wastewater management in the 21st century: issues … · wastewater management in the 21st century:...
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WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
IN THE 21ST CENTURY: ISSUES FOR
THE DESIGN OF TREATMENT WETLANDS
George Tchobanoglous
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of California, Davis
III Conferencia Panamericana de
Sistemas de Humedales para el
Tratamiento y Mejoramiento
de la Calidad del Agua Santa Fe, Argentina
May 16-18, 2016
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TOPICS
• Use of aquatic treatment systems (ATS)
• Types of non and intensified treatment wetlands
• Paradigm shift in view of wastewater
• A fundamental question
• Wastewater management challenges
• Wastewater treatment opportunities
• The status of wetlands
• Modeling wetlands
• Intensified treatment wetland
• Closing thoughts
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TYPICAL USES OF AQUATIC TREATMENT
SYSTEMS (ATS) FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
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• Surface flow wetland with:
o Emergent aquatic vegetation and open water zones
o Free floating aquatic vegetation
o Emergent aquatic vegetation grown on floating structures
o Submerged aquatic vegetation
• Horizontal sub-surface flow wetland without surface flooding
• Vertical down-flow flow wetland without surface flooding
• Vertical up-flow flow wetland with flooded surface
• Fill and draw (tidal-flow) wetland
TYPES OF NON-INTENSIFIED
CONSTRUCTED TREATMENT WETLANDS
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TYPES OF NON-INTENSIFIED
CONSTRUCTED TREATMENT WETLANDS
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TYPES OF INTENSIFIED
CONSTRUCTED TREATMENT WETLANDS
• Surface flow wetland with:
o Alternative flow configurations with aeration and recycle
o Side stream oxygenation for nitrification
o Side stream anammox reactor
o P-binding enhanced (sub-charge neutralization dosing of
alum or FeCl3 dose)
• Horizontal sub-surface flow wetland without surface flooding with
aeration
• Horizontal sub-surface flow anoxic wetland
• Vertical down- or up-flow flow wetlands with aeration
• Fill and draw (tidal-flow) wetland with:
o Single pass (high NH4+ exchange capacity medium)
o Recirculating (low NH4+ exchange capacity medium)
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PARADIGM SHIFT IN VIEW OF
WASTEWATER FOR THE 21ST CENTURY
WASTEWATER is a RENEWABLE
RECOVERABLE SOURCE of
POTABLE WATER, RESOURCES,
and ENERGY
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REMOVAL OF NUTRIENTS AND TRACE ORGANICS IN
DOMESTIC WASTEWATER UPSTREAM REDUCES
DOWNSTREAM TREATMENT REQUIREMENTS
Source: Jönsson et al.(2000) Recycling Source Separated Human Urine.
0
20
40
60
80
100
Nitrogen Phosphorus Potassium Volume Trace organics
Co
mp
os
itio
n,
%
Wastew ater constituent
Greyw ater
Greyw aterGreyw ater
Greyw ater
Feces
FecesFeces
Urine
UrineUrine
Relative
distribution
unknow n,
preliminary
> 70%
in urineFeces
and
urine
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NUTRIENT RECOVERY FROM SOURCE SEPARATED URINE
Phosphate is recovered
from urine as magnesium
ammonium phosphate
and/or magnesium
potassium phosphate;
nitrogen is recovered as
ammonium bicarbonate
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ENERGY CONTENT OF WASTEWATER CONSTITUENTS
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REQUIRED AND AVAILABLE ENERGY FOR
WASTEWATER TREATMENT, EXCLUSIVE OF HEAT ENERGY
• Energy required for secondary wastewater
treatment
1,200 to 2,400 MJ/1000 m3
Energy available in wastewater for treatment
(assume COD = 500 g/m3)
Q = [500 kg COD/1000 m3) (1000 m3) (13 MJ/ kg COD)
= 6,000 MJ/1000 m3
• Energy available in wastewater is 2 to 4 times
the amount required for treatment
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WHAT IS THE OPTIMAL USE OF
THE CARBON IN WASTEWATER?
A FUNDAMENTAL QUESTION
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Is the optimal use of the carbon in
wastewater for nitrogen removal, resource
recovery (e.g. fiber, organic polymers, etc.)
or energy production or some combination?
OPTIMAL USE OF CARBON IN WASTEWATER
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CHALLENGES AND ISSUES
FOR WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
• IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE
• DECREASING PER CAPITA FLOWRATES
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IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON RAINFALL
INTENSITY AND OPERATION OF WWTPS
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IMPACT OF DECREASING FLOWRATES ON
OPERATION OF COLLECTION SYSTEMS AND WWTPs
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IMPACT OF WATER CONSERVATION AND DROUGHT:
SOLIDS DEPOSITION, H2S FORMATION, AND
DOWNSTREAM CORROSION DUE TO REDUCED FLOWS
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• Enhanced preliminary treatment
• Alternative primary processes
• Altering the characteristics of wastewater
• Replace primary clarification facilities
• Design for alternative endpoint(s)
WASTEWATER TREATMENT: OPPORTUNITIES THAT WILL IMPACT THE DESIGN OF
TREATMENT WETLANDS
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ENHANCED PRELIMINARY TREATMENT
THROUGH BETTER CHARACTERIZATION OF GRIT
Source: Wastewater Engineering, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, 2014
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MULTI-TRAY GRIT SEPARATOR
FOR ENHANCED GRIT REMOVAL
Source: Wastewater Engineering, 5th ed, McGraw-Hill, 2014
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED PRIMARY
TREATMENT: CLOTH SCREEN (250-300 ΜM)
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED PRIMARY
TREATMENT: CHARGED-BUBBLE FLOTATION
• 1/5th the size of conventional
clarifiers
• Nanoparticles can be added
to charged-bubble for removal
of specific constituents
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ALTERNATIVE TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCED PRIMARY
TREATMENT: CLOTH DISK FILTER (5-10 μm)
Fiber thickness = 0.007 mm
Depth filter L/D = 400 to 800
Cloth filter L/D = 425 to 725
Vacuum
suction head
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ALTERING THE CHARACTERISTICS
OF RAW WASTEWATER FOR ENHANCED
DOWNSTREAM TREATMENT
KINETIC COEFFICIENTS BASED ON PARTICLE SIZE
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REPLACE AND REPURPOSE
EXISTING PRIMARY CLARIFIERS
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IN RESPONSE TO THE PARADIGM
SHIFT, WASTEWATER TREATMENT
PLANTS ARE BEING DESIGNED FOR
ALTERNATIVE END USES
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TREATMENT PROCESS DESIGN
FOR ALTERNATIVE END POINT OR POINTS
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• Both conventional and intensified wetlands have been
used for the treatment of a variety of different wastes.
• New design variants are being developed, tested, and
implemented continually.
• Although easy to construct, understanding the role of
microorganisms and their consortia in wetlands is still
in its infancy.
• As experience is gained, wetlands are also being
considered as a unit processes.
• In many locations, stringent effluent discharge
standards limit the use of conventional wetlands.
THE STATUS OF WETLANDS IN
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Adapted from David Austin, CH2M
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• Modeling of wetland systems is not well developed.
• To enhance their utility, the focus of wetland
development is on process intensification, with
special emphasis on improved wetland nitrification and
TN removal.
• Phosphorus intensification is feasible and practical
with micro‐alum dosing.
• With passive intensification, zero to positive energy
wastewater treatment may be possible.
THE STATUS OF WETLANDS IN
WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT
Adapted from David Austin, CH2M
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MODELING TREATMENT WETLAND SYSTEMS
• Must consider multiple removal and
transformation mechanisms
• Wetland flow patterns
• Effect of particle size distribution
• Effect of sampling location
• Impact of short circuiting
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PRINCIPAL REMOVAL AND/OR TRANSFORMATION
MECHANISMS OCCURRING IN TREATMENT WETLANDS
FOR THE CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN IN WASTEWATER
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WETLAND FLOW PATTERNS
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FLOW PATTERNS IN TREATMENT WETLANDS
Plug-flow Plugflow, household type
Arbitrary flow Arbitrary flow
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FLOW PATTERNS IN TREATMENT WETLANDS
Arbitrary flow free surface
wetlands in series
Arbitrary flow reactors
in series Arbitrary flow
Subsurface flow wetlands
in series
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FLOW PATTERNS IN TREATMENT WETLANDS
Preparing for planting
After six months Arbitrary flow
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REMOVAL OF PARTICLATE MATTER
AND BOD IN WASTEWATER IN WETLAND
REMOVAL RATE COEFFICIENT CANNOT BE CONSTANT!
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MODELING TSS AND BOD REMOVAL
• Removal rate coefficient cannot be constant
• A retarded rate coefficient must be used. For example:
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VOLUME VERSUS AREA BASED COEFFIEICENTS
rBOD = - kv(BOD)n
kv = volume based rate coefficient, 1/T
rBOD = - kA(A/V)(BOD)n = - (kA/H)(BOD)n
kA = area based rate coefficient, L/T
A = surface area, L2
V = volume, L3
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EFFECT OF SAMPLING LOCATION
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IMPACT OF SHORT CIRCUTING
• Measured removal rate coefficients are apparent removal
rate coefficients
• Most plug-flow wetlands can be modeled as a series of
complete-mix reactors
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INTENSIFICATION OF WETLAND TREATMENT
• Surface flow wetland with step-feed and recycle
flow in linear or wrap around design
• Surface flow wetland with step-feed, aeration, and
recycle flow
• Surface flow wetland with side-stream pure oxygen
aeration
• Horizontal sub-surface flow aerated wetland
• Horizontal sub-surface flow anoxic wetland
• Tidal flow (fill and draw) reciprocating flow wetland
• Single pass high ammonia exchange capacity
• Surface flow with side-stream zeolite anammox
treatment
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INTENSIFICATION WITH STEP-FEED
AND LOW-HEAD RECYCLE
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SURFACE FLOW WETLAND WITH STEP-FEED,
AERATION, AND RECYCLE FLOW
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TYPICAL HORIZONTAL SUB-SURFACE
FLOW AERATED WETLAND
Courtesy David Austin, CH2M
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HORIZONTAL SUB-SURFACE FLOW ANOXIC WETLAND
FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL
25°C
15°C
8°C
Courtesy Harold Leverenz
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HORIZONTAL SUB-SURFACE FLOW ANOXIC
WETLAND FOR NITROGEN REMOVAL
Courtesy Harold Leverenz
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FILL AND DRAIN (TIDAL) WETLAND
WITHOUT OR WITH AERATION
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RECIPROCATING FILL AND DRAIN (TIDAL) WETLAND
WITHOUT OR WITH AERATION AND ADSORPTIVE MEDIUM
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SURFACE FLOW WETLAND WITH SIDESTREAM
OXYGENATION FOR NITRIFICATION
Adapted from David Austin
Dick Speece
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TWO-STAGE FILL AND DRAIN (TIDAL) WETLAND
WITH ADSORPTIVE MEDIM
(Circa 1900)
Adapted from David Austin
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SOME THOUGHTS ON WETLAND MODELING,
INTENSIFICATION, AND UNKNOWNS
• While simple in concept, wetlands are complex from a process modeling standpoint.
• The intensification of wetlands will continue in response to more restrictive discharge requirements, land area constraints, and the need to reuse water
• Much remains to be known about the use of constructed wetlands for water quality improvement:
A CHALLENGE FOR ALLOF US!
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CLOSING THOUGHT: A REMINDER
WASTEWATER is a RENEWABLE
RECOVERABLE SOURCE of
POTABLE WATER, RESOURCES,
and ENERGY
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THANK YOU
FOR LISTENING
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FOOD WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
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CHARGED BUBBLE FLOTATION FOR ALGAL POND EFFLUENT REUSE
Effluent turbidity
typically, <1 NTU Thickened algae ~4-5%
Algae dewatered on straw bed
Flotation tank
Chemical mixing tank Dewatering tank
Dewatered sludge being
prepared for composting
Compressible medium
effluent filtration
Pasteurization for
disinfection
Lagoon feed water