water availability and per capita water use (liters/day)
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Water availability and per capita water use (liters/day)
Period n Group A
Group B
Group C
Canal closure (January) 23 10 16 48 Peak crop water demand (May)
27 15 29 113
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Water quality andavailability
Incidence rateof diarrhea
RR (95% CI)
Seepage 4.04 1
Surface 3.53 0.87(0.72-1.06)
Connected + storage 2.62 1
Connected, nostorage
3.52 1.34(1.11-1.62)
Not connected 5.02 1.91(1.55-2.36)
Under five children in 200 households, Pakistan
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Issues to consider• Risks
– Health hazard of using canal water for drinking– Water source insufficient– Damage to canals and pipes by livestock– Contamination of sources– Access and equity
• Health benefits through more water for hygiene• Management issues
– Improving ‘efficiency’ may cut off some uses and possibly reduce overall value of output
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CANAL LINING Reduced seepage to wells?
???
Increase in F?
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Conclusions• Irrigation water produces more than just grain or fiber• ‘Water for rural development’• Identify all uses, users → provide access to “marginal” users,
for livelihood security• Information on value of all uses leads to better policies• Implications for water rights, especially in transfers
• Who will take responsibility?• Impact of water scarcity, food prices, and climate change?