water and the earth. the hydrosphere 326 million mi 3 closed system
TRANSCRIPT
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Water and the Earth
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The hydrosphere 326 million mi3
Closed System
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Small Comets?
6 millimeters of rainfall/10,000 years
20 to 40 tons
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Radius: 3986.5 mi (4000 Mi)Diameter: 7973 mi (8000 Mi)Circumference: 25,048 mi (25,000 mi)
Surface area: 200 million mi2
Oceans: 140 million mi2
Land: 60 million mi2
Dimensions of the Earth
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World Population: 6.5 billion
6 ac/person
How much do you get?
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What’s your share of the water?
326 million mi3
6.5 billion people
0.05 mi3
55 billion gallons
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Total Earth WaterTotal Earth Water
OceansOceans
Ice and Glaciers Ice and Glaciers
AtmosphereAtmosphere
Aquifer/Groundwater Aquifer/Groundwater
LakesLakes
RiversRivers
Soil Soil
}99.2%
}0.8%
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Oceans – 97% of the Earth’s Water
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Approximate volume: 316 million mi3
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6000 feet deep
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Earth’s OceansEarth’s Oceans
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about 4% of the Earth’s surface
surrounds Antarctica extending to the latitude 60° South
-2°C to 10°C
Southern Ocean
Antarctic Circumpolar Current
Designated in 2000
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Sizes and Depths
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Largest: Pacific
AtlanticIndianSouthern
Smallest: Arctic
Sizes
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Average Ocean DepthsAverage Ocean Depths
Pacific 14,100 ft
Atlantic 12,900 ft
Indian 12,700 ft
Southern 12,000 ft
Arctic 4,300f ft
Overall Average Depth: 2.33 miles
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Land and Sea
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SOUTHERN OCEAN
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The World Ocean
Caspian SeaBlack SeaMediterranean
Strait of Gibraltar
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Water and Civilization
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The First Necessary ConditionFor the Establishment of a Civilization
A dependable supply of water
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Development
Paleolithic (old stone age)was the first period in the development of human technology of the Stone Age.
2 million years
~12,000 years
Stone Tools
Homo habilis
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Neolithic (new stone age)was a period in the development of human technology that is traditionally the last part of the Stone Age (not necessarily chronological)
Domestication Pottery Weaving Hafted Axes
-12,000 -3500 years
Development
Cause?
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Agriculture
20,000 years ago
8,000 years ago
DevelopmentOf Agriculture(systematic/irrigated)
Development was slow and variable
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Neolithic Revolution
food gatherers to food producers
Fewer Farmers Surplus Food
Specialized skillsDiverse abilities
CraftsmenTradersTechnicians
Why?
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tool users
agriculture
iron age
industrial revolution
Steam Power
space flight
2,000,000 yrs
8,500 yrs
3,000 yrs
150 yrs
Time Perspective
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Climate and Water
Forced Adaptation
Homo sapiens
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Retreat of the Ice
fresher
saltier
Gibraltar
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•Overpopulation of lands around the Mediterranean
•Overload of available resources
•Concentration of people into smaller areas
Consequences
depletion of plantsAnimal populations died back
•new survival strategiestill the earthPooled resourcesProtect/domesticate animals
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Civilization
Neolithic Founder CropsWheatBarleyFlaxChick PeaLentil
Domesticated animals:cows, goats, sheep, and pigs
NileJordanTigrisEuphrates
Flood Stories
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Water, Climate, and Contemporary Civilization
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1o F
80o F
35o F
110o F
30o F
1o F
Surface Temperatures
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Thermal Properties of Waterin Relation to Climate
Latent Heat
Heat Capacity
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Latent Heat:
The amount of heat energy absorbedor released by water when it undergoesa phase change.
Solid Liquid Gas
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Heat Capacity
Water can absorb a lot of heat before the temperature increases
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Heat Capacity
Water 1.00 cal/g·oCAlcohol 0.06Mercury 0.03Oil 0.50
The amount of heat (calories) required raise the temperature of one gram
of a substance by 1o Celsius.
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temperatures of large standing bodies of water remain relatively constant.
Prevents wide temperature fluctuations
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Next: Water and Climate