water and food charles r. o’melia johns hopkins university [email protected] after alexander zehnder
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WATER AND FOOD
Charles R. O’Melia
Johns Hopkins University
After Alexander Zehnder
Sustainability as the Driver of Innovation
Alexander J.B. Zehnder
Challenges in the Water Area
Waterborne disease, with emphasis on developing countries
Water for agricultureWater infrastructurePesticides, hormonally active agents,
pharmaceuticals, etc.Water and ecosystems
Water availability and cereal import comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000-100
010
020
030
040
050
060
0
Water [m3/cap/yr]
Net
cer
eal i
mpo
rt [
kg/c
ap/y
r]
Afghanistan
AlgeriaArmenia
Azerbaijan
Benin
Burkina Faso
Burundi China
Egypt
Eritrea
Ethiopia Ghana
India
Iran
Israel
Japan
Jordan
Kenya
Korea Dem People's Rep
Korea Rep
Lebanon
Lesotho
Libya
Malawi
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
NigerNigeria
Pakistan
Rwanda
Saudi Arabia
Senegal
Somalia
South Africa
Sri Lanka
SyriaTanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Turkey
Uganda
Emirates
Uzbekistan
Yemen
Zimbabwe
From Yang et al. 2003
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Water availability and cereal import Water availability and cereal import comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99
Adapted from Yang et al. 2003
Annual water requirement per capita forhousehold, services, industrial activities
(average 1990–95)
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Annual water requirement Annual water requirement per personper person
Sufficient > 1700 m3
Water stress 1000 - 1700 m3
Scarcity 500 - 1000 m3
Extreme scarcity < 500 m3
From Falkenmark & Widstrand, 1992
8
Water availability and cereal import Water availability and cereal import comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99comparison between 1980–84 and 1995–99
Adapted from Yang et al. 2003
9
Estimated annual world Estimated annual world water use totalwater use total
and by sector 1900–2000and by sector 1900–2000
From Postel, 1992
Water needed to produceWater needed to produce1 kg of plant material (dry 1 kg of plant material (dry
weight)weight)
10
Sorghum 250 LiterCorn 350 LiterClover 460 LiterWheat 500 LiterPotatoes 636 LiterCucumber 713 LiterAlfalfa 900 Liter
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Meat productionMeat productionAnimals convert 5 to 15 % of the energy content of plant material into meat. The average is 10 percent.
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Projection of water availabilityProjection of water availability
From Zehnder, 1999
Relationship of water-use efficiency to grain yield
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Grain yield (ton/ha)
Wat
er u
se e
ffic
ienc
y (k
g/m
3 )
IrrigatedDryland
Y=0.259X – 0.016X2
R2=0.88
From: Musick et al. 1994
Crop yield
Yields of selected cereals (ton/ha) average 1999 - 2003
Australia China EU (25) USA
Barley 1.87 3.39 4.19 3.14
Maize 5.10 4.81 7.85 8.55
Rice 9.15 6.20 6.47 7.14
Wheat 1.78 3.83 5.61 2.75
According to FAO, 2004
Situation 2000
From Zehnder, 2002
Virtual water flows by regions(average over the period 1997–
2001)Unit: cubic km
From Yang et al. submitted
Exporter Importer
N America 73 E Asia 149
30 C America 64
22 N&W Africa 58
17 M East 55
27 Others 71
S America 30 W Europe 26
21 E Asia 25
18 M East 35
12 N&W Africa 21
15 Others 38
Oceania 15 E Asia 20
11 S-E Asia 24
10 M East 14
13 Others 24
Situation 2025
From Zehnder, 2002
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Virtual water as part of a country‘s water resourceVirtual water as part of a country‘s water resource
ETET~~8.48.4
Fossil Fossil groundwatergroundwater
0.20.2
DesalinationDesalination0.210.21
Virtual water exp.Virtual water exp.approx. 0.35approx. 0.35
Virtual water imp.Virtual water imp.approx. 6.0approx. 6.0
RainRain9.29.2
DischargeDischarge0.50.5 External supplyExternal supply
1.031.03
IsraelIsrael
SingaporeSingaporeRainRain1.71.7
ETET1.31.3 from Malaysiafrom Malaysia
0.580.58
DesalinationDesalination0.150.15Virtual water imp.Virtual water imp.
approx. 4.0approx. 4.0 Run-offRun-off0.150.15
DischargeDischarge0.340.34
Numbers are in km3/yr
Water (Woda)
by Wislawa Szymborska
A drop of rain fell on my hand,
condensed from the Ganges and the Nile,
from the heavenward ascending hoarfrost on the whiskers of a seal,
from the water of broken jugs in the cities of Ys and Tyre.
On my index finger
the Caspian Sea is the open sea,
and the Pacific meekly flows into the Rudawa,
that very same river that floated as a cloud over Paris
in the year of seventeen hundred and sixty four
on the seventh of May at three in the morning.
There are not lips enough to utter
your fugitive names, O water.
You were in baptismal fonts and in the baths of courtesans.
In shrouds, in love-enshrouded kisses.
Eating away at stones, nourishing the rainbows.
In the sweat of dew and pyramids, of lilacs.
How much lightness there is in a drop of rain.
How delicately does the world touch me.
Whatever whenever wherever has happened
is written on the water of Chicago.
Someone was drowning, someone dying called for you.
That was long ago and that was yesterday.
Houses you extinguished, houses you carried off
like trees, forests like towns.
Someone was drowning, someone dying called for you.
That was long ago and that was yesterday.
Houses you extinguished, houses you carried off
like trees, forests like towns.
Someone was drowning, someone dying called for you.
That was long ago and that was yesterday.
Houses you extinguished, houses you carried off
like trees, forests like towns.
You were in baptismal fonts and in the baths of courtesans.
In shrouds, in love-enshrouded kisses.
Eating away at stones, nourishing the rainbows.
In the sweat of dew and pyramids, of lilacs.
How much lightness there is in a drop of rain.
How delicately does the world touch me.
Whatever whenever wherever has happened
is written on the water of Babel [Chicago].
Conclusions Water is increasingly becoming an economic
driving force. Economic and political interdependence is
growing. Economic power of less developed countries
needs strengthening.
Increased use of herbicides, insecticides, nutrients, genetically modified crops.
Significantly more water reuse can be expected.
Closure• Environmental problems and their solutions
involve complex technological, societal, cultural, economic, and political aspects.
• Environmental engineers and scientists must be comfortable traversing both the technical and the complex social terrain.
• Environmental science and technology can help to alleviate global environmental crises and contribute to world stability.
• We should do much more to save the lives of millions of children who die from easily preventable water-borne diarrheal diseases.
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6 great challenges in the water area6 great challenges in the water area
Good water quality fora growing population
Enoughfood for all
Water infrastructure(distribution & collection)
Solution for waterconflicts and fair
water share for all
Distribution betweenhumans and ecosystems
Water induced disastersDisaster protection