Water and Water and its Treatmentits Treatment

Applied Chemistry

I. Water TreatmentI. Water TreatmentA.A.Sources of Water on EarthSources of Water on Earth

1.1. Physical States:Physical States:a.a.SolidSolid: :

b.b.LiquidLiquid::

c.c.GasGas: :

glaciers & ice caps

oceans, rivers, lakes, water beneath the ground, clouds, & rain

water vapor in the atmosphere

I. Water TreatmentI. Water Treatment2.2. Physical Location:Physical Location:

a.a. SurfaceSurface water water::

b.b. GroundGround water water::

water located on the surface of the Earth

water located beneath the Earth’s surface

3. 3. ReplacementReplacementa. The WATER CYCLE, aka the HYDROLOGIC

cycle, is a continuous circulation of water between surface water, the atmosphere, & Earth’s surface.

i.i. PrecipitationPrecipitation

ii.ii. EvaporationEvaporation

iii.iii. TranspirationTranspiration

iv.iv. CondensationCondensation

Any type of moisture that fallsto the Earth, such as, rain or snow

Change of state from a liquid to a gas

Evaporation of water from plants

Change of state from gas to a liquid (seen as clouds)

condensation

transpirationevaporation

surface water

groundwater

precipitation

runoff

B. Types of WaterB. Types of Water

1.1. Drinking water, aka Drinking water, aka potablepotable water or water or pure or tappure or tap water, is water, is water that is water that is SAFESAFE to drink. to drink.

2.2. Wastewater is Wastewater is usedused water water produced by communitiesproduced by communities

Sources: Sources: homes, businesses, homes, businesses, schoolsschools

C. Water TreatmentsC. Water Treatments

1.1.Water Treatment PlantWater Treatment Plant

2.2.Wastewater Treatment PlantWastewater Treatment Plant

1. WATER TREATMENT PLANT1. WATER TREATMENT PLANT

a.a. Operates to produce Operates to produce DRINKINGDRINKING waterwater..

b.b. Our local water treatment plant is Our local water treatment plant is Forest ParkForest Park..

c.c. Overview:Overview:From From surfacesurface and/or and/or groundground water water

to to water treatment plantwater treatment plant to to homes, businesses, schoolshomes, businesses, schools through through pipespipes..

d.d. Basic process: Basic process: physical process of physical process of filtrationfiltration

Water Filtration PlantWater Filtration Plant

Water Filtration PlantWater Filtration Plant1.1.ScreeningScreening: : physicalphysical process process

used to remove used to remove large objectslarge objects from water.from water.

2.2.Flash MixerFlash Mixer: : chemical chemical pretreatmentpretreatment

3.3.CoagulationCoagulation: reaction of : reaction of alumalum with with dirtdirt to form to form sticky globssticky globs

4.4.FlocculationFlocculation: process of : process of attracting more attracting more dirtdirt to to sticky sticky globsglobs to form to form flocfloc..

5.5. SedimentationSedimentation: : process of floc process of floc settling to bottomsettling to bottom

a.a. SludgeSludge: : settled solid matter that is settled solid matter that is removed from the bottom of tank removed from the bottom of tank (aka residual solids) (aka residual solids)

6.6. FiltrationFiltration: : physicalphysical process of process of passing passing clean liquidclean liquid above above sludgesludge through layers of through layers of sand and gravelsand and gravel

7.7. ChlorinationChlorination: addition of : addition of chlorinechlorine to kill to kill bacteriabacteria before before distribution to distribution to communitycommunity

8.8. Clear WellsClear Wells: : storage of filtered, storage of filtered, chlorinated water at the plantchlorinated water at the plant

2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT2. WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

a.a. Operates to clean Operates to clean USEDUSED water. water.

b.b. Overview: from Overview: from sewer linessewer lines to to plantplant to to surface watersurface water..

c.c. Basic processes: Basic processes: physical, chemical physical, chemical and biologicaland biological

i.i. InfluentInfluent (in): (in):

ii.ii. EffluentEffluent (exit): (exit):

iii.iii. Trickling Filters:Trickling Filters:

wastewater entering plant wastewater entering plant from the communityfrom the community

water that leaves the water that leaves the plant to a receiving system.plant to a receiving system.

old cleaning system (slow) – old cleaning system (slow) – removes organic materialremoves organic material

WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTWASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT

i.i. Influent (in):Influent (in): waste water waste water entering plant from entering plant from the communitythe community

ii.ii. Effluent (exit):Effluent (exit): water that leaves water that leaves the plant to a the plant to a receiving system.receiving system.

iii.iii.Trickling Filters:Trickling Filters: old cleaning system old cleaning system (slow) – removes (slow) – removes organic materialorganic material

II. Wastewater TreatmentII. Wastewater Treatment– – began in Water Pollution Control Act began in Water Pollution Control Act was passed in 1948. was passed in 1948. Standards Standards controlled by controlled by EPAEPA..A.A.Primary TreatmentPrimary Treatment: separates : separates large large

solid wastesolid waste from from liquidliquid in wastewater in wastewater1.1. The entire process of The entire process of screeningscreening, ,

skimming/filteringskimming/filtering, and , and settlingsettling

2.2. Includes Includes physical processesphysical processes only only

3.3. Examples: Examples:

stirringsettling filtering

diluting sedimentationdissolving

change in state, size, shape

B. B. Secondary TreatmentSecondary Treatment

1.1. Treating wastewater through Treating wastewater through chemicalchemical and and biologicalbiological methods methods

2.2. Relies on Relies on biologicalbiological processes to remove processes to remove organic wasteorganic waste. .

3.3. Wastewater is sent to Wastewater is sent to aeration tanksaeration tanks or or trickling filterstrickling filters where it is treated with where it is treated with microorganismsmicroorganisms that feed on the that feed on the organic organic wastewaste. Next the wastewater is . Next the wastewater is chlorinatedchlorinated to kill disease-causing to kill disease-causing organisms. Before released to a stream organisms. Before released to a stream or river, the wastewater is or river, the wastewater is dechlorinateddechlorinated..

4. Tests for Monitoring 4. Tests for Monitoring Activated SludgeActivated Sludge

a.a. QualitativeQualitative tests involve the tests involve the sensorysensory observations. observations.

Examples: Examples: color, clarity, odorcolor, clarity, odor

b.b. QuantitativeQuantitative tests use tests use instrumentsinstruments to make to make measurementsmeasurements..

Examples: Examples: temperature, pH, oxygen temperature, pH, oxygen levels, chlorine levelslevels, chlorine levels

Quantitative TestsQuantitative Tests

• SLAMSLAM: : SStandard tandard LLaboratory aboratory AAnalysis nalysis MMethodethod – to test and monitor waste – to test and monitor waste waterwater

• SOPSOP: : SStandard tandard OOperating perating PProceduresrocedures – provides a method of producing – provides a method of producing reliable results through reliable results through standardization of sampling and standardization of sampling and testing; describes plant operations. testing; describes plant operations.

III. Water PollutionIII. Water PollutionA.A. Ground WaterGround Water

1.1. Formation: Formation: Water travels down through Water travels down through the earth’s surfacethe earth’s surface

2.2. This is called This is called seepageseepage..

3.3. Water seeps or trickles down through the Water seeps or trickles down through the earth at a rate of earth at a rate of several inches to few several inches to few feet per dayfeet per day..

4.4. Ground water is the Ground water is the largestlargest single supply single supply of fresh water. It is 30 times greater than of fresh water. It is 30 times greater than lakeslakes and 3000 times greater than and 3000 times greater than streamsstreams..

Water PollutionWater Pollution

2.2. Watershed: total Watershed: total drainagedrainage area over area over which which waterwater flows to a flows to a common pointcommon point..

a.a. The watershed in our area is the The watershed in our area is the SchuykillSchuykill Watershed.Watershed.

3.3. Runoff: water that flows over a Runoff: water that flows over a watershedwatershed after a after a rainfallrainfall or or snow meltsnow melt

4.4. AquiferAquifer: porous : porous rock structurerock structure that that holds holds waterwater beneath the beneath the earth’s surfaceearth’s surface

• Ex. of an aquifer: Ex. of an aquifer: sand or sandstonesand or sandstone

Water PollutionWater Pollution

5.5. Water Table: Water Table: top of the aquifertop of the aquifer

6.6. AquitardAquitard: earth materials that : earth materials that preventprevent the easy flow of the easy flow of waterwater

Ex. of an aquitard: Ex. of an aquitard: Clay or basaltClay or basalt

surface water

evaporation

transpiration

condensation

precipitation

watershedrunoff

seepage

Groundwater

aquifer

water table

B. Factors Affecting the B. Factors Affecting the Movement ofMovement of Water Water1.1. Sediment: earth materials, such as Sediment: earth materials, such as

rock fragmentsrock fragments, , stonesstones,, sand sand, and , and clayclay, that are deposited by , that are deposited by waterwater, , windwind, or , or iceice

2.2. ““Matter that settles” refers to Matter that settles” refers to sedimentsediment

Factors Affecting the Movement of Factors Affecting the Movement of WaterWater

3.3. Composition of the earth Composition of the earth materialsmaterials

a.a. Permeability – the ability of a Permeability – the ability of a substance (earth’s materials) to substance (earth’s materials) to allow water to pass through itallow water to pass through it

b.b. PoresPores – – holesholes or or spacesspaces between between earth’s materialsearth’s materials

c.c. The amount of water penetrating The amount of water penetrating depends upon the depends upon the spacing.spacing.

Pore SizePore Size

LARGE MEDIUM SMALL

SAND

GRAVEL CLAY

C. Contamination of Ground C. Contamination of Ground WaterWater

1.1. ContaminationContamination: any type of : any type of impurityimpurity

a.a. PesticidePesticide: : any chemical used to kill any chemical used to kill pests (insects or small animals)pests (insects or small animals)

b.b. The safe concentration level for each The safe concentration level for each chemical is chemical is different for each different for each chemicalchemical..

c.c. A major cause of water pollution in A major cause of water pollution in Pennsylvania is Pennsylvania is miningmining..

Contamination of Ground Contamination of Ground WaterWater

2.2. Plume – the distribution of Plume – the distribution of contaminated ground watercontaminated ground water; the ; the spread of spread of pollutionpollution

a.a. Area sourceArea source: : pollution over a wide areapollution over a wide area

i.i. The plume has a The plume has a wide rangewide range of of concentration of pollutant.concentration of pollutant.

ii.ii. There are no regions of There are no regions of very highvery high or or lowlow levels of pollutant. levels of pollutant.

iii.iii.Example: Example: agricultural applicationagricultural application

Contamination of Ground WaterContamination of Ground Water

• Shade in the area predicting the Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from distribution of contamination from pesticide application on farm land.pesticide application on farm land.

Farm Land

Contamination of Ground WaterContamination of Ground Water

b.b. Point SourcePoint Source: : pollution over a pollution over a single or small pointsingle or small point

i.i. The plume has a The plume has a wide rangewide range concentration of pollutant.concentration of pollutant.

ii.ii. HighHigh levels of pollutant are levels of pollutant are close close to the to the source.source.

iii.iii. LowLow levels of pollutant are levels of pollutant are farfar from the from the source. source.

iv.iv. Example: Example: leaks from storage tanksleaks from storage tanks

Contamination of Ground WaterContamination of Ground Water

• Shade in the area predicting the Shade in the area predicting the distribution of contamination from a distribution of contamination from a broken pipe at the gas station.broken pipe at the gas station.

Gas station

Fruitvale ActivityFruitvale Activity

• Hypothesis: Hypothesis: educated or best guesseducated or best guess

• Universal indicator: a mixture of Universal indicator: a mixture of compounds used to provide compounds used to provide information on information on pHpH over a wide range over a wide range of valuesof values

• ppb = pppb = partsarts p perer b billionillion

Draw a plume to show unsafe areas where Draw a plume to show unsafe areas where pesticide levels in the water exceed 1 ppb. pesticide levels in the water exceed 1 ppb. Mark the source with an X.Mark the source with an X.

11 11 11 11

11 22 33 44

11 4 4 55 33

22 44

33 33

11 22 11

ConcentratiConcentration Rangeon Range

CodeCode

Not detected; Not detected; less than .1 less than .1 ppbppb

11

.11 ppb - .9 .11 ppb - .9 ppbppb

22

.81 ppb – 4 .81 ppb – 4 ppbppb

33

4.1 ppb – 32 4.1 ppb – 32 ppbppb

44

More than 32 More than 32 ppbppb

55