WBCSD report – Water Facts & Trends, 2005

Energetics of Carbon Cycle Atmosphere CO2

750Live 0

(10 yrs)

Wateras Dissolved CO2 and Life

4000Live 1-5(0.2 yrs)

Soilas Dead Reserves

1600Live 0

(300 yrs)

Land as Animals

100-150Live 150(2 yrs)

Landas Plant

500Live 500(50 yrs)

Soilas Fossil Fuel

4000Live 0

(300 yrs)

Photosynthesis 110

Res

pira

tion

12

Physical Mass Transfer 50 Biological 60

Respiration

30

Fixed30

Litter50 Litter 18

Res

pira

tion

60

Human Activities6

Energy Required for Life● Land : 3 KJ/g live C/yr ● Water : 500 KJ/g live C/yr

5

6

A) Open Nallah Sewage System

open/covered drains Larger Drains/Nullahs/Rivers

garbage

zone of community maintenance

SBT Plant

C) Small Bore Sewer System

Solids Separation Tank

air bleed valve

cleanout points SBT Plant

Raw Water Tank

B) Conventional Underground Sewer

Lift wellman hole

zone of community maintenance

SBT Plant

Interceptor Sewer: Solids Separating TankWe will be using standard Hume Pipes for these tanks. Sizing and costing of Hume Pipes are given in link below https://docs.google.com/a/visionearthcare.com/spreadsheets/d/11NY_6TgD1fodDTMnCv6q8nUX2bbhxDeidmomZBmty1A/edit?usp=drive_webLaid cost of Interceptor units 3 day holdup is likely to be Rs 2500/person Chandrashekar Estimate 9/9/2016 check data in link above. Overflow velocity of 10m/day considered and is sufficient to ensure excellent settling. Each 1m Dia and 2.5m Length will suffice for 5 people. The Septage to be collected once in 3 years by a pump which is inserted in the 250mm Septage Port shown in Red. The Port is accessible from top without removing manhole cover A coarse screen can be implemented on the Suction Port cap to prevent plastics etc from entering the Tank.

Inlet Outlet

2.5m 1m

https://docs.google.com/a/visionearthcare.com/spreadsheets/d/11NY_6TgD1fodDTMnCv6q8nUX2bbhxDeidmomZBmty1A/edit?usp=drive_web



• Water Bodies (Surface/Subterranean) have biological Self Cleaning Capacity (SCC) • SCC only for Organic Load (C,N,O,N)• No SCC for Inorganic Load (Salt: eg NaCl)

• Municipal Discharge Loads >> SCC • Causes degradation of Water Resources• Makes it unavailable for Aquatic Life and Human use

• Water Bodies must be monitored for Aquatic potential• Combination of DO, TSS, TDS and COD

8

Water Scenario-2

CPCB Criteria for Designated Use

Source: http://www.cpcb.nic.in

Sl.No Parameter Raw SewageIrrigation standards

Surface Discharge Toilet Flushing*

CSBT Treated Water **

1 Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) (mg/L) 150-300 Less than 100 30 Less than 10 Less than 102 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) (mg/L) 450-600 Less than 250 100 Less than 50 Less than 503 pH 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 5.5-9.0 6.5-9.0 6.5-9.04 Oil & Grease (mg/L) 20 Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 105 Total Residual Chlorine (mg/L) NA NA Less than 1 Less than 1 Less than 16 Ammonical Nitrogen (N) (mg/L) 35-50 NA NA Less than 5 Less than 57 Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen (as NH3) (mg/L) NA NA NA Less than 10 Less than 108 Nitrate Nitrogen (mg/L) NA NA Less than 10 Less than 10 Less than 109 Total suspended solids (mg/L) 250-500 Less than 100 Less than 100 Less than 20 Less than 20

10 Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) Nil NA NA Greater than 4 Greater than 411 Fecal Coliforms 10^8-10^9 NA <10000 <100 <100***

Note:- http://cpcb.nic.in/GeneralStandards.pdf*Treated water characteristics based for toilet flushing based on CPCB is CPCB vide order no A-19014/43/06-MON/709 dated 21.04.2015. ** Treated without using any teritary treatment like Dual Media Filters, Sand Beds etc. *** after UV/Chlorine Ozone Disinfection

9

Promulgated with the understanding that most Indian water bodies are so severely stressed that they have no self cleaning capacity due to overexploitation by human use.

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Water_Quality_Criteria.php

http://sl.no

http://sl.no

• Poor Collection Systems unable to deliver sewage to the plant leading to suboptimal operations

• Tenders/Projects driven by CAPEX considerations and OPEX / Life Cycle costs not appreciated

• Lack of understanding of SCC of receiving water body • Non robust technology unable creates Operational

issues in outcomes desired.• Need constant and assured power (or else collapse

of aerobic biology which leads to abandonment asset• Trained and motivated manpower

• STPs are only useful if they function as per norms and are designed for SCC

10

Why STPs / WWTP projects fail

• Technology must function even if power supply or waste water supply is erratic

• Local manpower and maintenance support is required • Financially Lifecycle costs must be low• ULBs/Municipalities must allocate budget to run the STPs as

per norm• Reuse of treated water should be encouraged.

• Construction and Road washing• Power plant cooling water• Commercial building cooling towers• Toilet Flushing and Terrace Gardens

• High Quality of treatment is critical for reuse11

Criteria for STP Technology

• Green Aesthetics (can into any green space available) • Noiseless and Odorless• Can be implemented at any scale less than 100 KLD to

greater than 25 MLD scale• Decentralized implementation reduces network cost

• Low lifecycle cost : low Power, low maintenance utilization• Local personnel with agricultural genius operators• Potential for production of biogas production• High Quality treated water (as per 2015 CPCB norms)

• Leads to enhanced reuse acceptability

12

CAMUS-SBT WWTP Solution

Continuous Advanced Multistage System Soil Bio Technology: CAMuS-SBT / CSBT

Technology ComparisonAssessment of various wastewater parameters Technologies

Performance after Secondary Treatment (BOD<30) CSBT ASP MBBR SBR UASB+ASP MBR WSP

Effluent BOD (mg/L) <20 <20 <30 <10 <20 <5 <40

Effluent Suspended Solids (mg/L) <30 <30 <30 <10 <30 <5 <100

Fecal Coliforms (log unit) 6-7 2-3 2-3 3-4 2-3 5-6 2-3

T-NH3 removal efficiency (%) 70-80 10-20 10-20 70-80 10-20 70-80 10-20

Performance after tertiary treatment (BOD<10)

Effluent BOD (mg/L) <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10

Effluent Suspended Solids (mg/L) <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5

Effluent NH4N(mg/L) <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1 <1

Effluent TP(mg/L) <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5

Effluent total coliform MPN/100 ml 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

Area requirement (m2)

Average area secondary treatment (BOD<30) 300 800 450 450 1000 450 6000

Average area secondary treatment (BOD<10) 600 900 550 550 1100 450 6100

Operation & Maintenance

Energy consumption in secondary treatment (kwhr/ML) 60 180 220 150 120 300 2

Energy consumption in tertiary treatment(kwhr/ML) 60 180 220 150 120 300 2

Energy consumption for sludge handling(kwhr/ML) 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Total Energy consumption (kwhr/ML) 121 361 441 301 241 601 5

Chemical requirement

Polymer /coagulants Low High High High High High High

Disinfection Low High High High High High High

Other chemicals Low High High High High High High

Skilled Manpower No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes NoSource : Adapted from IIT Kanpur STP comparison Ganga Action Plan : 003_GBP_IIT_EQP_S&R_Ver 1 Dec 2010

CAMUS-SBT Applications• Sewage Recycling

– Black from Toilets – Grey from Washing Activities

• Industrial Waste WaterTreatment– Agro Industries: Coffee, Sugar, Tobacco– Distilleries– Steel– Pharmaceuticals

• Swimming Water Treatment

Typical Large STP >25MLD

Typical Medium STP (0.5-5MLD)

● FC: Fine Screen Chamber● GC: Grit Chamber● TS: Tube Settler● EQT: Equalization tank● BM: Bio Mound

17

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uewk6JaBlSM

Com

pone

nts

of S

BT

18

19

Pro

cess

Che

mis

try

CAMUS-SBT vs ASP: Process FlowAeration Basin

Blowers/Diffusers: High Energy and Maintenance

Sludge Bed

Preliminary Screening

Wet

Wel

l

Primary Clarifier

Secondary Clarifier

Thickener

AC

F

Disinfectionsludge recycle

BOD: 300 TSS : 300

BO

D: 3

0

TSS

: 20

BOD: <10 TSS : <5

Typically CPCB E


Wet

Wel

l

RSTSettler

Equilizer Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)

(BM3)

BOD: 300 TSS : 300

BOD: 50 TSS : 30

BOD: ~5 TSS : ~1

AC

F

Disinfection

CPCB A

CPCB B/C/D

Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 20

Process Flow X(KLD) = 100 to 1000


Raw Sewage Tank Settler Equilizer sludge digestor

Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)Q (KLD)=XBOD: 300 TSS : 300

Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 50 TSS : 30

Q(KLD)=XBOD: ~5 TSS : ~1

AC

F

Disinfection

CPCB B/C/D


CPCB A

Vol

~ 0

.6X

CPCB surface discharge

Optional: for Human Contact Standard

Q(KLD)=XBOD: 200 TSS : 60

BM1/2Vol = 1XA=0.4X

BM1/BM2: Pheratima Elongata Earthworm Vermi Culture

● Q in KLD● A in sq.m● V in cu.m

GL+3

CT1

CAMUS-SBT X=1000-25000 KLD


Bio Mound (BM1)

Bio Mound (BM2)

Equ

aliz

atio

n Ta

nk

Tube Settler / Clarifier

Flocculant/ CoagulantDewatering

BM3

CCTChlorine Contact Tank

Coagulant

Chlorine

Major Pump Line Major Gravity Line

Minor Pump Line Minor Gravity Line

Q(KLD)=X/2

Q(KLD)=X/2

Q(KLD)=X

Q(KLD)=X

Q(KLD)=X

FC GC PF GL

GL-3

GL+3

CCT

Septage Treatment Plant Using SBT


Bio Mound (BM1/2)

Bio Mound (BM3)C

lari-

EQ

T

Flocculant/ Coagulant/LimeDewatering

Chlorine Contact Tank

Coagulant

Chlorine (if necessary)

Solids Line Major Gravity Line

Pump Line Minor Gravity Line

Q(KLD)=0.5XCOD~1K

Q(KLD)=0.5XCOD~50K

Q(KLD)=XCOD~30K

FC GC PF

GL

GL-3A

naer

obic

D

iges

tor

Biogas

Q(KLD)=0.05XCOD~200K

Q(KLD)=0.45XCOD~1K

Q(KLD)=0.95XCOD~50

Q(KLD)=0.5XCOD~20K

Few of our clients

8/8/2016

Energy Consumption

25China WWTPs use 260KWHr/ML , 1 KWHr/KgCOD, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266146909_Energy_Consumption_in_Wastewater_Treatment_Plants_in_China

Aeration energy consumption is directly proportional to Oxygen Consumption Potential (OCP)(X. Tao,w. Chengweng) OCP=(a×COD^m+b×TN^n+c×TP)×exp[k×(T-20)]Where COD,TN,TP in (mg/L), T is Temperature C. a=3.8,m=1,b=28,n=1.2,c=24In India COD load rates are higher due to higher COD due to lower supply of municipal water

Technology LPCD COD (mg/L) OCP KWhr/ML

CAMUS-SBT 135 420 4128 120

India ASP/SBR 135 420 4128 300

China ASP/SBR 204 300 2667 258

Japan ASP/SBR 314 250 2000 200

USA ASP/SBR 400 250 1500 200

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266146909_Energy_Consumption_in_Wastewater_Treatment_Plants_in_China

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/266146909_Energy_Consumption_in_Wastewater_Treatment_Plants_in_China

CAMUS-SBT vs Conventional

# Item/Parameter Unit ASP MBBR SBR MBRCAMUS-SBT

1 Overall HRT Hrs. 12 to 14 8 to 12 14 to 16 12 to 14 NA

2 BOD Removal % 85-95 85-95 90-95 95-98 95-98

3 COD Removal % 80-90 80-90 88-96 95-99 95-99

4 TSS Removal % 85-90 85-95 90-96 98-99 98-99

5 Fecal Coliform Removal log Unit upto3<4 upto2<4 upto2<4 upto6<7 upto7<8

Technology Comparison

Technology

28

Aspirated Technologies CAMUS SBT

SBT Reactor Configurations

Chandrashekar S, Shankar HS: Bio-Remediation of Waste Water Streams using SBT: AICHE 2009

CAMUS-SBT is designed with minimal mechanical equipment

Prefab Unit 3 KLD● Resort in Lonavala area● Multiple Villas needing

Sewage Treatment (140 Keys)

● Connectivity issues● Radical Decentralization● Outcomes

○ Treatment Effective○ No recycling○ Gabion Containment○ More maintenance

● Learnings○ 10 KLD minimum○ Design of Raw

sewage tank is critical

Factory 10 KLD● Factory in Silvassa● Domestic waste from canteen, food wash

and small amount of dyes effluent● Outcomes

○ Treatment Effective○ Water being used for gardening○ Brickwork Containment

● Learnings○ 10 KLD minimum validated○ Dye Effluent pretreatment caused

plant upset ○ excess chlorine in decolorization

caused biomass collapse○ Oil and Grease trap in kitchen was

implemented

Process Reuse 35 KLD● Factory in Pondicherry● Domestic waste from workers canteen,

food wash and small amount of insecticide

● High Nitrogen concentration● Outcomes

○ 3 Stage process Process water○ Water being used for Manufacturing

● Learnings○ An initial experiment with an

alternative carbon source for Nitrogen removal was tried but did not give expected results

○ A modification of the process by a recycle line gave results expected

Airport 120 KLD● Airport in Rajastan● Mostly flows in Morning and Evening● Outcomes

○ Airports able to maintain system ○ Robust operations○ Water being used for Gardening

● Learnings○ Contracts were complicated○ Civil works were in M30 RCC that

increased costs but were as per the norms in this organization.

○ Coconut tree as a plantation in the system

Housing Colony 650 KLD● Housing Colony in Virar, Mumbai ● Domestic Sewage of 1200

dwellings and shops● RST+BR1+ BR2● Outcomes

○ Water being used for Gardening and Flushing

● Learnings○ Upthrust of sub surface

water ○ Ensure SBT UG tanks are

above building footing ○ Water supply by tankers○ Excess water used for

construction○ People played Holi with

treated water○ Plans for converting this to

Human contact standard using SF+ACF+UV

Golf Course 1MLD● Golf Course in Mumbai ● BMC Nallah Sewage of 3 MLD tapped ● BR1 only (manual removal of sludge from top)● Outcomes

○ Water being used for Greens○ Quality desired as per irrigation

standards○ On demand odor free water○ Multiple plants (3) within the Golf Course

● Learnings○ Robust system that give

Golf course water for operations

○ O&M not maintained to very high standards since water is being used for watering

○ Soil Bund Construction

BMC 3MLD Plant● Pumping Station in Worli● BMC Pumping station 800 MLD which 3 MLD

is treated● Single stage BR1 only (manual removal of

sludge from top), can be operated as 2 stage also but not done

● Outcomes○ Water being used for Greens at

Mahalaxmi Race Course○ Care free maintenance

● Learnings○ Single stage process =

Nitrates in Water causes algae in storage pond

○ Robust system maintained by BMC by own staff

○ Water quality good but no effort to keep throughput hgh

○ Hybrid mound construction

Typical Treated Results

38

HDIL Water Test Report

Raw Water Test Treated Water Test

BMC Worli Results

Command Hospital Results

Other Initiatives• DrySan Waterless Toilet

• CTECH, IDC IIT Bombay • Air Quality (AQI) Monitoring System

• Indiaspend, IIT Bombay• Water Quality Monitoring System

• VEC, Logic Ladder • Mangrove SBT Waste Water Treatment

• VEC, SIES, MCGM• Intercepted / Small Bore Sewers

• VEC, Clearford

Frequently Asked Questions• What is the extent of pre-treatment? (How much COD, TSS and TDS are removed)

• Fine screens and Grit removal chamber• Equalization tank balances peak flows • Pre-Treatment Primary Clarifier / Tube Settler for BOD and TSS separation• Removal efficiency of 60% is in BOD and TSS in the clarified stream • Clarifier sludge is processed in a Anaerobic Digestor with Phosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO)• Digested sludge further vermicomposted in BM3 to produced phosphate rich organic fertilizer

• What is the range of fluctuating load• CAMUS-SBT plants are designed as per CPHEEO norms as regards to peak flows• Plants are designed to handle flows from 5% to 100%• Shock loads of 30% over design load can accommodated for 1-2 days (requires extra consumables)

• flocculant/coagulant dosing to capture more TSS/BOD/COD and load on Bio Mounds • Feed rate or loading rate i.e. Hydraulic and Organic loading rates at each stage?

• Fine Screen and Grit Chambers are Designed at Peak Hydraulic Flow• Equalization Tank at CPHEEO norms of 2 hours at peak flow• Clarifiers at Average Hydraulic Flow using 1.5 cum/sqm/hr overflow rate• Anaerobic Digestor designed at 10-20 days detention time • BioMound 1 Hydraulic Loading Rate = 0.1 cum/sqm/hr (2.4 cum/sqm/day), COD loading rate = 0.35

kg/cum/day• Bio Mound 2 designed at Hydraulic Loading Rate = 0.2 cum/sqm/hr (4.8cum/sqm/day), COD loading

rate of 0.30 kg/cum/day 42

Frequently Asked Questions• What happens to the CAMUS- SBT plants in Monsoon?

• Rain water impinging on the Bio reactors will percolate down rapidly and captured in treated water.• Bio reactors are designed for hydraulic percolation rates of upto 5 cum/sqm/day • Heaviest 1 day rainfall ever recorded worldwide is 2.5 cum/sqm/day (Reunion Island)• Cherrapunji on average gets approximately 0.8 cum/sqm/day in monsoons• Overflow in Collection tanks ensure that the Bio Reactor/Bio Mounds is not flooded.

• What is the input and output of the CAMUS-SBT?• CAMUS-SBT plants are designed to meet CPHEEO/Client requirements for a given output.

• A comparative study of technology with respect to area and costs• upto 1 MLD,1-5MLD, 5-10 MLD, 10-50 MLD etc?

• Please see Technology Cost Slides• How are phosphates are removed in the CAMUS-SBT System?

• Phosphate removal takes place largely in Raw Sewage Tank / Clarifier / Anaerobic digestor by flocculation/coagulation/settling/bio accumulation via Phosphate accumulating organisms.

• Small amounts of Lime (pH management)+FeCl3 is added in the Raw water tank that precipitates the Phosphates as HydroxyApatite. pH of 6.5-7.5 is maintained

• In Larger plant the bottom phosphate rich sludge from Clarifier/Settlers is pumped as slurry to BM3 and is converted to vermi compost.

• In smaller plants the inorganic sludge at the bottom of Raw Sewage tank is periodically harvested (Once in 4 years)

• The biomounds themselves remove approximately 2mg/L 43

Technology Comparison

44

Economic Comparison

45

CAMUS-SBT Costs (Rs Lacs)

46

Size(KLD) Area (sqm) Technology Civil & Media ElectroMech Total Capex O&M/Yr

100 150 8 34 8 50 3

500 600 15 70 15 100 8

1000 1000 25 100 25 150 12

2000 1500 35 140 35 210 22

5000 3000 55 300 55 410 45

10000 5500 75 550 75 700 90

20000 10000 105 1000 105 1210 180

50000 25000 250 2500 250 3000 450

C-Tech IIT Bombay Dry-San

47

● Waterless Toilet● Zero Discharge● Long Life SS Pan● Women Friendly● No Need of Septic Tank● Ablution Water <1 L/use● Solid Wastes converted to

Vermi Compost Fertilizer● Urine available for farm use.

OXYGEN TRANSFER• Oxygen Transfer in soil media based on literature values of k= kL.a.*E*C* =

10**(-4)m /s 3600s/hr* 20 sqm/cum*6 g/cum= 43.2 g/cum.hr – kL = 4e-3 m/hr (quiescent liquid) 1

– a = 120 sqm/cu.m (a=6/Dp) (Dp = 10mm particles) – C* = 6.5g/cu.m– Max calculated Oxygen mass transfer = 15.6 g/cu.m.hr

• Actual Oxygen transfer – V = 2500 cum – F = 100 cum/hr – COD in = 344 mg/L– COD out = 16 mg/L– Oxygen consumed = 32 kg/hr – Actual oxygen supplied = 13.0 g/cu.m .hr

1: Caron et al, (1998) J Geochem Expl, v64, p111

UNIQUE FEATURES• Near saturation DO ( 6 mg/L at 28 C)

– no greenhouse methane gas emission• Significant reduction in Hardness achieved implying biological hardness

removal so great commercial value – Ca2+ + CO2 + H2O = CaCO3 + 2H+ – Rock + 2H+ = soil + Na+/K+ goes into solution

• Soil production for various uses via chemical weathering; – benefits to urban greening

• Reusable water with high DO – Commercial fisheries

• No mechanical oxygen supply– Low energy – Reliability

• Evergreen ambience• Energy of waste which otherwise cause sanitation problems harnessed for

value addition

CAMUS-SBT vs Conventional

TS/DAF : Tube Settler/Dissolved Air Flotation. A flocculation/coagulation step is implemented in the RWT (Raw Water Sump)

CAMUS-SBT for Recycling Water

Conventional System for Disposal

Process Flow X (KLD)= 2000 to 5000

Bio Mound (BM1) Bio Mound (BM2)



AC

F

Disinfection

CPCB B/C/D


CPCB A Vol = 0.7XA=0.2X

CPCB surface discharge(BM3)

Vol = 0.7XA=0.2X

ClarifierQ(KLD)=X/2BOD: 100 TSS : 70

Vol = 0.1XA=0.1X

Pre

limin

ary

Scr

eeni

ng

Q (KLD)=XBOD: 300 TSS : 300

Equa

lizat

ion

Tank

Q(KLD)=X/100BOD: 30000 TSS : 30000

flocculant/coagulant

BM3: Eisenia Foetida Redworm Vermi Culture



Filte

rPre

ss

Vol = 0.07XA=0.02X


Energetics of Carbon Cycle Atmosphere CO2

750Live 0

(10 yrs)

Wateras Dissolved CO2 and Life

4000Live 1-5(0.2 yrs)

Soilas Dead Reserves

1600Live 0

(300 yrs)

Land as Animals

100-150Live 150(2 yrs)

Landas Plant

500Live 500(50 yrs)

Soilas Fossil Fuel

4000Live 0

(300 yrs)

Photosynthesis 110

Res

pira

tion

12

Physical Mass Transfer 50 Biological 60

Respiration

30

Fixed30

Litter50 Litter 18

Res

pira

tion

60

Human Activities6

Energy Required for Life● Land : 3 KJ/g live C/yr ● Water : 500 KJ/g live C/yr

52

HFD CAMUS-SBT 1000-5000


Bio Mound (BM1)

Bio Mound (BM2)

Equ

aliz

atio

n Ta

nkTube

Set

tler

/ C

larif

ier

Coagulant

Anaerobic Digestor

Filter Press

Composting (BM3)

Flare gas


Flocculant

Chlorine



Thickener

Flocculant

Process Flow X (KLD)= 5000 to 15000P

relim

inar

y S

cree

ning





AC

F

Disinfection

CPCB B/C/D

Continuous Aerobic Multi-Stage Unsaturated System -Soil Bio Technology (CAMUS-SBT) 54

CPCB A Vol=0.7XA=0.2X

Equa

lizat

ion

Tank

Vol=0.7XA=0.2X

Clarifier Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 100 TSS : 70

Thic

kene

r

Vol=0.1XA=0.05X

Q(KLD)=X/100BOD: 30000 TSS : 30000

Anerobic digestor

Bio Mound (BM3)



BM3: Eisenia Foetida Redworm Vermi Culture



Process Flow X (KLD)= 5000 to 15000P

relim

inar

y S

cree

ning





AC

F

Disinfection

CPCB B/C/D


CPCB A Vol=0.7XA=0.2X

Equa

lizat

ion

Tank

Vol=0.7XA=0.2X

Clarifier Q(KLD)=X/2BOD: 100 TSS : 70

Thic

kene

r

Q(KLD)=X/100BOD: 30000 TSS : 30000

Anerobic digestor

Pheratima Elongata Earthworm Vermi Culure


Filter Press



HFD CAMUS-SBTP

relim

inar

y S

cree

ning

Bio Mound (BM1)

Bio Mound (BM2)

Equ

aliz

atio

n Ta

nk

Clarifier

Flocculant Thickener

Anaerobic Digestor

Filter Press

Composting (BM3)

Flair gas


Coagulant

Chlorine



Critical Design Parameters

57

Parameter Clariflocculator Bio Mound 1 Bio Mound 2

Hydraulic Loading Rate (cum/sqm/day) 30-50 2-3 3-5

COD Loading Rate (Kg/cum/day) 0.2-0.4 0.2-0.4

CAMUS-SBT Private Sector (Rs Lacs)

58

Size(KLD) Area (sqm) Technology Civil & Media ElectroMech Total Capex O&M/Yr

100 150 8 34 8 50 3

500 600 17 85 18 125 8

1000 1000 25 120 35 180 12

2000 1500 45 170 65 280 22

5000 3000 100 300 140 540 45

10000 5500 120 620 140 900 90

MediaMedia

Media Regeneration

Media

Organics Adsorb on Media Surface

Waste Water percolates on media

Clean water Drip down out of the media

Bacterial Colonies start growing by feeding on adsorbed organics for food,

Media

Earthworms (White) Feed on the bacterial Colonies

CO2 released

CO2 released

Media is now available for the next cycle

adsorption surface is regenerated by bacterial grazing

Grazing by earthworms creates new surface free of bacteria, converting the biomass to CO2

GoI-MEAIndia Innovates

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bxVk337ni78

waste water recycling / septage processing phd, university

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