water development strategies fro the agriculture sector in the lower jordan valley case study...
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11/27/2012 1
Water Development Strategies for the Agricultural Sector in the Lower Jordan Valley: Case study
Jericho-Auja, Palestine
Ayman A.M ShawahnaSupervisors:
Dr.-Ing. Bernd RustebergProf. Dr. Martin Sauter
Dr. Amer Marei
11/27/2012 2
Case Study Area(Auja,Nwi‘mah&Qilt) in Lower Jordan Valley
The catchment under study (Wadis Auja, Quilt and Nuiema ) extends from the water divide running along the Ramallah anticline axis in the west to the Jordan Valley in the east, and from the Wade Fri'a in the north including the Wadi Qilt in the south to the Jordan River in the east.
A total area of 577 Km² , and population are (4548) of Auja ,(1374) of Al Nwui’ma
Elevation catchment is between 600m asl and -250(bsl)
The climate is arid to semi-arid with average annual rainfall between 100mm and 700mm and high evaporation reach 2300mm/a (PMD,2011).
Agr.Water resources are from 3 main springs (Auja, Qilt and AlDuke), 35 Agr. Wells .
11/27/2012 3
Challenges Political and administrative constraints with regards the
usage of water resources. Complex and difficult social dimension(Rejection of using
Treated Waste water(Al-Bireh WWTP:2.0MCM/a,Jericho WWTP: 1.5 MCM/a)
Complexity of hydrological systems Lack of agricultural and water sector specific legislations,
regulations and mean and long-term water action plans Water scarcity and inequity distribution of water in
irrigated agricultural lands(Individual owners) Qualitative degradation of regional water resources Leakage of sector data and net resources Poor technical level in some water sectors.
11/27/2012 4
Problem StatementNeed for sustainable development of the agricultural sector
1- Agricultural Sector is the dominating water sector in the LJV, with extremely high water demand, especially in the summer season
2- Groundwater Depletion: Agriculture Wells(35), 16 of these wells were stop pumping over past 4 years has dried Abs.1.3MCM(2010)
3- Springs fluctuation in Winter and dried in Summer (24MCM )
4- Wadies Flooding in winter(Qilt(3-11 MCM), Auja(2-3MCM),Nwi’mah(1-2MCM)
5-Source and non Source pollution (Pesticides , Sewage water.
6- Significant brackish groundwater resources with increasing impact on soil salinity
7- Extension of irrigated areas is urgently required in order to ensure socio-economic development
11/27/2012 5
Resarch Objectives Identify water development strategies as combined
measures which ensure sustainability in agriculture Study social, economic and environmental performance
of these strategies Identifiy priority interventions with regards to water
production and hydro-infrastructure Study different water allocation and storage schemes
(MAR) for agricultural extension, taking water quality and the salinization problem into consideration.
Compare options with regards to the extension of regular agriculture, the introduction of salt resistant crops (palm
trees, sugar cane) and new irrigations technologies.
11/27/2012 6
Methodology Data collection (stakeholders consultations and field data) Characterizing of the case study are Definition of socio-economic development scenarios Water Resources System Analysis and Water Budgets Selection of most appropriate technological measures and
interventions. Definition of alternative water development strategies as
combined measures. Selection of socio-economic and environmental indicators as
basis for Multi-Criteria-Analysis. Application of mathematical models to simulate groundwater
flow and transport, underground storage of water, crop water requirements and soil salinity for impact assessment and water planning
Evaluation of alternative agricultural development option with regards to the extension of irrigated areas
Final strategy evaluation and ranking
11/27/2012 7
Characterizing of the case study1-Main springs(Auja, Qilt and Al Dyouk)2-Agriculture Wells (35)3-Three main Wadies(Auj,Qilt and Nwui’mah)4-Elevation between 600 and -250
11/27/2012 8
Characterizing of the case study:Springs & Wells,Quality &quantity1-Depletion of water Table around 1m yearly2-Increasing of Salinity(EC=3000µs/cm,cl=900mg/L)3-Abs. has reduced in U.G wells from 6MCM to 1.35MCM durind last 10 years)
Abstraction of 35 Agr. wells
4308418 4308240
1346373
6185310
22257720
5000000
10000000
Agr. Wells(35 well)Year(CM)
Agr. Wells(35well)
6E+06
4E+06
5E+06
5E+06
2E+06
4E+06
4E+06
4E+06
2E+06
1E+06
Year(CM) 0 200120022003200420052006200720082009
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Springs Discharg
33660056.44
28007990
33504013(2005)
18082800(2008)
0100000002000000030000000400000005000000060000000
Al Dyu
k
Al Nwai'
mah
Al Shu
sah
Al Sult
an
Al 'Auja
Al Qilt
& Al Faw
war
Al Faw
warFara
Al Jum
maizah
Al Ru'y
an
TotalDischarge(2005-2008)Year 2008
Year 2007
year 2006
year 2005
Springs Salinity
EC EC
EC
EC
EC
EC
EC EC EC
EC EC
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl Cl
Cl Cl
-
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/5/2007 1/5/2008 6/9/2007 6/18/2007 6/18/2007
Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho
Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Jericho Al 'Auja Wadi AlQilt
Wadi AlQilt
Al Dyuk Al Dyuk AlNwai'mah
AlNwai'mah
Al Shusah Al Shusah Al Sultan Al Sultan Al 'Auja Al Fawwar Al Qilt
AC/060 AC/060 AC/060A AC/060A AC/060B AC/060B AC/061 AC/061 AR/020 AS/020a AS/020b
Cl EC
Wells Salinity
324
659
274
963750
943
588811
1146
406527
720
1338
983
13081240
750
140013181166
850870760
203
720
1217994
91
953
610
355
750
1360
1030
4800 431
0405
00
447
0
132
344354360
381
385
328366
340
336329
323
302358337 309
340
365 348
360
352
336
346
332
1869
1521
811
-343
-362
0100200300400500600700800900
1000110012001300140015001600170018001900200021002200
1/13/2
010
11/11
/2009
23/12
/2009
23/12
/2009
11/11
/2009
23/12
/2009
3/2/201
0
1/5/201
0
1/5/201
015
/12/20
0915
/12/20
09
3/2/201
0
2/3/201
0
WT
NO3
Cl
Springs Behavior and Effects of Irrigation Planes
Al D
uke
Al N
wai
'mah
Al S
ulta
nA
l Auj
a
0
2000000
4000000
6000000
800000010000000
12000000
14000000
16000000
18000000
2008 2007 2006 2005
Al DukeAl Nwai'mahAl ShushahAl SultanAl AujaAl Qilt &Al FaraAl FawwarFara Ein FaraAl JummaizeAl Ru'yanLinear (Al Auja)Linear (Al Sultan)Linear (Al Duke)
11/27/2012 9
Water Resources in the CSA:Agr. Wells(WT Depletion), Dried wells and Rehabilitation
Agr.Wells Abs. in case Study Area
6185310
1346373
0
1000000
2000000
3000000
4000000
5000000
6000000
7000000
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
years
CM
Agr.Wells(Dried/high Salinity by 2007)
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
2001 2003 2005 2007 2009
years
Abs
.(CM
)PM D_Code19-14/00219-14/00519-14/00919-14/01019-14/01219-14/01519-14/01919-14/020
Well No.19-13/006
05000
10000150002000025000300003500040000
Feb-00
May-00
Aug-00
Nov-00
Feb-01
May-01
Aug-01
Nov-01
Feb-02
May-02
Aug-02
Nov-02
Feb-03M
onth
ly R
eadi
ng o
f Abs
(CM
)
Series1
Well No.!9-13/020
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
Feb-00
May-00
Aug-00
Nov-00
Feb-01
May-01
Aug-01
Nov-01
Feb-02
May-02
Aug-02
Nov-02
Feb-03
Mon
thly
Rea
ding
(CM
)
11/27/2012 10
Rain fall(Very low precipitation rates(99 mm.2011, Jericho station), high potential evaporation (2316mm/year)
Evp., Temp. &Rainfall CSA (2011)
Max.Temp
Evap(mm)
0
50100
150
200
250300
350
400
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June Ju
l
Aug
Sep Oct
Non
Dec
Max.TempRain(mm)Evap(mm)Poly. (Evap(mm))
Rain fall Trends(2000-2010)
494.7
816.6986.6
537.1633.7658.1
528.3 488626.2641.03
131.8 198 240.3112.7161.5129.5122.2111.4141.7149.90
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
2001
2002
2003
2004
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Averag
e
RamallahJerichoPoly. (Ramallah)Poly. (Jericho)
Rain (mm), 2010-2011,Jericho station
22.2
17.2
10.3
16.7
30 0 0
10.8
0
15.6
3.2
0
5
10
15
20
25
Jan
Feb Mar AprMay
June Ju
lAug Sep Oct Non
Dec
Rain (mm)
11/27/2012 11
Example:Main Crops Cost &Water consumption(Nwi’mahArea)
Ban
anas
Bea
ns
Cap
sicu
m
Citr
us T
rees
Cab
bage
Cor
n
Cuc
umbe
r
Egg
plan
t
Tom
atoe
s
Veg
etab
les
Zucc
hini
Kg/CM
2.44
3.27
4.854.42
2.42
3.6
4.72
3.52
4.54
2.51.89
0
1
2
3
4
5
Kg/CMNIS/kgCrop Type
Kg/CM
, Bananas, 2.44Beans, 3.27Capsicum, 4.85
Citrus Trees, 4.42Cabbage, 2.42Corn, 3.6Cucumber, 4.72
Eggplant, 3.52
Tomatoes, 4.54
Vegetables, 2.5
Zucchini, 1.89
BananasBeansCapsicumCitrus TreesCabbageCornCucumberEggplantTomatoesVegetablesZucchini
Kg/CM,
Bananas, 2.44
Beans, 3.27
Capsicum, 4.85
Citrus Trees, 4.42
Cabbage, 2.42Corn, 3.6
Cucumber, 4.72
Eggplant, 3.52
Tomatoes, 4.54
Vegetables, 2.5
Zucchini, 1.89 Bananas
Beans
Capsicum
Citrus Trees
Cabbage
Corn
Cucumber
Eggplant
Tomatoes
Vegetables
Zucchini
13066921466Total
0.741.891.725002672003291Zucchini
0.562.555200061Other Veg.
0.314.543.878481865245219Tomatoes
0.43.522.417092017686294Eggplant
0.34.723.368417800525Cucumber
0.393.62.927620900326Corn
0.582.421.46326000345Cabbage
0.324.423.753006800012080Citrus Trees
0.294.853.7719640400552Capsicum
0.433.272.298280034Beans
0.572.443.79107538510047284Bananas
(months)
NIS/kgKg/CMProduction Ton / Dunum
Quantity of production (Ton)
Quantity of water required for crop(m3) per season
Average Cropping Time
Planted area (dunum)
Crop Type
11/27/2012 12
Land Cover use(CSA & Nwui’maExample)
Land Cover use in CSA
Auja, Cultivated Land(dun.)
Auja, Land Under Temporarily Fallow (dun.)
Auja, Vegetables (dun.)
Nuw i'ma, Horticulture Trees(dun.)
Nuw i'ma, Vegetables (dun.)Nuw i'ma, Field
Crops(dun.)
Nuw i'ma, Cultivated Land(dun.)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
Auja
Nuw i'ma
Qilt
Auja 245 2.6 4370.53 0.01 1152.5 1001.15 1751.64 394
Nuw i'ma 81 0 925.74 0 72.4 306.4 814.5 92
Qilt 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
No. of Agr. Holders
Permanent Meadow s
Cultivated Land(dun.)
Wooded Land(dun.)
Land Under Temporarily
Horticulture Trees(dun.)
Vegetables (dun.)
Field Crops(dun.
EVT Calulation:Water Demand according to Cult.Area and Crops(Nwui'ma Area),2011
Tomato
CornBan
ana
Date Palms
Citrous
Olives
Potato
Beens
Zuchin
i
Cucombe
rs
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MC
M
11/27/2012 13
Sample Calculation Crop Factor& Irrigation(NWui’ma Area)
EVT Calulation:Water Demand according to Cult.Area and Crops(Nwui'ma Area),2011
Tomato
CornBan
anaDate Palm
sCitro
us Olive
s
Potato
Beens
Zuchin
i
Cucombe
rs
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
MCM
2.07691.466000
0.423070001959.82700.7900.71500.7300.65Olives
0.13800002326.23650.67950.72100.65600.7Citrous
0.281300002326.20.930.950.950.9Date Palms
0.542840002326.2755
Calculatetionbaised 1 year0.8151.24201.053300.5Banana
0.017226000711.51800.93400.421101.2300.6Corn
0.01174000321900.91100.9601.05200.5Beens Green
0.0381000004111250.92300.75701.15250.5Potato
0.197291000753900.9150.75600.95250.5Zuchini
0.203250009221050.88150.8701200.5Cucombers
0.2421900010901350.98250.8801.152300.7Tomato
ETcMCM(Cult.Area)
Cult.Area(m²)
ET0(1 year Max.)
Time Cycle(Day)KC(Tot Prtion)
Time end
Kc EndTime mid
Kc MidTim inKc inCrop
11/27/2012 14
Options/Measures under Investigation(basic)
Desalination of brackish groundwater resources, Wells in CSA/Fechka spring)
Waste water reuse in agriculture Underground storage of water and strategic water
recovery based on MAR Rehabilitation of dried wells and drilling new wells Flood water harvesting (dams and large bonds) Introduction of salt-resistant crops Implementation of new irrigation technologies Improved irrigation management and water allocation Mixing of water of different qualities Water import