water and weather chapter six: weather and climate 6.1 introduction to weather 6.2 weather patterns...

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Page 1: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes
Page 2: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

Water and Weather

Page 3: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

Chapter Six: Weather and Climate

• 6.1 Introduction to Weather

• 6.2 Weather Patterns

• 6.3 Climates and Biomes

Page 4: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

Investigation 6B

• How does Doppler radar work?

Storms

Page 5: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Meteorology

• A meteorologist is a person who uses scientific principles to explain, understand, observe, or forecast Earth’s weather.

Page 6: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Meteorology

• Many meteorologists have college degrees in physics, chemistry, or mathematics.

Page 7: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Meteorology

• Meteorologists use satellite and computer technology to inform people about the weather.

Page 8: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Water in the atmosphere

• Higher temperatures cause liquid water molecules to move faster.

• These water molecules become water vapor in the atmosphere.

Page 9: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Cloud formation

• Different conditions cause different clouds.

• Cumuliform clouds include:

– cirrocumulus

– altocumulus

– cumulus

– cumulonimbus

Page 10: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Cloud formation• Stratiform clouds form

when a large mass of stable air gradually rises, expands, and cools.

• Stratiform clouds include:– cirrostratus– altostratus– stratus– nimbostratus

Page 11: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Cloud formation• Sometimes a cloud formation combines

aspects of both cumuliform and stratiform clouds.

• We call these clouds stratocumulus clouds.

Page 12: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Cloud formation• Cirrus clouds are thin lines of ice crystals

high in the sky, above 6,000 meters.

• They are just a thin streak of white across a blue sky.

Page 13: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Rain

• Rain is the result of a cooling air mass.

• Cooling an air mass is like wringing out a wet sponge.

• Tiny droplets form a cloud or fog.

• Larger droplets fall as rain.

Page 14: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Snow

• Snow usually forms when both ice crystals and water droplets are present in the sky.

• The water droplets attach to ice crystals and freeze.

• When the ice crystals are large enough, they will fall to the ground as snow.

Page 15: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Air masses and fronts• An air mass is a large body

of air with consistent temperature and moisture characteristics throughout.

• Two air masses that affect the United States are the continental polar air mass and the maritime tropical air mass.

Changing conditions and global winds cause these air masses to move.

Page 16: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Fronts

• A cold front occurs when cold air moves in and replaces warm air.

Page 17: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Fronts

• A warm front occurs when warm air moves in and replaces cold air.

Page 18: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Fronts• On a weather map, a

cold front is shown using a line marked with triangles.

• The triangles point in the direction the front is moving.

• A warm front is shown using a line marked with semicircles.

Page 19: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Low- and high-pressure areas• When a cold front moves

into a region and warm air is forced upward, an area of low pressure is created near Earth’s surface at the boundary between the two air masses.

• A center of high pressure tends to be found where a stable cold air mass has settled in a region.

Page 20: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes
Page 21: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Thunderstorms• Thunderstorms occur

because of convection in the atmosphere.

• The downdraft and updraft form a type of convection cell called a storm cell within the cloud.

Page 22: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Lightning

• Lightning is a bright spark of light that occurs within a storm cloud, between a cloud and Earth’s surface, or between two storm clouds.

Page 23: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Hurricanes

• A hurricane is a tropical cyclone with wind speeds of at least 74 miles (119 km) per hour.

• The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale is one scale used for rating hurricanes.

Page 24: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 Tornadoes

• A tornado, like a hurricane, is a system of rotating winds around a low-pressure center.

• As the rotating wind pattern narrows and lengthens, it forms a funnel cloud.

Page 25: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 El Nino Southern Oscillations• Storm patterns across the globe can happen in

cycles.• Usually the trade winds blow warm water from

east to west across the Pacific Ocean.• Every so often the trade winds weaken and the

warm water reverses direction.

Page 26: Water and Weather Chapter Six: Weather and Climate 6.1 Introduction to Weather 6.2 Weather Patterns 6.3 Climates and Biomes

6.2 El Nino Southern Oscillations• Along with warm water comes greater

thunderstorm activity across the Pacific.• This change in wind flow, air pressure, and

thunderstorm activity is known as the El Niño Southern Oscillation.