water analysis
TRANSCRIPT
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CENTRE FOR COAL TECHNOLOGYUNIVERSITY OF THE PUNJAB
LAHORE
Topic:- Water AnalysisPresented By:- KOMAL AROOSH
Session:- 2010-2012
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. WATER
. WATER QUALITY
. HARDNESS OF WATER
. SOLIDS IN WATER
. SEPARATION TECHNIQUES
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CONTENTS
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MWater: • Water is undesirable in fuel when it is injected into
the cylinders. • In practice it is impossible to be entirely certain
that the fuel is completely free of water. • Sea water can lead to problems, because the
sodium will get into the cylinder. • Fresh water should not lead to serious problems if
it is evenly distributed in the fuel oil.
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WATER QUALITY
Water quality varies with the source. It may or may not contain dissolved minerals dissolved gases organic matter microorganisms combinations of these impurities that cause
deterioration of metalworking fluid performance.
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The amount of dissolved minerals, for example, in lake or river water (surface water) depends on whether the source is near mineral deposits. Typically, lake water is of a consistent quality, while river water varies with weather conditions. Well water (ground water), since it seeps through minerals in the earth, tends to contain more dissolved minerals than either lake or river water. Surface water, however, is likely to contain a higher number of microorganisms (bacteria and mold) and thus need treatment
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1.If water is badly polluted-- like raw sewage---
it might be obvious from its appearance or
odor.
2.It might be colored or turbid (cloudy), or have
solids, oil or foam floating on it.
3.It might have a rotten odor, or smell like
industrial chemicals.
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Why do we need to analyze water?
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THERE ARE TWO ASPECTS OF WATER ANALYSIS THAT WE NEED TO
CONSIDER:
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what substances or organisms are we interested in testing for-- and why?
what procedures and equipment do we use to make the measurements, and how do they work?
TWO ASPECTS OF WATER
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HARDNESS OF WATER
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What is hardness of water? Hard water is water that has
high mineral content. Hardness of water is due to metal
ions(minerals) that are dissolved in the ground water. These minerals include Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe3+, SO4
2-, and HCO3-. Our
hard water in the southern Indiana area is due to rain moving through the vast amount of limestone, CaCO3.
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Hardness of water
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WHY BE CONCERNED ABOUT HARD WATER?
The determination of water hardness is a useful test that provides a measure of quality of water for households and industrial uses.
Originally, water hardness was defined as the measure of the capacity of the water to precipitate soap. Hard water is not a health hazard.
When hard water is heated, CaCO3 precipitates out, which then clogs pipes and industrial boilers. This leads to malfunction or damage and is expensive to remove
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TYPES OF HARDNESS
There are two basic types of water hardness:1. Temporary hardness2. Permanent hardness
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TEMPORARY HARDNESS
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MTemporary Hardness is due to the bicarbonate ion, HCO3
-, being present in the water. This type of hardness can be removed by boiling the water to expel the CO2.
Ca(HCO3)2 → CaCO3 + H2 O + CO2
Heating Mg(HCO3)2 → Ma (OH)2 + 2CO2
HeatingMain Mechanism
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Permanent hardness
Permanent hardness is due to the presence of the
ions Ca2+, Mg+2, Fe3+ and SO4-. This type of
hardness cannot be eliminated by boiling. The
water with this type of hardness is said to be permanently hard.
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SOLIDS IN WATER
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DISSOLVED SOLIDS
The total dissolved solids can have a significant impact on the quality of water. The amount of dissolved solids affects the water for almost all of its uses, whether for drinking, agricultural, or industrial use. The recommended maximum limit of dissolved solids in drinking water is 500 ppm
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PROBLEMS RELATED TO DISSOLVED SOLIDS
The problems caused by dissolved material relate to taste and odor, hardness, and corrosion and scaling in the distribution system, among others. Several different types of dissolved solids could be toxic if the levels become too high. These include barium, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, selenium, and silver. Each of these are regulated by the EPA and have maximum contaminant levels assigned to them.
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SUSPENDED SOLIDS
Suspended solids refers to small solid particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid or due to the motion of the water. It is used as one indicator of water quality.
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PROBLEMS RELATED TO SUSPENDED PARTICLES
High concentrations of suspended solids can cause many problems for stream health and aquatic life.
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Separation technique include
1. Filtration2. Distillation3. Extraction
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Filtration: The water is passed through a fine-pore filter
which can be made of paper, glass fibers, a cellulose acetate membrane, etc.
Filtration through a filter of some agreed-upon standard pore size can be used to separate "suspended" from "dissolved" portions of the analyte. The analyte may be the suspended matter which is captured on the filter-- or the filter may be used to clarify the water for analysis of a dissolved material.
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Distillation: If the analyte can be boiled out of the water, or
along with the water, then the vapors can be cooled and re-condensed or trapped in a liquid form in a different container. This way the analyte can be removed from the interfering substances in the original water sample. Often the sample is made acidic or alkaline, or treated chemically in some other way before distillation, to convert the analyte into a volatile (easily evaporated) form, and to immobilize or neutralize interfering substances.
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Extraction: Some analytes may be much more soluble in an
organic solvent than in water. If the solvent does not mix with water, and the sample is shaken with portions of the solvent, almost all of the analyte may be transferred from the water into the solvent, leaving interfering substances behind. This is known as a "liquid-liquid" extraction. The analysis may be completed using the organic portion. There are also continuous versions of this process for use with liquid or with dry samples.
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REFERENCES
Map from Morton Salt at http://www.mortonsalt.com/soft/sofisoft.htm
^ a b c World Health Organization Hardness in Drinking-Water, 2003
^ a b Hermann Weingärtner, "Water" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2006[december], Wiley–VCH, Weinheim.doi:10.1002/14356007.a28_001
http://www.glendalewaterandpower.com/residents/water_hardnes
http://www.mrwa.com/OPWater%20and%20Impurities.pdf
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PARTICULATE MATTERS
PM2.5 AND PM10 ISSUES
PM EFFECTS
UNDERSTATEMENT OF PM BY HAZCO
HAZCO did not account for fugitive emissions from the sulphur piles assuming that: 0.02% of all particles will be less than 2 mm
Dr. James Hyne indicates that: 1.0 % of all particles will be less than 0.3 mm
This constitutes a gross understatement of dust composition by HAZCO
PM DISPERSION MODELING UNDERSTATEMENTS
Indicates that 24 hr PM 2.5 including HAZCO and background levels at the property line will be 2.5 ug/m3
Stated in the air modeling report that ambient levels are 7.9 ug/m3
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IMPACTS TO ADJACENT INDUSTRY
Canexus and ERCO Worldwide produce sodium chlorate, which is incompatible with sulphur
Both industries employ open cooling towers, as will many future developing industries
A Canexus review of the particulates estimates concludes that, “HAZCO’s conclusion that fugitive dust emissions associated with the storage, handling and transportation activities will be negligible, is neither credible nor valid.”