water energy s12

7/28/2019 Water Energy S12

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Clicker Question #1

Have you logged onto D2L and taken the Excel

Quiz?

A. Yes I am totally on top of this

B. No If I am not careful I will miss the 2/7

deadline


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Clicker Question #2

I have logged into D2L and registered my clicker

in the clicker survey

A. Yes of course

B. No

I really need to do that


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Clicker Question #3

If you could eat an ice cream right now, which of

these would you order?

A. Vanilla

B. Chunky Monkey

C. Chocolate

D. Mint ChipE. Bubble gum


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Water and Energy(The water-energy nexus)

ENGR 10

Developed by Juneseok Lee & Thalia Anagnos

http://www.aguntherphotography.com/usa_west/grand_canyon/photos/photo_2.html


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Water is essential to all of us!

Human health and socioeconomic welfare

depends on supplying adequate quantity and

quality of water.

Conversely, too much water results in

socioeconomic damages and loss of life due to

flooding.


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Oil and Water: How Similar?

Adapted from Peak Water by Palaniappan and Gleick,2009


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< 1% usable


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Oil and Water: How Similar?



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Our water gets to us through rivers, pipes, pumpsand water treatment plants

From: http://www.actewagl.com.au/education/_lib/Flash/Water_cycle/water.swf


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Water has no substitute!



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Current Issues and Challenges

Rapidly growing population and scarce

resources

Uncertain impacts of global climate change

Increased hydrologic, environmental, and

economic constraints on developing

additional water supplies


13/53http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/


14/53http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/


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http://water.org/learn-about-the-water-crisis/facts/


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Demand increases with population -even with our efforts at conservation

U.S. public supply withdrawals (source: http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/wups.html)


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resources

Uncertain impacts of global climate change


economic constraints on developing additional

water supplies


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1) use of renewable water

2) sustainable groundwater use3) susceptibility to drought

4) growth in water demand

5) future increased need for water storage

http://www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/watersustainability/
http://blog.nature.org/2010/07/climate-change-water-supply/us-water_sustainability_index/


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Climate change affects the watershed(e.g. Sierra Nevada watershed)

Future projections indicate a strong likelihood

of a warmer future climate in Sierra Nevada.

More winter precipitation will fall as rain rather

than snow

Shorter seasons of snow accumulation at a given

elevation;

Less snowpack accumulation as compared to thepresent


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Percentage Remaining, Relative to 1961-1990Currently the Sierra Nevada provides over 65% of California's water supply

Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences, 2004


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resources

Uncertain impacts of global climate change;


economic constraints on developing

additional water supplies


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By 2025, more than 2.8 billion people will live in

48 countries facing water stress or water scarcity


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The situation will continue to worsen


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Urbanization

Impact on Water Resources

Transformation ofundeveloped land into

urban land (including transportation corridors)

Increased energy release (i.e. greenhouse

gases, waste heat, heated surface runoff)

Increased demand on water supply (municipaland industrial)


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Water Resources Sustainability

The ability to use water in sufficient quantities

and qualityfrom the local to the global scale to

meet the needs ofhumans and ecosystems for

the present and the future to sustain life, and toprotect humans from the damages brought

about bynatural and human-caused disasters

that affect sustaining life.

(Larry W. Mays, Water Resources Engineering, 2009)


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A Measure of Water Sustainability

Water footprint

Water required to sustain a population

Virtual Water

Volume of water required to produce acommodity or service


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Our Water Footprint

Sufficient > 1700 m3 per year

Water stress 1000 - 1700 m3

Scarcity 500 - 1000 m3

Extreme scarcity < 500 m3


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Annual per capita water needs for food

to cover 2500 kcal a day

20% meat:

theoretical 680 m3

actual 1200 - 1500 m3

Vegetarian:

theoretical 250 m3

actual 500 - 1000 m3

From Zehnder et al. 2003


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Contribution of different crops global water footprint(Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

VWC =

1334m3/ton

VWC =2291m3/ton

Question: Why are we growing rice in California?


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Average National Water Footprint Per Capita

(m3/capita/yr)

Green = smaller than global average

Red = above global average


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High Water Footprint

United States

Large meat consumption

High consumption of industrial products

Iran

Low crop production yields

High evapotranspiration


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Water footprint of the US, 1997-2001 (Hoekstra and Chapagain, 2007)

From imported

goods


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Global Transport of Virtual Water

The U.S. is a net exporter

From Yang et al. 2006


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Global Transport of Virtual Water

A. Y. Hoekstra A. K. Chapagain, 2007


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70% of Precipitation in North 75% Demand in the South

Water Demand: 43 maf9 maf Urban

34 maf Agricultural

Water-related Energy Use:19% of Electricity

33% of Natural Gas

88 billion gal diesel annually

Population by 2030:48 million

2030 Water Demand:43-50 maf

Californias Water-Energy Nexus

Krebs, Oct 2007

maf = million acre-feet


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Supply and Conveyance Energy Demands

Edmonston pumping plant Power plant at Pyramid Lake captures 25% of

energy used at Edmonston


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Supplying water is energy intensive

Santa Clara Valley Water District, From Watts to Water, 2010


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Supplying energy is water intensive


Mining fuels Refining fuels

Farming (forbiofuels)

Transportingfuels

Cooling inpower plants

Producing wind& solar devices


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Water consumption varies with different fuels

and cooling technologies



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Role of Hydropower

Hydroelectric power production is the most

obvious use of water for the production of

energy.

The energy in falling water is used directly to

turn turbines that generate electricity.


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Components of

Hydroelectric Plants

Dam has two major

functions of

i) creating the head

(pressure) necessary to

move the turbines and

ii) impounding the storage

used to maintain thenecessary flow release

pattern.


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Electric Generator

An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical

energy to electrical energy. The reverse conversion of

electrical energy into mechanical energy is done by a motor;

motors and generators have many similarities.

The source of mechanical energy may be a reciprocating or

turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or

waterwheel, an internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a

hand crank, compressed air or any other source of mechanicalenergy

(all info from Wikipedia).


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Energy relations in a typical hydroelectric plant

Two types of turbines(1) Impulse turbines (or Pelton Wheel), a free jet of water impinges on a

revolving element of the machine that is exposed to the atmosphere

(2) Reaction turbines, the flow takes place under pressure in a closed chamber


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Impulse Turbine installation


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Water- Energy Laboratory Activities


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Pipes in parallel produce good results

(higher power)

Ph II f th i t


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Phase II of the experiment

(student designed activities)

Students will set up the experiment with given

conditions.

Objective Max { Power Output}

Constraints water volume (drought issues)

Students can collaborate among teams to use

turbines in series & pipes in parallel

water energy s12

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