Water for the World

Quick Quiz…

What percentage of the world’s water can we drink?

A. 0.8%

B. 6%

C. 19%

D. 30%

A. 0.8%

0.8 % fresh water

1.7 % ice, glaciers

97.5 % sea water

Ludovik Hirlimann

www.forestwander.com

Andrew Hux

How many people in the world are without access to drinking water?

A. 1.1 million

B. 6.7 billion

C. 1.1 billion

D. 2.6 billion

C.1.1 billion (1 in 6 people)

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People (billion)

On average how many litres of water do people in the UK use a day?

A. 50

B. 100

C. 150

D. 200

C. 150 litres

UK Average 150 litres

= 10 litres

UK Average 150 litres

Mozambique 8 litres

America 350 litres

How many litres are lost through leaks in this country per day?

A. 2 million

B. 50 million

C. 500 million

D. 900 million

D. 900 million

Dwellings (55%)

Non dwellings (25%)

Lost in transmission (20%)

Canary Wharf

What percentage of domestic water is used for flushing toilets in the UK?

A. 10%

B. 20%

C. 25%

D. 30%

D. 30%

How long can we live without water?

Really?! How much do we need per day?

Okay… How much do we use?

3-5 days

30 – 50 L

140 – 160 L

How long can we live without food? 4-8 weeks

Personal Water Usage

Where does it all go?

Brushing teeth :

Drinking:  

Cooking:

Washing hands and face:

Flushing the toilet:

Having a power shower/bath:

Having a shower:

Washing machine:

Dish washer:

Cleaning car:

Watering Garden:

Total on average person:

0.01 - 1 L

1 – 2 L

1 – 5 L

1 – 3 L

5 – 10 L

50 – 150 L

1 – 40 L

30 – 100 L

30 – 100 L

5 – 200 L

1 – 17 L/m2

140 – 160 L

Water Consumption

Hoekstra, A.Y. and Chapagain, A.K. (2008) Globalization of water: Sharing the planet's freshwater resources, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK

Availability of Water

World Resources Institute - PAGE, 2000

Water Scarcity

International Water Management Institute

From Plant to the You!

How does water get to us?

FilterRiver “source”

Add chemicals Stir Settle

DisinfectStoreDistributee

Water Treatment Plant

Arup

Alternative Water Sources

Ground Well

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Faryab-_village_dug_well.JPG

Alternative Water Sources

Springs

Alternative Water Sources

Surface Water – Lakes and Rivers

Courtesy of Indrajit Shah

Alternative Water Sources

Sea – Thermal Desalination or Reverse Osmosis

Arup

Alternative Water Sources

Rainwater Harvesting

What about Developing Countries?

What is a Developing Country?

What does “available water” mean to them?

What are the constrains posed by water scarcity to people in those countries?

What is a Developing Country?

Low standards of democratic governments

Low standards of industry

Low standards of social welfare and social programs

Low standards human rights

Weak economy

World Development Map

Advanced economies      

Emerging economies   

Developing economies

Source: IMF

Water Infrastructure in Developing Countries

Water Delivery by Water-tank Cars

No pipelines to rural areas

Anokhee Shah,

Lack of Infrastructure in Developing Countries

Groundwater - Well with Pump

WaterAId

Walking long distances

People have to go to water sources

Women and children collect the water

In parts of Africa people walk up to 20 km per day to get clean water

Contamination

Water can be contaminated by:

Micro organisms : Bacteria, Viruses, Protozoa, Metazoa

Bacteria: Salmonela (enterobacteria) causes diarrohea

Virus: Rotavirus is the leading single cause of severe diarrohea among infants and young children,

and is one of several viruses that cause infections commonly known as stomach flu

Protozoa: Causes severe diarrohea, epigastric pain, bloating, nausea, diminished interest in food, possible vomiting and weight loss

Metazoa: Ascaris Ascariatis – Ingested eggs release larvae which matures to adult worms inside the human host. A female worm can produce up to 200.000 eggs/day.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org

Contamination

Dissolved chemicals :

Water can be contaminated by:

Dissolved chemicals can be toxic, carcinogenic, mutanogenic, corrosive, irritant and may cause irreparabledamage to the environment.

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nrborderborderentrythreecolorsmay05-1-.JPG

Raw sewage and industrial waste

Contamination

Sediment Pollution (Muddy River Effect)

Particulates (small bits) :

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Muddy_USGS.jpg

Contamination

Contamination brings diseases such as:

Typhoid fever

Salmonella

Cholera

These diseases are the biggest cause of mortality in developing countries.

Treatment – Simple Technology

Potters for Peace – Ceramic Water Filters

Slow sand filtration – Biosand Filter

www.biosandfilter.org

Potters for Peace

Water Filter Challenge!

Demonstrate filter at end.

In groups, make a WORKABLE water filter

Each group = A Country

Follow the instruction sheet

Buy supplies

Rules of the Challenge!

No cheating! – Not that you would …

Only 1 person per group buys at a time.

You can ONLY buy in the first 20 minutes.

You can talk and deal with other groups.

How does this relate to the real wold?

Activity Real WorldMoney difference Based on actual country’s Gross Domestic Product

(GDP)

Illegible instructions Based on actual country’s illiteracy rate

Lack of education and access to information

Resourcefulness People in poorer countries have their own ways of coping

Countries share Richer countries may offer “Official Development Assistance” (ODA) to poorer countries

Countries form groups like the G8, OECD, or Group of 24

Respect Goes with power.

Challenges

… it’s about using the best long-term solution for the problem!

It’s not just about giving money and technology…

Training – who will fix it?

Ownership – Are they going to care if everything is done for them? Is it going to last long?

What Can you Do?

Discussion and Questions