―Water carbon conundrum‖ –

integrating water and energy

efficiency in Wales Aaron Burton

Water Resources Advisor

7 September 2011

CIWEM

Outline

Why water and energy?

Integrating policy and programmes

Case studies – evidence base EST EU Life+ advice

Housing Association Pilot Study

LivingSmart – individualised marketing

Other evidence

Rainwater harvesting and SuDS

Future opportunities

Why water and energy

efficiency?

Current pressure on the environment

Water Resources Strategy for Wales

Future pressures on water resources

10 to 15 per cent increase

5 to 10 per cent increase

5 per cent increase to 5 per cent decrease

5 to 10 per cent decrease

10 to 20 per cent decrease

20 to 30 per cent decrease

30 to 50 per cent decrease

50 to 80 per cent decrease

January February March April May June

July Aug September October November December

Percentage change in mean monthly flow between now and the 2050s using the

medium-high UKCIP02 scenario

Water Resources Strategy for Wales

PCC

130

135

140

145

150

155

160

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

l/h

/d

England Wales Linear (England) Linear (Wales)

Future WaterFuture Water

Environment Strategy for WalesEnvironment Strategy for Wales

Households

Additional 200,000

new homes by 2025

Additional 30,000

new homes in

Cardiff by 2025

80% homes remain

In 2050

Water and carbon connection

5% UK annual carbon

Emissions

(~3% in Wales)

1% UK annual carbon

emissions

Water and fuel poverty links

30% of households spend more than 3% of their income on water and sewerage bills; and 14% of households spend more than 5%.

Compared to 23% and 11% in England.

Across England and Wales 63% of those in fuel poverty are also in water poverty and 34% of those in water poverty are also in fuel poverty. Fuel poverty by WRZ

*Hot water heating

~40% of energy bills

Why is water different?

Only a small proportion of the current 1.3 million homes in Wales have a full set of energy efficiency measures such as double glazing and cavity wall insulation. Approximately 73% of existing homes are privately owned and some of the stock is ‗hard to treat‘ (e.g. solid walls and off the gas network). Only 0.6% of the housing stock in Wales is replaced with new-build every year, making a focus on the existing stock essential.

―There is scope to improve the environmental sustainability of the 17% of all housing stock that is social housing. It is more efficient to address water efficiency now than in the future

*Sustainable homes – A national housing strategy for Wales (WG, 2009)

Integrating policy and

programmes

EA (2011) The potential for combining household water and energy retrofitting

http://publications.environment-agency.gov.uk/dispay.php?name=GEHO0511BTSR-E-E

Policy

Regulation

Financial Incentives

Retrofit programmes and labelling schemes

Home information and auditing schemes

UK Energy Security and

Green Economy Bill

WG Fuel Poverty

Strategy

Climate Change Strategy

Market Transformation

Programme

WG Climate Change

Action Plan

Flood and Water

Management Act

WG Strategic Policy Position

Statement on Water

Building Regulations

(2013 Devolved)

Home Energy Efficiency

Scheme Regulations 2011

EU Water Framework

Directive

Water Resources

Management Plans

Water Industry Act 1991 Water Act 2003

Ofwat Periodic ReviewWater Supply

(Water fittings)

Regulations

Energy Performance

Certificates

CESP

CERT

Eco-design of

Energy Using Products

Directive

Energy labelling

Directive

Feed in Tariff

Landlords‘ Energy

Saving Allowance

Home Energy Efficiency

Strategy (Wales)Nest (new HEES)

Green Deal

2012/13

Renewable Heat

Incentive

arbed

CESP

Welsh Housing

Quality Standard

Water efficiency

rebates

Water Efficient Product

Labelling Scheme

Waterwise Marque

Energy Saving Trust

WG Pathfinder

Programme

Outline of Welsh Government retrofit

programmes

• Nest Fuel Poverty Programme – advice service, referrals for

insulation, Welsh Government improvement packages (c. 4,000 per

year)

• Arbed 1 – 6,000 hard to heat homes improved, mostly social

housing. Led by housing associations.

• Arbed 2 – similar number to be improved over next three years –

50/50 social/private housing. Scheme manager will be contracted by

WG.

• WHQS – improvements, amongst other things, to energy efficiency,

bathrooms and kitchens

What people want?

6% 5%11%

3% 6% 7% 6% 7%11%

4% 7% 6% 3% 5%

3%

2%

4%3% 2% 3% 3%

3%

4%2% 3%

2%4%

3%

1%

3%

1%3% 3% 2%

4%4%

3%5% 2%

2%

3%

25%29%

17%

17%

25%29%

25%

30% 23%29%

26%

20% 26%23%

33% 37%33%

37%

33%34%

26%

32%30% 35%

30%41% 38% 32%

30% 28%34%

39%30%

25%

38%

24%29% 26%

30% 28% 29% 33%

Total

Sco

tland

Wal

es

Nor

ther

n Irel

and

Eng

land N

ENW

Yor

ks &

Hum

ber

Wes

t Mid

s

Eas

tern

London

SE

SW

Eas

t Mid

s

Strongly agree

Slightly

Neither nor

Slightly

Strongly disagree

Don't know

―I‘d prefer to have water and energy efficient devices installed at the same time rather

than separately‖ (67% of respondents slightly or strongly agree in Wales);

Water Energy Model

Modelling costs and benefits Nest

OR arbed phase 2

Assumed number of homes targeted 5,000

Potential water and energy bill

savings per household (home with

water meter)

£80-£120 / yr

Potential energy bill saving per

household (home with no water

meter)

£25-43 / yr

Approximate investment required

per household (advice and water

retrofit)

£95

Total potential bill savings £220,000/yr

Total potential household CO2

reduction 580 tCO2/yr

Water supply benefits 96 mega litres water/yr (52.6

litres/property/day)

Potential water company emissions

saving 100 tCO2e/yr

Estimated programme cost £475,000

Payback period 2.2 years

―I was very interested to see your figures on

the potential savings that can be achieved

on energy bills and the potential reduction

in greenhouse gas emissions through the

provision of water efficiency advice and

retrofit measures‖ Response to EAW and EST Letter

Jane Davidson, Previous Minister for Environment, Sustainability and Housing

Nest (& arbed 2) programmes

The Home Energy Efficiency Scheme (Wales) Regulations 2011*

Purposes for which a grant may be approved

6.—(1) An application for a grant may be approved if it relates to one or more of the following purposes—

• …(N) THE PROVISION OF WATER-SAVING MEASURES;

15,000 households per year contact, 3-5,000 improved http://nestwales.org.uk/ Need for improved links between water and energy companies Training/ tools for energy providers to consider water (beyond SAP)

*http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/656/regulation/6/made

Welsh Housing Quality Standard

17% of households in Wales

SAP rating for energy (space and water heating)

32% of households between now and 2014/15 OR ~70,000 homes!

EAW & EST Guidance to support WHQS (based on pilot study & survey)

WC partnerships

Refurbishment

Voids and maintenance

Devolved building regulations

Devolved from 2013 – changes to energy efficiency Energy Saving Trust report - 22% of homeowners are planning or anticipating a major refurbishment linked to energy efficiency within 3 years (UK) Potential water efficiency measures + broader water management

UK level – Green Deal & CERT

Cost-benefit Green Deal Waterwise retrofit scenarios (showers, taps/ & toilet)

• 300kw Energy Saving

• 7.4-15m3 water

• £26/yr energy saving

• £25-51/yr water saving

• 3yr payback energy

• 1yr payback water

EA detailed report Autumn 2011 (MACC etc.)

CERT/ECO Large scale energy company schemes

Proportion fuel poverty related

Water efficiency in Wales

Water and energy efficient

Products and appliances

Developing water and

energy programmes

Developing the

evidence base

WG

Policy

Water and energy efficient

Products and appliances

Developing water and

energy programmes

Developing the

evidence base

WG

Policy

There has been a consistent drop in energy and water

demand; All new buildings are constructed to the

highest standards of energy and water efficiency, and

are zero carbon. (One Wales: One Planet)

Arbed, Nest, WHQS, behaviours

Water-energy group & partnerships

Regulatory enablers - Walker

Labelling and incentives

Pilot programmes, evidence from similar WCs

Case Study 1 – EST &

Waterwise EU Life+

Renew

Integrating water-energy advice

London, Cardiff, Edinburgh

need to move beyond top tips and

general advice

advice needs to educate as to why

people need to save water, with a

focus on awareness raising of the

water-energy connection

Water-energy model and flash

calculator

September dissemination

Interim results

Link between water and energy = 8.5% to 20% in a few months (Only 17% - energy is used to heat water).

Behaviours Showers instead of baths (4% increase);

Only fill kettle with sufficient water (10% increase);

Only use WM/Dishwasher with full loads (3% increase);

Water butt usage (6% increase)

Most people claim they are doing these behaviours already in the baseline.

59% of Cardiff respondents had a meter

Low uptake of installed measures: save a flush bag (5%); water efficient shower (5%); tap flow regulators (2.5%)

Case Study 2 - Housing

association water and energy

pilot

Approach

Initial design – Dec11-Mar12 Cardiff, Bridgend, Swansea and Merthyr

100hh behaviour change

100hh retrofit and behaviour change

100hh retrofit only

Control group

Savings calculated using WEM pre- and post

Linking with energy providers for billing data

Water meter readings prior to and during project

Qualitative survey data and second visits

TOTAL SAVINGS FROM PROJECT

H2O Mega

litres/yrH2O £/yr Energy £/yr Total £/yr

Tonnes

CO2eq/yr

embodied

Tonnes CO2/yr

heating

Behaviour Change (100 hh) 1.57 1352.50 4397.50 5749.99 1.65 20.02

Retrofit & Behaviour Change (100hh) 4.18 3601.52 5264.28 8865.79 4.39 26.52

Retrofit only (100hh) 2.77 2387.32 2950.34 5337.67 2.91 14.86

TOTAL 8.52 7,341.33£ 12,612.12£ 19,953.45£ 8.95 61.39

Total water saved (liters) 8,522,850.41

Approach

Behaviour only

125 tenants

(~5% uptake)

Retrofit and

Behaviour 15

(~25% uptake)

Letter

Appointment

By phone

Doorknocking

Household

engagement:

• Aqualogic flash

presentation –

importance of water

and water-energy

links

• EST Water Energy

Calculator

•Taken around home

to discuss key water

use areas/

behaviours

Contact Uptake In-home

Quantified

outputs

101 2nd visit

Qualitative

surveys

Baseline metering data Water and

Energy

Meter/

Bill data

*Initial outputs only – formal evaluation still in progress

Evaluation

Retrofit 55

homes

http://www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/watercalculator/flashcalculator

Initial Results (surveys and WEM)

Key behaviours 10 minute shower reduced to 7 minutes (32% of householders)

Savings/ hh Water saving: 38 litres per person per day

Bill saving: £126 per year (£94 water, £32 energy)

CO2 saving: 0.2 tonnes per year

Savings total Water saving: 1200 m3/year

Bill saving: £4700 per year

CO2 saving: 5.6 tonnes per year

Case Study 3 - LivingSmart

Approaches

Transport

Waste

Energy

Water

LivingSmart

Individualised marketing

Changing forms of communication – ―pull‖ vs ―push‖

Individualised marketing based approaches

Travelsmart – Australia and

England

WaterSmart – Australia (Perth

and Melbourne)

LivingSmart – Australia and

England

Quality vs quantity

REPEAT STAGES FOR WaterSmart and LivingSmart

60-80% Uptake rate

63,000

Cardiff and

surrounds

WaterSmart – Australia (Perth, Melbourne)

LivingSmart Programmes

Project Water Energy Transport Waste Carbon

LivingSmart

Ipswich,

England

(1,000

households)*

N/A – Defra

Greener

Living Fund

didn‘t extend

Average 18%

change in

key energy

behaviours

(washing

machine,

lights, kettle)

-10% single

passenger

16.6% increase

in recycling

10% increase in

food waste

recycling

LivingSmart

Perth,

Western

Australia

(15,000

households)*

*

8% saving

reported

[supported by

meter reading

data]

9% saving

reported

[4% reduction on

metered

sample , but

kWh savings

higher than

reported]

5% saving reported

(3km/day/hh)

2% saving

reported

1.2t CO2 per

househol

d

[10 year

abateme

nt cost of

$25/t]

LivingSmart – Results

LivingSmart Cardiff Project (1,000hh)

Other evidence

Waterwise Evidence Base Phase II

Detailed analysis of large-scale water efficiency projects (projects not energy focussed)

0.031 to 0.187 kg CO2e per property per day

£1.3 to £44.3 per property per year energy cost saving Predicted vs actual water savings

Retrofit measures £45/hh

Re:New London £166/yr fuel bills saving per home (+5 full time positions)

Tap into Savings and Plug-In (large-scale projects Severn Trent Water)

Partnerships with energy companies/ plumbers

Water Resources Planning Option Range of costs

(pence per cubic metre of water saved/ delivered)

Social housing project (social housing provider and water company partnership – retrofit toilets and taps & behaviour change)

1.2 to 170.2 (best estimate 24.3)

Energy Company (water company and energy company work together installing water efficient showerheads, convert to dual flush toilets and install inserts/ fix leaking taps. CERT credits supports hot water savings. Combined water and energy engagement)

-19.0 to 86.1 (best estimate -15.0)

Whole Town (water company retrofit whole town – water efficient showers, tap inserts and dual flush conversions(

-4.6 to 550.8 (best estimate 52.5)

Retail led retrofit (retailer partners with water company to make water efficient products available in store at discounted price)

-6.4 to 230.1 (best estimate 14.9)

Toilet amnesty rebate scheme (new dual flush replacements – includes water efficient showers in Welsh Housing Quality Standard refurbishment)

-24.6 to 5.4 (best estimate 6.5)

Piggyback on government retrofit (water company engages existing energy/ refurbishment schemes)

-24.6 to 50.4 (best estimate -14.6)

Universal metering 140 to 160 Leakage reduction 3.11 to 40.96

Ground water development 100 to 500 Surface water development 100 to 500

New reservoir 300 to 1000 Desalination plant 400 to 800

RWH and SuDS

Carbon Emissions –

Scoping Study for

Wales

*by Arup, peer-reviewed by Prof. Richard Ashley

Time

Flooding – Surface water

Majority of surface

water problem locations

are in SE Wales

Why

EA (2010) Potential of SuDS in reducing water related GHG emissions

Cost savings of £88/yr and carbon savings of 0.5t/wk but outweighed by construction and maintenance costs

EA (2010) Energy and carbon implications of rainwater harvesting and greywater recycling

RWH carbon emissions around 40% higher than mains water and 100% for greywater recycling

Similar to Australian finding RWH intensity of 1.5kWh/kl vs 1 kWh/kl mains or 4 kWh/kl for desalination

Questions Is this case across Wales?

What are the implications of a larger scale implementation and combination with traditional SuDS?

Does the DCWW gravity fed technology change this?

Case Studies

Carbon

emissions –

normal pump

vs. mains

Carbon

emissions –

low power

pump vs.

mains

Carbon

emissions –

gravity fed

RWH vs.

mains

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

Baseline RWH with

Traditional

Solution

RWH with

traditional

solution

(new tech)

RWH with

traditional

solution

RWH with

traditional

solution

SuDS only SuDS +

1500l RWH

SuDS +

1500l RWH

new tech

SuDS + 300l

RWH

SuDS + 100l

RWH

Option

To

tal em

issio

ns -

wate

r, s

ew

era

ge, su

rface w

ate

r, S

uD

S,

RW

H e

mb

od

ied

(tC

o2e)

NO14 (464 props) BY21 (278 Props) BP04 (1 school + 10 props)

Broader costs and benefits? Maintenance, adoption,

uptake rates etc…

The Future

Next Steps

Housing Association Pilot summary

Nest - water efficiency retrofit and advice

arbed phase 2 - retrofit and advice

Welsh Housing Quality Standard guidance – informed by survey and workshop (2011/12)

Gather lessons from other projects (e.g. Tap into Water, Southern Water Universal Metering Programme, London Water Strategy)

Water and energy sub-group to Water Industry Forum

Wide ranging community engagement project

Potential for Combined Heat and Power

- DECC Heat Map Wales

Linking water, water and energy sectors

Renewable Heat Incentive

Need to balance with water availability

(i.e. storm water for GSHP)

Energy and heat exchange

*New renewables and heat management

Conclusions

Water and energy efficiency should be integrated

Benefits include water and carbon saving as well as addressing fuel poverty

Quality/ individualised behaviour change programmes & partnership working

Opportunities for innovative approaches – RWH and SuDS, WSUD, renewables

Water is a key medium through which we will feel the effects of climate change as well as a key driver through emissions from supply, use and disposal.

Thanks, Questions?

aaron.burton@environment-agency.wales.gov.uk

EST Life+ Webinar

Combining water and

energy efficiency

Online:

Thursday 22 September

live streamed event from

12.00 -13.30 (UK Time)

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

Household and

non household

cistern

displacement

devices

Retrofit WC

devices

Outdoors Household

audits

Non-household

audits

Additional

activity

TOTAL

Water Efficiency Measure

Rep

ort

ed

savin

gs (

Ml/d

)

DCWW

DVW

STW

Water efficiency activity in Wales 2009/10