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Water and Sanitation Programs
02. Between the emergency and development context
04. Beneficiary Communities
05. Impact of water and sanitation programs
03. Technical diversity and adaptation to the context Gao and Kidal
01. Water, development and humanitarian aid The problem of water in the world
Access to water: a commitment and a universal right
06. General program objectives Principal standards for water and sanitation
Guiding standards for stable situations
Agriculture and cattle breeding standards
07. Principals objectives and activities Water
Sanitation and health and environmental education
08. Work methodology The projet cycle
Identification, analysis and intervention criteria
Capitalisation of information and work methodologies
Research (Adapted systems / capacity)
09. Action Against Hunger's water and sanitation programs Technical development in the water and sanitation department in AAH
Project “The Blue Revolution”
Objectives of the technical department
Specific axes of development 2002 - 2003
Capitalization, consultation and training tools
Organisation of tools for selection and training of human resources
Coordination
(General framework)
Sensitisation, technicals communications and advocacy
Sensitisation and advocacy
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Water and Sanitation Programs
Access to water is one of the major challenges for the
21st century. One hundred and ten million people do not
have safe water and every year more than four million people
die from water related diseases, the majority of whom are
children. Water is not only a vital part of our daily basic
needs, but also our livelihood: agriculture, livestock, industry
and commerce. Water plays a key role in health, hunger,
poverty and community development.
The demand for water is increasing due to the demographic
growth, urbanisation (the exodus from rural to urban areas)
and industrialisation. Water is a finite resource, however
many manage it badly and other throw it away it causing
contamination and degradation of the environment. The
lack of water has led to tensions between communities, which can evolve into conflict. It is the vulnerable populations that suffer
the most as a consequence of these problems.
This situation provides the framework for development and humanitarian assistance programs are established, which try to
cover the water related needs, placing importance on the durability and protection of the environment, and giving priority to
meeting the needs of the most vulnerable groups in the population.
The solutions need to be integrated into a global vision that works at three levels:
• International: realising a global resource evaluation, stimulating inversion, and trying to avoid international conflicts
through agreements and promoting the investigation into finding new solutions to the problems of water.
01 . DEVELOPMENT, HUMANITARIAN ASSISTANCEAND WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAMS
• National: Trying to establish strategies and policies regarding water, and its corresponding legislation, as well as
evaluating the water resources.
• Local: Trying to develop local initiatives to ensure communities’ access to drinking water and promoting family hygiene.
Natural disasters, conflicts, marginalisation, social injustice and poverty all exacerbate problems such as hunger and disease,
and result in whole communities lacking the vital elements they need to live.
The first objective of the humanitarian assistance programs is to assure and improve the lives of the people who are found
in these critical situations. In principle, the first interventions of a water and sanitation programs focus on the coverage of the
most basic and immediate needs, while at the same time looking to reinforce and stabilise the foundations for development in
the community, in a way that will reduce or eliminate the risks linked to these vulnerable situations.
In addition to development, water programs also try to work to establish peace and equality: water can be a means of creating
social cohesion and removing tension.
Water and sanitation are vital elements for life, and also form the foundation for development.
Links
A brief summary of the principle statistics regarding the problems of water in the world
Access to water: a commitment and a universal right
INDEX
Water is vital for life and is closely linked to health, poverty, food resources, and the well-being and rights of humans. The
lack of water produces many serious consequences that can end in wars, natural catastrophes and poverty. Because of all this,
and knowing that it forms the foundation for community development, we need water to live every day.
• 1,100 million people do not have access to safe water (drinking water).
• 2,400 million people do not have access to basic sanitation facilities (half of the worlds population), the majority of whom
are in rural areas (80%).
• 80% of disease in developing countries is related to water.
• 4 million people, the majority of whom are children, die due to water related diseases.
• 60 million people need urgent food aid due to droughts and flooding.
• In the last 4 years, the number of people affected by drought and in need of food aid, has quadrupled.
• 800 million people (15% of the worlds population) get less than 2000 kilocalories per day.
• Between 70 and 80% of all water is used for agricultural.
• Half the rivers and lakes of the world are contaminated.
• By the year 2025, we will need 20% more water.
There statistics highlight several problems:
• The uneven distribution of water resources.
• The reduction of the resources due to erosion, desertification, overexploitation and contamination.
01 . THE PROBLEM OF WATER IN THE WORLD *
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Water and Sanitation Programs
• The demographic growth and the increased demand for water.
• The lack of, or inappropriate, management.
• Excessive consumption and waste.
• The prevalence of water related diseases in developing countries.
• The massive damage produced by flood and droughts, that is made more acute by the presence of war, discrimination and
poverty
• The existence of tension between communities and countries.
However, for all of these problems there are solutions. Improving the availability of water, we can reduce the number is
diseases, achieve improved water efficiency in the agriculture and livestock sectors, reduce poverty and raise the general levels
of well being, and alleviate tensions that exist between communities and countries.
Action Against Hunger dedicates all of its programs towards achieving this goal and makes contributions such as “The Blue
Revolution” where water is the key element.
Data sources:
• Global evaluation of water and sanitation supply, 2000 (WHO and UNICEF, Nov 2000) - www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/Globalassessment
• World Water Council www.worldwatercouncil.org
• www.worldwaterday.org, www.wsscc.org, www.who.int
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Over the last thirty years the United
Nations has been especially conscious of
the significant role that water plays in the
peoples development and it has set out to
define some general plans for development.
The embryo of these plans has been the
conference of the United Nations regarding
the environment that took place in Stockholm
in 1972, and resulted in the elaboration of
a program focussed on the protection of the
environment (NUEP) with a defined plan of
action and a declaration of intentions.
In the conference of Mar de Plata in 1977,
the United Nations declared the eighties as
the International Decade of Water and
Sanitation, with a clear objective: 100% world-
wide coverage of safe water and sanitation.
In 1990, in New Delhi, it was recognised
that, although some advances had been
made, the objective was far from being met. It was noted that it was not a simple problem caused solely by poor management
or a lack of maintenance, and thus highlighted a new focus, namely that social and political aspects also have in important
influence. It looked at a more practical orientation “something for everyone, better than everything for some”, a more equitable
vision and analysis.
01 . ACCESS TO WATER: A COMMITMENT AND A UNIVERSAL RIGHT
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The conference of Water and the Environment that was held in Dublin in 1992, attended by experts from 100 nations,
representatives from more that 80 governments and other non-governmental organisations, created the famous Statute of Dublin,
whose 4 principles formed the premise for the Chapter 18 of Agenda 21.
Agenda 21 has been more relevant in the programme for development realised by the United Nations. It was elaborated
during the United Nations conference regarding Development and the Environment celebrated in Río de Janeiro, also in 1992,
20 years after the Stockholm conference.
The 4 fundamental principles of the Statute of Dublin and chapter 18 of Agenda 21 are the following:
• Fresh water is a vulnerable and finite resource, which is essential for life, development and the environment.
• Development and management of water should have a participative focus, implicating the users, and those responsible at
all levels, in the management plans and the politics of water.
• Women play a fundamental role in the provision, management and safekeeping of water.
• Water has an economic value in every aspect and has to be recognised as an economic good.
From this foundation (Statute of Dublin and Agenda 21) various globally focussed initiatives have been developed. In 1996,
the World Bank created the Global Water Partnership (GWP) that encompasses the concept of the Integrated Management of
Resources.
In the Forum of The Hague 2000, with the participation of the GWP and the World Water Council, an attempt was made to
establish an international policy for water under the name of World Vision of Water. This policy developed three sectors: water
for people, water for food and water for nature. The principal theme, which the document develops, is the integral management
of resources. One of its most important premises is that the communities decide their own level of access to safe water and
the hygienic conditions for living, as well as the economic activities for which they use the water, and that they organise themselves
to accomplish them. One of the most controversial recommendations that a price be placed on the total cost of re-establish
water services (and it recommended doing so through the users).
The NGOs of the south criticised this initiative in its totality, in as much as its transparency, technocracy and scarce
acknowledgment of the understanding and experience of local people. In addition it was criticised as a very commercial vision
and one in which solidarity was of little importance.
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Another initiative is ‘Vision 21’, developed by the “Water Supply and Sanitation Council”, also under the mandate of the United
Nations, whose vision of the global water and sanitation problems focuses in the development and the community problematic.
The ‘Acedemia del Agua’ (French NGO) also created the ‘Carta Social’ for water, in which they summarise the tools and
concrete actions arising from the diverse experiences (principally in Africa) for the community management of water.
Following these international initiatives, the recent years have demonstrated that one of the key principle is in the development
of national policies for water that are honest and adaptable to the reality of each country. The role of the international community
is to promote these policies.
Access to water: a right.
The right to water and sanitation appeared implicitly in article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights established
in 1948 and in the Convention about Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 (chapters 11 and 12).
Without exception, it never appeared in an explicit form until the document that was established in the convention that took
place in 1979 regarding all types of Discrimination of the Woman (chapter 14) and in the establishment of the Rights of the Child
(chapter 24).
Koffi Annan, Secretary General of the United Nations recognised in 2001 that access to water is a fundamental human need,
and as such, a basic human right. Contaminated water has a direct influence of physical and social health and of everybody.
Water is necessary for human dignity.
The Sphere document (realised by various humanitarian organisations) centres on humanitarian interventions and focuses
on rights from a viewpoint of coverage of needs through the setting of minimum standards. However, these standards need to
be used as a guide, and should never be restrictive.
Access to water for all is an attainable right. There is no reason – technological, economic, financial or political –that can be cited to impede the realisation of this right.
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02 . BETWEEN THE CONTEXT OF EMERGENCY AND DEVELOPMENT
Humanitarian and cooperation programs are established in contexts where basic needs are not covered: in crises (sudden,
gradual or cyclical), in exit periods from crisis and recovery, and in periods of organisational instability.
‘Continuum’ is a concept that has traditionally been used in the humanitarian community and forms the baseline of the lineal
evolution of a crisis, beginning with an emergency phase, followed by a phase of rehabilitation and ending with a development
phase once the situation has recovered. The response mechanisms are also marked by these phases and are reflected in the
strategies and policies of humanitarian organisations (donors and NGOs).
However, the reality is much more complex. Crises do not follow single evolutionary lines; the causes and aggravatingfactors are diverse, and there are many differences between sudden (e.g. flooding) and gradual (e.g. drought) crisissituations, and above all, the response mechanisms that are used (either in the short or the long term). Responsemechanisms exist at different levels, each of which need to be borne in mind. Many of the mistakes made in humanitarianassistance interventions can be related to the fact that a response is made at only one level (for example water truckingis carried out in emergency, but the need for permanent water supply (e.g. drilling a borehole) following the end of theemergency is forgotten).
REHABILITATIONEMERGENCYPREPARATIONBefore the emergency DEVELOPMENT
CONTINUUM
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Water and Sanitation Programs
It is from the platform of this complex reality that a new concept, ‘the “Contiguum”, has arisen. This conceptaddresses the idea that in the same context, situations of both crisis and calm can coexist (the population is not affecteduniformly by the crisis). This puts “emergency” in a much wider frame (valuing the lack of organisational structures). It emphasises the importance of the idea that, in the majority of cases, the evolution of a situation is not lineal andthat special attention needs to be paid to cyclical crises.
In this way, in recent years a great deal of time and energy has been placed on the development along the line of preparation
for disasters.
The key to this is not the lineal evolution, nor the development of isolated strategies, but rather the definition of a framework
of needs from which the different response mechanisms can be defined.
Needs framework
Millions of people in the world live in a critical situation (refugees, displaced, marginalized, affected by conflict and natural
disasters, etc…). Entire communities lack the vital means for life and live under a constant threat. Every year new crises appear
or existing ones worsen.
Critical situations are usually complex and are characterised by the interaction of diverse factors: natural disasters and conflicts
add to the structural problems, which lead to much greater problems (for example, Hurricane Mitch caused much greater loss
and more damage in Centro America than in Florida, principally due to the weakness of the organisational structures in Central
American countries).
Some numbers
• There are more than 12 million refugees in the world (source: ACNUR, 2002).
• There are more than 5 million internally displaced people in the world (source: ACNUR 2002).
• Approximately 256 million people were affected by catastrophes in the year 2000 (source: IFRC 2001).
Apart from these populations in critical situations, there are many others that, even though their situation is not so critical,
still do not have access to the basic needs to allow them to live a dignified life.
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Both in critical and more stable situations, water and sanitation are basic essentials. Water is needed both for livingand for the development of communities.
In emergency situations it is a priority that these needs are guaranteed immediately.
In development contexts water plays a principal role as it interacts directly with other key sectors (health, foodsecurity, community development, standard of living, education, etc…).
Response mechanisms
Once the needs and existing capacity have been evaluated, objectives need to be set and the appropriate response mechanism
selected.
In general, the response mechanisms include:
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End of threaten AutonomyDevelopment
context(or not)
Damages thatprevent victims’
autonomy
A crisis isthreatening apopulation
ProtractedConflits
DeliberatedPolicies
Populationstill dependenton external aid
Copingstrategies
Crisiscontinues
ill Orientedprograms
Lack ofcoordination
Corruption
Rehabilitationprograms
Localinitiatives
Emergencyaid
Emergency responses. The principal objective of emergency responses is to save lives and guarantee basic needs. They
have to be quick and efficient.
Even though there can be a reduction in peoples vulnerability in the short term, this reduction can not guaranteed in the longer
term.
Equipment, Rehabilitation and structuralisation responses. If the situation is fragile but there is not a serious threat to life
(whether or not a major crisis has occurred) emergency responses may not the most pertinent. The response mechanisms need
to be adapted to more self-sufficient models and focus their objectives on the improvement of basic living conditions and the
reduction of the major vulnerabilities faced in the medium term. The involvement of the local and community organisation
structures will be more important, as is the use of sustainable criteria.
If an emergency response has already been made, and thus the minimum needs are covered, it is necessary to build on this
to reinforce the autonomy of the systems. This stage is called post-emergency or rehabilitation. The concept of rehabilitation
implies a return to the conditions before the emergency but, in many cases, this is not the most appropriate approach since the
conditions may have changed and so it is necessary to face a new situation.
However, the work should not just centre on the physical infrastructure, but also on the social organisation and structure both
of which are fundamental. The reconstruction of the social ties and fabric need to happen before, or at the same time, that of
infrastructure.
The concept of equipping takes into account the physical infrastructure as well as the social restructuring aspects and is
adapted to the new situation and needs that exist.
Development responses. Interventions focus on structural problems, and have as their principal objective the reinforcement
of the existing local capacity (who participate in the definition and execution of the programs), with the goal of improving the living
conditions in the communities (as well as guaranteeing access to support services). The programs focus on the reduction of
vulnerability in the long term. Substitution of local personnel does not exist.
Preparation for disaster programs seek to reduce the impact caused by disasters through the reduction of the vulnerability
of communities and the strengthening of the response capability.
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They can form part of emergency, rehabilitation and development interventions.
Preparation for disasters centres on prevention (elimination of risk, alert systems, risk analysis) and mitigation (effective
response to disasters, building of organisational community capacity, preparation of contingency plans).
Emergency and development strategies
Emergency interventions are normally short term whilst development ones are in the medium and longer term. However,
the duration of the programs is not what defines the intervention strategy. It is possible to have a long-term emergency intervention
(in some cases it is necessary to continue helping a vulnerable population as the crisis continues, but this is not to say that one
should carry on working with strategies that are worsening the causes), and it is also possible to have very focussed short
programs with a development dynamic.
TIMEOBJECTIVE
FRAMEWORKPRIORITY
AXES
MEANS OFFINANCING
FOR THEBENEFICIARIES
INICIATIVE ANDDEFINITION
EMERGENCY
DEVELOPMENTMedium and
long termRelations
between groups
Health and fooddistribution
Global focusFinancial
participation ofthe beneficiaries
Humanitarian initiative
and externalinvolvement
Socialparticipation
(structural andcommunity)
LOCALSTRUCTURES
NowSave individual
lives
Creation ofnew local
organisations.Low autonomy
Free
Autonomy of localorganisations
THREAT + VULNERABILITYRISK
RESPONSE CAPACITY
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Integration of response mechanisms.
Just as in crisis situations, as in fragile ones, it is important to have a strategy that integrates different response mechanisms.
Emergency interventions need to meet minimum needs and avoid threat on life. However, they can and should co-exist with
programs of preparation, rehabilitation and development that are seeking longer-term solutions.
CRITICAL SITUATION:THREAT TO LIFE
FRAGILE SITUATIONEXTERNAL DEPENDENCE
(need for autonomy in the communities)
BASIC LIVING CONDITIONS NOT COVERED
EMERGENCY
REHABILITATION
AND
STRUCTURATION
DEVELOPMENT
AND
PREPARATION
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The use of water significantly influences relationship and unites people and communities, both in
regard to their customs and their economics. Therefore, the scope of a water and sanitation program
should not only include technical issues (geology, hydrology, hydrogeology, geophysics, hydraulics,
mechanics, design and construction of structures, chemistry, etc…) but also the analysis of other aspects
(studies of sociology and customs, health, pedagogy and education, etc…).
In every situation it is necessary to carryout a technical study in order to assess all the possible
solutions and then allow the selection of the most appropriate one.
Due to all the different parameters that need to be taken borne in mind and the variety of situations
that exist, it is clear that there is a huge diversity of programs. For example, there are programs in
which one has to choose between the construction of new water points or the rehabilitation of existing
ones, look for temporary or more long-term solutions, opt for underground or for superficial water sources,
construct simple systems or complex ones, prioritise the implementation activity or the community training,
etc…
It is important to carefully study the technical alternatives in order to identify the best option.
first of all, the technical response selected needs to be adapted to the context to ensure that impact is
maximised. When defining a project, it is necessary to use both technical and social criteria, find the
solutions that best suit the way of life of the communities and take into account the capacity that exists to realise the project.
An illustrated example of how the technical solution can be adapted to the context can be seen in the program implemented
by Action Against Hunger in Gao and Kidal.
Gao and Kidal
03 . TECHNICAL DIVERSITY AND ADAPTING TO THE CONTEXT
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Water and Sanitation Programs
Gao and Kidal are located in a very dry area
where it is difficult to find water and therefore
geophysics and prospection sounding techniques
need to be used. Logistics in the area are difficult
and climatic conditions are very harsh.
Excavation of large diameter open wells is the
option that has been chosen as the most
appropriate solution in these nomadic communities
even though they do present more technical
difficulties than other options. Their construction
is a hard and complicated task, the water is found
in fractures in a basement granite rock that is very
hard to excavate, and the aquifer is normally quite
deep, and in some cases very deep (40 meters
in Gao and more than 100 meters in Kidal). In
this hard terrain, it is often necessary to use
pneumatic drills and explosives, and in sandy areas
it is necessary to stabilise the walls of the well in
order to prevent them collapsing as the well is excavated.
In other cases, where the aquifer is even deeper and is artesian (the aquifer is at a higher pressure than the atmosphere and
thus once a borehole reaches the aquifer, the water level rises) it is necessary to find alternative solutions such as a ‘combined’
well, in which one drills a borehole in order to find water, and connects it to large diameter well.
03 . GAO AND KIDAL
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Water and Sanitation Programs
Static water level
Combined-well design
Headwall
Backfill and grout
CONFINING LAYERIMPERMEABLE
Junction
Fork
Concrete apronLeather bucket
Intermediateanchoring curb
Concrete base slab
Clay plug
Screened pipe
Bail pipe
CONFINED AQUIFERPERMEABLE
Gravel pack
Blank pipe
Base plug
Waterheight
Concrete rings
Protectioncap
Cement seal
The combination of these techniques, and the
excavation of large diameter open wells in general, is
necessary to allow the installation of a system for extracting
the water that is suited to the context and accepted by
the community. These wells in Mali are used by both
nomads and their livestock. The nomads prefer this type
of open well, where they can install their locally made
pulleys, using supports made from tree trunks, and, draw
the water, using ropes and leather buckets, by animal
power (they tie the ropes to the camels or donkeys).
It is clear that technically it would be easier, more
efficient, quicker and cheaper, to just drill a bore hole and
install a pump in the borehole, but this system is not
accepted nor is it what the nomads need.
These traditional systems have been used for centuries
and are, for the present time, the most sustainable solution.
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Humanitarian organisations (as in the case of Action
Against Hunger) focus their work in areas where the needs
are greatest, and where they find the most vulnerable
populations.
Among these most vulnerable populations, one can
stress refugees and displaced people, people who have
suffered great losses due to man-made or natural
catastrophe, people that are located in isolated rural
settlements, populations that live in marginalized areas
of cities, and in general, those communities who do not
have the minimum conditions to allow a dignified standard
of living.
The most vulnerable sectors of these populations are normally women, children, the elderly, marginalized groups and the
poor.
The selection of the populations with whom to work depends on the analysis of needs:
• The realization of this vital minimum coverage is an objective that involves the whole population. It is necessary to start
by ensuring the minimum conditions regarding water and sanitation in key locations (health centres, schools and public buildings)
and in areas where the risk of propagation of epidemics and transmission of disease is highest.
• The activities related to health education should normally be focussed in specific group of the population: women, children
and leaders of the water committees. It is these people who are responsible for communication the messages to the rest of
the community.
04 . BENEFICIARY COMMUNITIES
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Water and Sanitation Programs
• In order to achieve a lasting impact from the project, it is necessary to reinforce aspects of system management, and training
of the community and the technicians. To achieve this it is important to help the local structure that exist (mayors office, technical
departments, both local and national, local NGO’s and the private sector), as well as promote the formation of management
committees in the heart of the communities.
• Women play a fundamental role in water and sanitation programs. In the majority of cases, it is the women who are
responsible for getting water, as well as being responsible for the home and the education of the children. Their involvement
and integration in these programs is vital.
Sometimes, in order to reach the most vulnerable populations, it is necessary to use an indirect approach through other less
vulnerable groups (for example through assistance to a local private activity).
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05 . THE IMPACT OF WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAMSWater and sanitation:Water is indispensable for l i fe and it is the basis of peoples’ development
Maintenance and improvement ofnatural resources
Good management of theresources: to avoid overexploitation
To avoid contamination
Improvement of the life quality forthe communities
Job generating
Increase the resourcesavailable due to the watercost reduction
Water = Economic value
WATERand
Sanitation
Women and children
Shorter distances to access thewater point
Less time invested to obtain water
More time available in order to goto school
Contribute to the relevanceand the participation of thewomen in the community
Reduce the tensionsbetween communities
Element of social cohesion/ participation
Contribute to the communitydevelopment
Increase the production andthe productive capacity inbreeding cattle, agricultureand industry.
To promote the right for all humanbeing in accessing clean and safe
water
FOODSECURITY
ENVIRONMENT
DIGNITY ANDHUMAN WELFARE
SOCIALFABRIC
Savings on health expenses
Decrease the mortality and morbidity
More resistant systems inthe face of disasters
Reinforce the capacity of reactionin the face of disasters
DISASTERIMPACT
As an educational elementfor training
Diseases transmission risk reduction
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Water and Sanitation Programs
PUBLICHEALTH
L’objectif global des programmes Eau et Theglobal objective of water and sanitation programsis linked to the improvement of living conditions inthe communities giving priority to the coverage ofthe most basic needs:- access to safe water andbasic sanitation facilities.
This global objective can be broken-down into 5 general
objectives:
1. Defend the fundamental right of all to have accessto water and basic sanitation.
The claiming of this right of access to water and basic
sanitation is directly linked to the defence of the right
to life (a principal part of human right).
Demanding this right requires the guarantee of an
infrastructure and systems that allow the communities
to live a dignified life, but also requires the denouncing of situations that impede communities or people from enjoying this right.
2. Covering the minimum requirements necessary for life and development
When a serious threat to human life exists it is necessary to guarantee the minimum needs for survival, basically:
• A minimum of drinking water per person.
• Vital sanitation structures.
06 . THE GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAMS
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Water and Sanitation Programs
In these situations a set of standards have been established as a guideline. In each situation it is necessary to make a specific
analysis and decide which of these minimum standards will be used.
It is necessary to prioritise the supply of a minimum quantity of water before the rest of the standards (one should try to ensure
that all of the community has this minimum quantity of water).
Achieving the other standards, for example the quality of water, sometimes requires a huge effort that will actually reduce
the total amount of water available, and thus reduce the number of beneficiaries receiving adequate amounts of water. However,
in situations of high sanitary risk, treatment is vital.
The SPHERE project is an initiative that tries to homogenise certain standards with the objective of guaranteeing people
lives, with the outlook of establishing some clear criteria that apply to ALL populations under threat, without making distinctions.
In general, the SPHERE criteria are used as a reference for water and sanitation in situations of very acute need. The
standards have a quantative part, where specific quantities are indicated, as well as a qualitative part, which implies that the
response should be adapted to the context and certain sustainability criteria borne in mind.
Standards most commonly used in emergencies (Action Against Hunger 2000)
The minimum standards used during emergencies only permit survival; they are not sufficient for development in communities.
In more stable situations, or in endemic crises, the national standards of the country in which the project is beingimplemented are used as a reference.
There are situations where huge needs exist yet the minimum standards of SPHERE are met, and in these cases Action
Against Hunger’s strategy is to look for solutions in the longer term that realize much more ambitious standards.
Standards for Stable Situations (Action Against Hunger 2000)
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3. Reduce the risk of the spread of water and sanitationrelated diseases. Combination of WATER and HEALTH.
In water programs, the reduction of the risk of propagation
of disease and epidemics is a primary objective (in developing
countries 80% of disease is related to water).
There are many different types, and modes of transmission,
of water related diseases.
‘Standards’ are objectives that one should try to achieve. In no circumstance
are they limits (they are a guide).
They are expressed in a quantative form, but recognise that there are
always other criteria that should be borne in mind such as consistency, impact
and sustainability.
In each situation it is necessary to analyse their pertinence. Ff it is decided
not to use the standards, that decision must be justified.
Use of standards
Water related diseases and modes of transmission
Note: Diseases transmitted via the Faecal – Oral route can also be transmitted by insects.
MODE OF TRANSMISSIONMOST COMMON
DISEASES PREVENTION STRATEGIES
Ingestion of water
(faecal – oral transmission)
Lack of hygiene
Water borne pathogen (snails,…)
Insects that contact water
(mosquitoes,…)
Diarrhoeas, dysentery, cholera, typhus,
hepatitis A, Leptospirosis
Infections of the skin, eyes,…
Schistosomaisis, Guinea worm,…
Malaria, Dengue, Yellow Fever,
Sleeping sickness
• Improve the quality of water• Avoid using unprotected sources
• Increase the availability of water• Improve access to water for domestic use• Improve hygiene habits
• Reduce contact with infected water• Control population of pathogens• Reduce contamination of superficial water
• Improve the management of surface water• Destroy ‘feeding grounds’ of the insects• Use mosquito nets
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In order to achieve this objective, a guaranteed supply of water is not sufficient; it is also necessary to integrate sanitation
and hygiene activities / improvements.
Water programs should form a basic triangle, at whose extremes are the supply of water, sanitation and health, andenvironmental education.
Water in Humanitarian Assistance Programs
It is necessary to take care when defining program indicators. In the majority of cases, mortality and morbidity indexes are
not good indicators since there are many factors that influence them and thus they are purely linked to the water and sanitation
situation (climate, population movements,…). As a result, it is impossible to demonstrate that a reduction in these indexes is
exclusively the result an individual program.
4. Guarantee water as a necessary resource for the nourishment of communities: combination of WATER AND FOODSECURITY
The means of survival for many communities are tightly linked to the availability of water resources. This is true for the
development of both agriculture and livestock.
For some communities agriculture and livestock activities are their main priority and they are very aware that they cannot
survive with out them. A clear example of this is livestock rearing nomads, where man and livestock consume water from the
same water sources, which are often contaminated and present high health risks.
WATER
Supply
Quantity
Quality
Access Hygiene andthe EnvironmentSanitation
INDEX
It would be a mistake to design a program limited only to human water consumption, leaving animal watering for a second
phase. Although it is true that through confining the program solely to human water consumption, one can avoid animals watering
at the same place as the people, thus preserving the quality of the drinking water as well as permitting the increased availability
of water for human consumption and other needs such as basic hygiene, the reality of the situation is that this idea will not be
accepted by the nomads since they can not survive with out their livestock.
Programs need to be adapted to the local way of life, habits and community customs.
Basic standards linked to basic agriculture and livestock consumption.
5. Improve the robustness and sustainability of systems.
It is always necessary to analyse the sustainability of an intervention and endeavour to achieve autonomy in the systems so
that the communities do not become totally dependent on external assistance. In emergency programs, it is necessary to think
about the situation that will be left after the intervention has finished.
Once the basic needs are covered, the program should focus on the strengthening of the following aspects:
• Ensuring the quality of the work and infrastructure.
• Using adapted systems that can be managed and maintained by the community.
• Creating water and sanitation committees in the communities, and training them in correct management and maintenance
of the systems.
• Encouraging community work / involvement of the community in the projects.
• Providing technical training (program staff, local technicians, local government officials, communities).
• Providing sensitisation and education regarding the project.
• Studying and predicting how the situation may evolve.
The formation of water committees responsible for each water point should be done in a participative way, with anappropriate gender focus: it is necessary to ensure that women take and active role in these committees, and as suchit can help to reinforce their role in the community.
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06 . PRINCIPAL STANDARS FOR WATER AND SANITATION
PRINCIPLE STANDARDS FOR EMERGENCY
STANDARD MINIMUM QUANTITY(Drinking + Cooking + Hygiene)
Nutrition Centres
Health Centres
Small animalsLarge animals
DonkeysCows
Camels
15 litres / person / day
30 litres / beneficiary / day
50 litres / patient / day
5 litres / head / day
20 litres / head / day30 litres / head / day40 litres / head / day
500 metres, 30 minutes
500 people per well or borehole250 people per 2 inch standpipe
150 people per 0.75 inch tap
Maximum distance from water point
Number of people per water point
Maximum waiting time 30 minutes
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Water and Sanitation Programs
* Modified version of the SPHERE guideline.** At the time of establishing standards, the WATER USE needs to be taken into account. It is necessary to differentiate between water usefor human consumption, animals and agriculture, and whether the water is for drinking, or for cleaning. The above standards are for drinkingwater for human consumption.
Water Quality **
Less then 10 coliforms / 100 ml
Sanitation survey indicates a low risk of possible faecal contamination
For populations of more that 10,000 people, in locations where there is a high risk ofepidemics, or where there is a high occurrence of diarrhoeas, IT IS NECESSARY TOCLORINATE the water and ensure a residual chlorine level of 0.2 to 0.5 mg per litre.
Turbidity less than 5 NTU
For physical-chemical parameters, use the WHO standards and evaluate the danger ofconsuming the water for a short period (in emergencies), thus opening up the possibilityof using other water sources. If the danger is deemed very high, the water should not
be used.
The total dissolved solids should not exceed 1000 mg/litre,or a conductivity of 2 000 µs/cm
In order to avoid negative health effects, the water should not contain chemical orradioactive contamination.
Defecation areas *At least 50m away from the nearest water point.
2.5 m. x 0.3 m. x 1 m. for 100 people
Latrines1 public latrine per 50 people
1 family latrine per family
Access to latrinesMore than 50m from the nearest water point.
Less than 50m from the house.
INDEX
06 . GUIDING STANDARDS FOR STABLE SITUATIONS
GUIDING STANDARD FOR SANTIATION
Quantity Standard
Health Centres
Access: distance to the water point
Waiting time
30 - 60 litres / person / day
50 - 220 litres / patient / day
50 meters
15 minutes
Water Quality
0 coliforms / 100 ml
That the sanitation survey indicates zero risk of possible faecal contamination
Turbidity – 0 DTU
Standards of the World Health Organisation for physical and chemical parameters.
Latrines 1 latrine per family
For populations of more than 10,000 people, or in locations where there is a highrisk of epidemic, or where the prevalence of diarrhoea is high, water SHOULD BE
CHLORINATED to leave a residual level of 0,2 a 0,5 mg per litre.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
* In tropical and Saharan countries, a standard unit, equivalent to a cattle of 250kg, the Tropical Livestock Unit (TLU), is used. This unit
is used a reference for all animals with the following ratio:
Cows and horses: 1 TLU
Donkeys: 0.4 TLU
Sheep and Goats: 0.2 TLU
Camels: 1.2 – 2 TLU
The SPHERE criteria also propose these standards as a minimum level for livestock consumption.
06 . AGRICULTURE AND BREEDING STANDARDS
STANDARS RELATED
Kitchen Gardens
Small animals * (goats and sheep)
Depends of the type of plant, but as a minimum guideline5 litres / day / m2.
5 litres / head / day
20 litres / head / day
30 litres / head / day
40 litres / head / day
Large animals *
Donkeys
Cows
Camels
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Water and Sanitation Programs
07 . PRINCIPALS OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES: WATER
OBJECTIVES
Cover the minimum needs:
• Supply x litres / person / day to a specified number of people
In an emergency context, we use the SPEHERE standard, and in more development-orientated contexts, we try to use
the appropriate National standards.
Reduce the risk of spread of water related disease:
• Improve water quality.
• Increase the availability of water.
Cover the minimum needs for livestock and agriculture:
• Supply x litres / head of livestock / day (quantity depends on type of animal)
• Supply x litres / kitchen garden or hectare cultivated / day (quantity depends on the type of crop being cultivated)
Influence the sustainability of the interventions and systems:
• Improve the system management
• Promote appropriate and durable systems
• Strengthen local structures
• Reduce the possible impact of future catastrophes
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Water and Sanitation Programs
ACTIVITIES
Context Evaluation (with emphasis on the aspects related to water)• Social and human
• Political
• National and regional strategies
• Coordination
• Logistic possibilities (transport, local purchasing.)
Evaluation of existing and potential water resources• Literature search and analysis
• Inventory of water points
Search for new water resources• Geological / Hydro-geological studies
• Geophysical studies
• Prospecting
Construction of water points: rehabilitation–creation of new water points• Underground water
– Large diameter wells
– Boreholes
• Surface water
– Rivers
– Springs
– Lakes
– Rainwater
– Seawater (desalinisation??)
Installation of systems for water extraction• Manual or by gravity
• Mechanical
– Hand pumps
– Electrical systems
– Solar systems
– Wind powered systems
Water quality analysis• Physical - Chemical
• Bacteriological
• Analysis of pesticides and/or heavy metals in specialised laboratories
Water treatment• Removing turbidity:
– Sedimentation / coagulation
– Flocculation / filtration
• Disinfection (chlorination…)
Distribution and storage• Distribution at the water source
• Gravity fed systems
• Distribution networks
• Construction of tanks
• Private taps / public tap stands
• Drinking troughs
The use of water• Source / transport / storage
• Varied uses: human consumption / hygiene / animal consumption
Installation of management systems• Water Committee
• The cost of the water
Training of technicians• Plumbers / pump technicians / mechanics
• Basic maintenance
Gender IssuesTechnical analysis / management of collected data
• Design of technically appropriate solutions
• Resource coverage maps
• Hydro-geological studies
• Databases
• Technical strategies. Solutions.
Activities focussed on preparation for disasters• Prevention (risk maps,…)
• Preparation of responses before the crises arise (contingency plans,
community training,…)
INDEX
GENERAL OBJECTIVES
• Reduction of the risk of the spread of water related disease and the eradication of possible transmission vectors related
to water and sanitation.
• Reduction of the environmental impact of interventions and the preservation of the natural surroundings.
07 . PRINCIPALS OBJECTIVES AND ACTIVITIES:
SANITATION AND HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT EDUCATION
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES
Cover minimum needs:
• Cover minimum level of sanitary structures: x people / sanitary structure. Priority placed on public locations, health
centres and schools
• Improve understanding and habits regarding both hygiene and the environment in the community.
• Emphasise the sustainability of the interventions and systems.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
ACTIVITIES
• Context evaluation (emphasising sanitation and environmental
aspects)
• Social and human
• Political
• National and regional strategies
• Coordination
• Logistic possibilities (transport, local purchasing,...)
• Evaluation of the existing and potential sanitation and environmental
resources
• Geological (soil) studies, topographic surveys for building
construction and drainage infrastructure
• Evaluation in the communities
• CAP surveys
• Construction / rehabilitation of sanitary structures
• Latrines
• Sewage systems
• Rubbish collection / treatment systems
• Rain water drainage
• Clothes washing stands
• Showers
• Vector control systems
• Water / sanitation control
• Chemical or biological
• Protection from animals that transmit disease (covers, mosquito
nets, insect repellents)
• Hygiene
• Elimination of waste and excreta
• Emptying of latrines
• Manure
• Management of rubbish
• Recycling
• Use and maintenance of the structures
• Cleaning / basic maintenance
• Management committees
• Sensitisation
• Training of technicians
• Masons
• Educators
• Disinfection techniques
• Health education
• Regarding the use of water
• The water cycle
• Basic health and sanitation
• Hygiene habits
• The environment
• Illnesses linked to dirty water and a lack of hygiene and sanitation
• Food hygiene
• Gender issues
• Capitalization of Information, Analysis
• Compilation of methodologies used
• Health coverage
• Common illnesses
• Epidemic and disease warning systems
• Technical analysis of collected information
• Design of appropriate technical solutions
• Coverage maps
• Databases
• Technical strategies. Solutions.
INDEX
08 . WORK METHODOLOGY
The Project Cycle
Identification, analysis and intervention criteria
Capitalisation
Research
Sensitisation and “advocacy”
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Water and Sanitation Programs
Project cycle as a plannification and monitoring tool
08 . THE PROJECT CYCLE
CommunityAssessment
Evaluation
Operating planGantt chart
Objectives(indicating results)
Definition of resources(indicating process)
Definition of the priorities
Definition of the problem andthe beneficiary population
Diagnosis of the situation
Definition of problems andprioritisation
EvaluationConception ofthe program
Implementationof the program
Activities(Indicating
implementation process)
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Water and Sanitation Programs
In order to define a water and sanitation program, and to have a good analysis of a situation, it is fundamental to compile
data, taking into account both general and technical aspects. It is very important that the project identification is carried out
correctly, so that it is possible to predict the resources and means that will be needed.
The depth of the evaluation depends on the context – before, during or after an emergency, as well as and the time available.
In emergencies it is necessary to prioritise the information that is needed and make a rapid analysis of the needs and the
necessary type of intervention.
In general, the following information is required:
• Contextual Information
• Geographic characteristics: climate, vegetation, access, accompanied by maps if possible.
• Population: number and characteristics (ages, sex, ethnic group, religion, nomadic populations, urban/rural migration),
vulnerable groups.
• Politics, structure of the communities.
• Resources: production, commercial, wealth indicators.
• Education, levels of schooling and alphabetisation, general conditions in the schools.
• Health: common diseases, death rate, general conditions of sanitary structures.
• Local capacity: local supplies, private capacity, capacity of the local authorities.
• Security.
• Communications: access and possible providers.
08 . IDENTIFICATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERVENTION CRITERIA
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Water and Sanitation Programs
• Prioritisation of needs following the opinion of the communities and local authorities.
• Specific Information
• The number and characteristics of exiting water points. Yields and condition (infrastructure) of source. Access and quality
of water. Pressure on the water point (do many people use the water point or not?). Treatment of the water.
• Water coverage for human and other consumptions (l itres / person / day, l itres / head / day,..).
• Geological studies, maps, aerial / satellite photos, to establishment of new water points.
• Seasonal variations of the water resources.
• Different water uses.
• Water related diseases, mortality rate and age distribution.
• National and regional politics. Implementation models in use in the region.
• Infrastructure maintenance. Locally available technical personnel and their capabilities. Availability of spare parts.
• Existing management systems. Number of comities, how are they set up, how do they function?
• Sanitation infrastructure. Condition. Coverage of latrines (people per latrine). Management of rubbish. Existence of flooding
problems due to poor drainage.
• Hygiene habits. Knowledge, use and ability.
• Environmental condition.
• Risk factor regarding the spreading of epidemics: poor conditions / high population density.
INDEX
Sources of information:
• Libraries and exiting documents
• Interviews with authorities at national, regional and local levels, as well as other organisations (local NGO, Hospital / Ministry
of Health).
• Direct field observation during the interviews.
Once the information has been compiled, a detailed analysis needs to be made in which the most important needs are identified
and the different solutions to meet these needs are analysed, with the objective of laying out an appropriate intervention strategy.
Intervention criteria:
• Communities whose living conditions are very precarious and whose lives are under threat as a result of these deficiencies.
• Failure to meet the minimum standards (SPHERE or national).
• Existence of high risk of spread of epidemics or disease, either water related and/or sanitation related.
• Lack of capacity within the local structure to provide effective solutions and the required help.
• Existence of recurring crises that the communities do not have sufficient capacity to resolve themselves.
• Lack of general development that hinders the communities in realising a dignified standard of living.
• Existence of requests for assistance from the communities and existence of organisations to receive the help (local committee
etc..)
The decision to cease to intervene depends on:
• Cessation of needs.
• Program ceases to have sufficient impact.
• The systems implemented function autonomously.
• AAH’s response capacity is not able to evolve with the situation.
• Other organisations are present to take over the work.
INDEX
08 . CAPITALISATION OF INFORMATION
AND WORK METHODOLOGIES
During the implementation of water and sanitation programs, a large volume of important data is collected, regarding both
the context (populations, site characteristics, location and characteristics of water points, condition of infrastructure, coverage’s,
history of water analysis, existing management systems,…) and the methodologies used (prospection techniques, well construction
techniques, community training and education tools,…).
All of this information is very valuable for the communities, the local authorities and the other actors who what to work in the
area. In many cases, one of the major problems that exists in these areas is the lack of information.
This means that an important objective of a program should be to develop the tools that allow
the use and analysis of this information in a way that is simple to understand. This implies the
need for:
• A systematic and trustworthy collection of data.
• The use of databases to facilitate the management of the data.
• The use of geographic information systems (GIS) for clear and attractive data analysis.
• The capitalization of the work methodologies used through in data sheets and manuals *.
* One example of a technical manual is the book ‘Alimentation en eau des pobulationes menacées’ by Action
Against Hunger, edited by Hermann (it is soon to be translated into Spanish and English, and the next edition
will be available on CD in 3 languages).
The book is a technical guide for water and sanitation projects in developing countries.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
08 . RESEARCH
(Adapted systems / capacity)
Research is an important aspect of water and sanitation programs.
Development research requires:
• Analysis of the needs.
• Study of the existing solutions (which often exist locally) and assessment of necessary modifications. Sometimes these
local solutions can be ‘exported’ to other similar contexts (where if necessary, they can always be adapted).
• Sometimes it is necessary to be innovative and look for specific designs and solutions, but they must always bear in mind
the local capacity and be sure that they are answering the actual problem.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
08 . SENSITISATION AND ADVOCACY*
Sensitisation and “advocacy”* in water and sanitation programs can be developed at 3 distinct levels:
At the level of the beneficiary:
• Sensitisation regarding the programs (what is going to be done, why is it going to be done).
• Attitudes and habits regarding the programs.
• Information about the rights that the beneficiaries have.
• Promotion of the mobilisation of the community in demanding these rights (How can they go about demanding their rights?).
At local and national organisational level:
• Inform relevant people of the problems.
• Inform relevant people about rights.
• Sensitisation regarding the situation and the possible solutions.
At an International level, and in ‘northern’ countries.
• Inform the population about the problematic.
• Demonstrate the solutions that are being implemented (we have the duty to show what we are doing).
• Actively involve the international community and its members.
In general, this task is focussed within the framework of human rights. Water and sanitation programs are implemented in
communities where they lack the means that allow people to live a dignified life (not only related to aspects regarding water).
It is important to make these deficiencies, as well as their causes, clear.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
In addition, there is “advocacy” that is more focussed on water that revolves around the premise: Access to water is a
fundamental human necessity, and therefore, a basic human right. Everybody has the right to have access to: a clean and safe
supply of water, sufficient to meet their fundamental needs, a basic level of hygiene and the means for survival.
* “Advocacy” is a duty requiring reporting and awareness rising regarding a situation (informing people). Its objective is to form public opinion, and if
possible, influence the public’s perception toward demanding a reaction. It is a labour toward the defence of human rights.
INDEX
09 . GENERAL FRAMEWORK FOR WATER SANITATION
IN ACTION AGAINST HUNGER
Action Against Hunger has as a principal objective
the eradication of hunger and poverty. The initial
interventions focus on the covering of the most basic
and immediate needs, always with the perspective of
reinforcing and establishing the foundations of
development in the communities, in such a way that
allows the reduction or elimination risks thus avoiding
the repetition of these vulnerable situations.
Water and sanitation are indispensablenecessities of life and also form the foundation fordevelopment.
Action Against Hunger insists that access to water
is a basic and essential right for all human beings.
“Action Against Hunger’s vocation is to save lives by fighting hunger, poverty and hopeless situations involving amortal threat for helpless men, women and children.”
“The purpose of all Action Against Hunger programmes is to enable its beneficiaries to recover as soon as possibletheir autonomy and the resources to live without being dependent on outside assistance.”
Charter of Principles - Action Against Hunger.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
Action Against Hunger implements programs that defend this right, developing activities related to water, sanitation, and the
promotion of basic hygiene, the environment, community building and preparation for disasters.
These activities include construction or rehabilitation of water and sanitation systems, context analysis, evaluation and
prioritisation of needs, water resource studies, education programs, management of water systems and training of communities
and local structures.
The strategy of Action Against Hunger’s programs is described in the general section detailing the water and sanitation
programs.
However, the water and sanitation department has developed its own strategy, whose principal objective is to define, help
and improve the quality and impact of the programs that they implement.
Technical development in water and sanitation department - Action Against Hunger.
INDEX
Organisation of tools for selection and training of human resources
Capitalization, consultation and training tools
Specific Axes of Development
Objectives of the Technical Department
Coordination
Sensitisation, technicals communication and advocacy
09 . TECHNICAL DEVELOPMENT IN THE WATER AND SANITATION
DEPARTMENT IN ACTION AGAINST HUNGER
INDEX
Water and Sanitation Programs
• Diversification of our interventions in contexts that present complex problematics (urban context, etc…).
• Improve the operational and analysis capacity.
• Research and development of tools and systems for use in programs.
• Develop local capacity: internal staff promotion, NGO / local structures and communities
– Training of Action Against Hunger staff with the objective of improving the local competencies (these local staff can, in
the future, be reincorporated into the local framework).
– Capacitation and reinforcement of the communities and local structures.
• Internal and external promotion of technical ‘know-how’ of Action Against Hunger:
– Communication of technical aspects of the humanitarian aid work to Universities and media .
– Complete reference tools in Spanish (book and CD of water - Action Against Hunger).
– Collaboration in research projects.
• Integrated analysis for the definition of projects: water and basic sanitation – health and nutrition – food security.
09 . OBJECTIVES OF THE TECHNICAL DEPARTMENT
INDEX
Water and Sanitation Programs
1.- The Pastoral problematic
1.1.- Capitalization on the international experience of Action Against Hunger.
1.2.- Seminar in Kenya.
1.3.- Analysis document.
2.- Preparation for disasters
2.1.- Creation of specific programs (till now Action Against Hunger have implemented programs in Jocotán (Guatemala),
Cambodia, Uganda, are currently preparing a program in the Philippines and have participated in the DIPECHO forums in Panama
and Manila in 2001).
2.2.- Integration of a preparation for disasters component into water and sanitation programs (focussing on locations where
there are recurring crises).
2.3.- Integrating programs with the politics of the countries in which we work.
3.- The urban problematic
3.1.- Evaluation of distinct program designs and their impact.
3.2.- Integration at a regional level of countries with a similar problematic and with a specific work methodology.
3.3.- Capitalization on the experiences of Action Against Hunger International (AAH / ACH / ACF). For example
3.3.1.- The program in Bamako, 2001 – 2000, which involved the management of rubbish and reduction of risk to flooding.
3.3.2.- Participation in the Ouagadougou seminar, 2002).
4.- Response capacity during emergencies.
4.1.- Definition of a module to be used as a tool for reference and training.
4.2.- Improving the response capacity at head office level:
4.2.1.- Creation of an emergency stock.
4.2.2.- Study of the varieties / types of interventions.
4.2.3.- Understanding and following of the situation in locations where recurring emergencies are experienced.
09 . SPECIFIC AXES OF DEVELOPMENT 2002 - 2003
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Water and Sanitation Programs
4.2.4.- Promote the idea of creating a pool of human resources for emergency responses.
4.3.- Improve the response capacity in the countries where Action Against Hunger is present:
4.3.1.- Create regional contingency plans.
4.3.2.- Have key personnel available in the region.
4.3.3.- Train personnel in ‘emergency type’ responses.
4.3.4.- Create regional or local emergency stocks (for example – Guinea and Centro America).
4.4.-Example of emergencies: Guinea 2001-2002, Mozambique 2001, El Salvador 2001, Afghanistan 2001, Angola 2002.
5.- Geophysics
5.1.- Relevance of the combination of geophysical techniques and humanitarian programs.
5.2.- PMR (Proton Magnetic Resonance) research program.
6.- Development and promotion of local technologies: Bomba Mecate. (‘Rope and washer’ pump)
6.1.- Improvement of the design.
6.2.- Assistance to local manufacturers.
6.3.- Exportation to other countries and continents (e.g. Colombia, where the pump is called ‘the ACH pump’).
7.- Emergency water treatment systems.
7.1.- Study of the different products on the market.
7.2.- Testing of systems: compact mobile purification and cleaning plants.
8.- Capitalization, information analysis and Geographic Information Systems.
8.1.- Creation of a database that capitalizes on the information gathered in the field.
8.2.- Promote the use of GIS (geographical information systems) as a tool for illustrating information analysis.
8.3.- Improving the availability of equipment and systems.
9.- The integration of parameters related to water in the observation and monitoring of hunger.
10.- Design of specific equipment:
10.1.- Evaluation and improvement of drilling machines (PAT 401 – ACF)
10.2.- Improvement of geophysical kit (resistivity meter and sounding)
10.3.- Pumping test kit Action Against Hunger.
10.4.- Chlorination system for wells.
INDEX
1.- Book “Alimentation en eau des populations menacées ”
1.1.- Amplified in the second edition.
1.2.- English edition , 2003.
1.3.- Spanish Edition: awaiting finance.
2.- Interactive CD “Alimentation en eau des populations menacées”
2.1.- 3 languages.
2.2.- Ready for 2003.
3.- Water and sanitation emergency module.
3.1.- 3 languages.
3.2.- Interactive.
4.- UNED module (Spanish)
Introductory document to emergency water and sanitation programs. It
is an integral part of the UNED module (distance learning) dedicated to
humanitarian assistance.
5.- Hygiene promotion, and the use and management of water module
(in process)
5.1.- 3 languages.
5.2.- Interactive CD and capitalization documents of previous experience.
09 . CAPITALIZATION, CONSULTATION AND EDUCATION TOOLS
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Water and Sanitation Programs
09 . ORGANISATION OF TOOLS FOR THE SELECTION AND
TRAINING OF HUMAN RESOURCES
a) Development of interview format and selection criteria for Expatriate staff.
b) Training kit.
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Water and Sanitation Programs
a) With technical departments of the other head offices ACH / ACF / AAH: working on a combined strategy regardingobjectives and operation.
b) With other NGO’s: periodic technical meetings.
The last INTERNATIONAL TECHNICAL MEETING was held in Madrid on 17 and 18 April, with NGOs involved in the water
sector. Participating organisations included MSF (Belgium, France, Holland), IFRC, OXFAM, UNHCR, IRC, University of Surrey,
and a private company involved in water analysis).
09 . COORDINATION
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Water and Sanitation Programs
1. Project
2. Technical papers on geophysics (various publications).
3. Possible collaboration with schools on themes of sensitisation (Proposal for Generalitat Cataluña, Navarra, …).
4. Study regarding the intervention possibilities in advocacy linked to water, in contexts where it is seen to benecessary. Definition of our stand regarding key themes including: access to water, the sale of water, …
The Blue Revolution
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Water and Sanitation Programs
09 . SENSITISATION, TECHNICALS COMMUNICATION
AND “ADVOCACY”
1. Objective: inform the general public’s opinion
• Publicising the importance of the problems regarding water in the world.
• Demanding access to water as a fundamental right for all human beings.
• Demonstrating that solutions exist and that we are working towards them.
• Demonstrating the different types of water systems that are used in developing countries.
2. Activities:
• Exhibition about the problems of water in the world (March – April 2002, Canal de Isabel II).
• “The Blue Revolution” CD.
• Discussion forum regarding the problems of water.
• Analysis ‘dossier’ regarding the problems of water.
• Advertising in the media: t.v., adverts in magazines, article in national newspaper, others,...
• Events in different countries (Nicaragua and Guatemala).
• Testimonies from the field.
• Activities at a local office level: Galicia.
09 . PROJECT “THE BLUE REVOLUTION”
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Water and Sanitation Programs