water contaminant concerns: challenges & success in the us documents/standards... · 1986 1988...

Water Contaminant Concerns: Challenges & Success in the US

Workshop on Water and Sanitation Systems in IndiaKathryn Foster, NSF International|New Delhi|June 27, 2018

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Background

NSF Standards

Overview

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Regulated Contaminants

Case Study: Lead

Potential Regulated Contaminants

Case Study: Nitrosamines

Non-Regulated Contaminants

Case Study: Quinoline Isomers

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Our Mission

NSF International is dedicated to being the leading global provider of public health and safety-based risk management solutions while serving the interests of all stakeholders, namely the public, the business community and government agencies.

Our mission and focus has always been protecting and improving human health.

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NSF International is a global, independent, public health and safety organization.

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NSF helps people live safer.

We carry out this human health and safety mission by:

STANDARDS CERTIFICATION CONSULTING TRAININGAUDITING

Writing standards to promote food, drinking water,

indoor air, dietary supplements,

consumer products and

environmental safety

Certifying products to these

standards

Conducting safety audits for the

food, water and consumer goods

industries

Providing strategic and technical

consulting for the dietary

supplement, pharmaceutical, medical device,

food and beverage industries

Developing training and education programs

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TESTING

Testing products to these and

other standards

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NSF Standards Process

• NSF Standards are approved by ANSI (American National Standards Institute)

– ANSI ensures standards have been developed in accordance with consensus process

– Includes addressing concerns of all stakeholders

– Requires a public review and comment period

– All standard meeting are open to the public

– Anyone can submit an issue paper to propose changes to the standard

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Recognition and Use of NSF Standards

NSF International and the Association of State Drinking Water Administrators (ASDWA) conducted a survey of U.S. states to identify those states that currently have legislation, regulations, or policies in place for NSF/ANSI 60 and NSF/ANSI 61

NSF/ANSI 61 NSF/ANSI 60

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Purpose of NSF/ANSI 60 and 61

NSF/ANSI 60• What contaminants can enter the

water through dosing of the treatment chemical?

• Are they below the maximum allowable level?

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NSF/ANSI 61

• What contaminants migrate or extract into water from the materials used within the distribution system?

• Are they below maximum allowable level?

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NSF/ANSI Standard 60 and 61

Requirements

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What contaminants does the product introduce into water?

Are they below maximum allowable level?• Formulation disclosure by manufacturer• Formulation Review of Product• Expose product to water • Analyze test water for contaminants• Perform toxicology evaluation of

contaminants• Inspection of manufacturing facility

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Product Certification

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Why Certify?

• Meets water utility requirements• Basis for regulatory acceptance• Signifies testing and evaluation by NSF

• Adds credibility in the marketplace• Simplified and unified requirements• Evaluates products to most current

regulatory requirements, as regulations change

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Product certification helps to improve

and maintain the quality of public

drinking water

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Categories of Drinking Water Contaminants


Potential Regulated

Contaminants (UCMR)


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• Levels set by government agency• US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)• Health Canada

• Allowable level in public drinking water supplies limited by law

• Water utilities must monitor and periodically report


Potential Regulated

Contaminants (UCMR)


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Regulated Contaminant Case Study

Lead

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Lead

• Highly poisonous heavy metal• Causes brain, kidney damage

• Prohibited as an intentional additive for any certified product, except for within brass/bronze materials, or up to 0.2% of solders and fluxes

• Components of distribution and plumbing systems are primary source of lead contamination of drinking water

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1986 1988 1991 2006 2010 2012 2014 2017

US Ban on Lead Plumbing

NSF/ANSI Standard 61 published

US EPA promulgates the Lead and Copper Rule

State of California enacts AB 1953

Annex F within NSF/ANSI 61 goes into effect

NSF/ANSI 372 is published

NSF/ANSI 61 is updated to require compliance with NSF/ANSI 372

Reduction of Lead in Drinking Water Act goes into effect

Timeline: Lead Reduction in Drinking Water

Current criteriaCriteria until 7/1/2012

July 1, 2012 criteriaCriteria since 7/1/2012

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Potential Regulated Contaminants (UCMR Program)

• Contaminants are monitored in public water utilities in five year cycles.

• US EPA program to collect data for contaminants suspected to be present in drinking water which are not yet regulated

• Occurrence data permits exposure assessment used to develop regulatory criteria for emerging contaminants.


Potential Regulated

Contaminants (UCMR)


2020

3

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Number of UCMR 1-4 Contaminants Present in NSF/ANSI 60 and 61 Products

Contaminants tested, but not detected in water system components

Contaminants detected from water system components

Contaminants with no product source


Regulated contaminants and potential regulated contaminants may or may not have a product source

• e.g. microbial or environmental contaminants

EPA has monitored 112 different contaminants in 4 separate cycles.

• Of these, 36 can derive from water treatment chemicals or distribution system components.

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Number of UCMR 1-4 Contaminants exceeding criteria

Contaminants with no detections exceeding TAC

Contaminants with at least one test exceeding the TAC


Of the 36 UCMR contaminants detected in NSF/ANSI 60 or 61 products over the last 9 years, 17 had at least one detection over the TAC.

Detection of any contaminant over the TAC criterion constitutes a failure.

Failing products can not be certified to the standard, or if they are already certified, the failure must be resolved or the product loses its certification status.

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Sources of contaminants exceeding criteria for NSF/ANSI 60

Chemical Category

EPA Name in UCMR Lists

TAC(mg/L)

Total Analyses

Total Detections

Number Detections > TAC

Product Source

Oxyhalide Chlorate 1 1279 1231 17Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite

Oxyhalide Perchlorate 0.015 1288 183 1Sodium Hypochlorite, Calcium Hypochlorite

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Chemical CategoryEPA Name in UCMR

ListsTAC

(mg/L)

Total Analyse

s

Total Detection

s

Number of Detections

>TACProduct Source

Alcohols 1-butanol 0.7490

179 27 Epoxy

Metals

chromium 0.119,491

2425 6Cementitious Products, Stainless Steel, Chrome Platings, Unknown

chromium-6 0.02708

465 11Cementitious Products, Stainless Steel, Chrome Platings, Unknown

cobalt 0.0031,999

102 11Fiberglass reinforced pipe, Speciality alloys, Unknown

molybdenum 0.042,114

231 5 Stainless Steel

vanadium 0.031,591

738 1 Cement, Unknown

Oxyhalide Perchlorate 0.01538

16 2 PVC, CPVC

Synthetic Organic Compounds

1,4-dioxane 0.003542

14 1 Nylon, PVDF, Unknown

Volatile Organic Compounds

chloromethane (methyl chloride)

0.0323,335

931 1 PVC, CPVC, PESU, PSU

2,4,6-trichlorophenol 0.00522,024

169 20 PVC, EPOXY, FPVC, PUR

MTBE 0.123,335

401 9 PEX


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Chemical Category EPA Name in UCMR ListsTAC

(mg/L)Total

Analyses Total

DetectionsNumber of

Detections >TACProduct Source

Nitrosamines

N-nitroso-diethylamine(NDEA)

0.0000062,656

826 41 NBR, EPDM, SBR

N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA)

0.0000072,656


N-nitroso-di-n-butylamine (NDBA)

0.000062,656


N-nitroso-di-n-propylamine (NDPA)

0.000052,656

4 1 NBR, EPDM, SBR

N-nitroso-pyrrolidine (NPYR)

0.00022,656

5 1 NBR, EPDM, SBR


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Potential Regulated Contaminant Case Study

Nitrosamines

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Nitrosamines

• Class of compounds identified as potential carcinogens

• First mainly a concern due to presence in foods

• Later found to be contributed to drinking water via industrial sources, as well as from elastomeric materials within drinking water system components

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1986 20082004 2012

US EPA classifies two nitrosamines as “probable human carcinogens”

World Health Organization adds NDMA to 3rd edition of guidelines for drinking water quality

US EPA begins to collect occurrence data on six nitrosamines in public water supplies under UCMR program

NSF/ANSI 61 updated to require EPA 521 method for nitrosamine analysis

US EPA publishes method 521 for measuring nitrosamines at ng/L concentrations

Timeline: Nitrosamine Reduction in Drinking Water

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• Non-regulated contaminants must also comply with health effects criteria

• NSF Standards includes requirements for ALL contaminants in water systems

• NSF standards including comprehensive battery of tests performed on a formulation-specific basis• GC-MS Scan


Potential Regulated

Contaminants (UCMR)


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Non-Regulated Contaminant Case Study

QuinolineIsomers

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Quinoline Isomers

• Quinoline is currently being monitored at water utilities under UCMR 4

• Classified by US EPA as a human carcinogen

• Molecule itself has few applications, especially within distribution system components• Not a target compound for NSF 60 and 61

• Quinoline is used in production of other specialty chemicals that are used in components of distribution systems

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Quinoline Isomers

Quinoline IsomerTAC(mg/L)

Number of Detections Total Hits Total > TAC Product Source

Dihydrotrimethylquinoline isomer 0.01 123 123 2 EPDM, SBR, NBR, IRDihydrotrimethylquinoline dimer 0.01 55 55 0 EPDM, SBR, NBR, IRTrimethylquinoline isomer 0.0001 12 12 5 EPDM, SBR, NBR, IRBenzoquinoline isomer 0.0004 6 6 2 Polyurethane, Polyurea

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Scope of Testing

• Certification to these standards requires testing for ANY contaminant that may be contributed to drinking water

• NSF looks for hundreds of thousands of contaminants during product testing to NSF/ANSI 60 and 61

• When analytical testing identifies a contaminant without an existing health effects criterion, NSF toxicologists develop a criterion based on available toxicological data for the compound

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Potential Regulated

Contaminants (UCMR)


NSF/ANSI 60 & 61

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Summary

• Certification to drinking water standards improves drinking water quality and reduces contaminant levels in public water systems

– Testing much more comprehensive than just those contaminants regulated by law

– Standard revision process and implementation of new requirements allows for stepwise changes to be made to address known and emerging contaminants

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Thank You!

Kathryn FosterTechnical Operations Manager

Water Distribution Systems

734 - 827 - 5698

[email protected]

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NSF International1-800-NSF-MARK

www.nsf.org

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Questions?

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water contaminant concerns: challenges & success in the us documents/standards... · 1986 1988...

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