The Water Institute at UNCThree Year Review:

2010–11 to 2012–13

Thank You

We WoUld lIke To ThaNk the following organizations and individuals for their generous contributions and

support to The Water Institute.

ProjeCT SPoNSorS:

Adam Smith International

Alaska Native Tribal Health Consortium

Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation

Conrad N. Hilton Foundation

Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (UK)

Health Canada

IAPMO

International Water and Sanitation Centre

International Water Association

International Water Centre

Michael and Susan Dell Foundation

Millennium Water Alliance

National Environmental Health Association

National Institutes of Health Fogarty International

Center

North Carolina Sea Grant

P&G Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program

PATH

Plan International USA

Robert Wood Johnson Foundation

TK Holdings, Inc.

UNEP Risoe Centre

UNESCO

UNICEF

University of Bristol (UK)

University of Leeds (UK)

UNU-WIDER

US EPA

US EPA—People, Prosperity and Planet Program

USAID

Wallace Genetic Foundation

WASRAG

WaterAid

Wells Fargo Foundation

WHO

World Bank

World Vision

CoNfereNCe SPoNSorS:

300in6

American Water Works Association

Amway

Aquagenex

Aquatest /University of Bristol (UK)

Catholic Relief Services

Collegiate Capital Management

Conrad N. Hilton Foundation

Environmental Science and Technology Journal

FHI 360

IAPMO

Neerman

NSF International

Pall Medical

Pfizer

Plan International USA

Profile Products

RTI International

Sensus

Suez Environment/United Water

TK Holdings, Inc.

Tomlinson Industries

Triangle Global Health Consortium

Triple Quest

Vestergaard Frandsen/LifeStraw

Wells Fargo Foundation

INdIvIdUal CoNTrIbUTIoNS:

Marcia Angle and Mark Trustin

Carol and Michael Baum

John McConnell

Stephen Morse

Mary Norris Preyer Oglesby

Amy Thorne Pitt

Perialwar Regunathan

The Haiti Connection

Chen-yu Yen

SPeCIal ThaNkS To:

Don and Jennifer Holzworth

Contents4 Message from the Dean

5 Message from the Director

6 Strategic Functions

7 Focus Areas

8 Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning for WaSH

10 WaSH Governance

12 Sanitation for the 21st Century

14 Adapting to Water Scarcity and Climate Change

16 Drinking Water for All

18 National and Regional WaSH Challenges in the US

19 Water-Food-Climate-Energy Nexus

20 Research

22 Knowledge and Information Management

24 Networking and Partnerships

26 Teaching and Learning

28 Who We Are

35 Publications

39 Finances

A B B r e v i A t i o n s

CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

CLTS Community-led Total Sanitation

DFID Department for International Development (UK)

DEFRA Department for Environment, Food and Rural Aff airs (UK)

GEF Global Environment Facility

HWTS household water treatment and safe storage

IAPMO International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Offi cials

IWA International Water Association

JMP Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation

(of WHO and UNICEF)

MDG Millennium Development Goal

MEL monitoring, evaluation and learning

NGO nongovernmental organization

NIH National Institutes of Health (US)

ODF open-defecation free

PATH Program for Appropriate Technology in Health

SWA Sanitation and Water for All Partnership

UN United Nations

UNICEF United Nations Children’s Fund

UNEP United Nations Environment Program

UNC University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

USEPA US Environmental Protection Agency

USWP US Water Partnership

VLC virtual learning center

WaSH water, sanitation and hygiene

WHO World Health Organization

WSP Water Safety Plan

WWDR World Water Development Report

©The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Acknowledgements

d e s i g n : UNC Creative

All photos in the report are courtesy of

UNC Gillings School of Global Public

Health, with thanks to Lisa Albert, Tom

Fuldner Photography, Barbara Tyroler,

Dan Powell, The Water Institute and other

photographers as highlighted.

Water Institute faculty, staff and students

contributed to the text of this report.

Angie Brammer served as our copy editor.

WaSH

The Water

Institute at

UNCDevelopmentHealth

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Water at UNC

Message from Barbara K. Rimer, DrPH

d e A n o f u n c g i l l i n g s s c h o o l o f g l o B A l P u B l i c h e A lt h

Since the earliest days of this School, our faculty and students have been leaders and

innovators in solving problems of water, sanitation and hygiene (WaSH). They have worked

on access, delivery, testing and policy. They have created solutions in North Carolina, across

the US and around the world. We have been at this work for a long time, because WaSH

problems are huge global and local issues that have challenged, daunted and stymied some

of the smartest people in the world. In a time when we can put men and women in space and

sequence the human genome, why can’t we ensure every human on the planet has access to

safe water and sanitation? Why do we need Millennium Development Goals to push us to do

better? Because even though water is essential to life, we still have not assured that it is available to each life.

Impatient with the pace of progress so far, we launched The Water Institute in 2010. We knew that Jamie

Bartram, PhD, former head of Water and Sanitation at the World Health Organization, also was impatient for

progress, and that he would be challenged, but undaunted, by the enormity of the global problem—at least 1.8

billion people in the world today without safe water and 2.5 billion without access to basic sanitation. We were

confi dent that he would create the interdisciplinary environment needed for innovations in problem solving, and

that, as part of such an eff ort, he would bring together smart people from diff erent fi elds, all committed to the

goal of safe water and sanitation for all. And he has done that. For three years, the Institute has hosted the Water

and Health Conference, which convenes international researchers, practitioners, policy-makers, students and

entrepreneurs focused on the intersections of water, sanitation, hygiene, health and development. It’s one of the

most stimulating, energizing and exciting meetings anywhere.

This three year review highlights The Water Institute’s evolution into a US leader on the links between

WaSH, health and development. The Institute, through its strategic collaborations with partners in science,

academia, the private sector intergovernmental organizations and nongovernmental organizations as well as

local governments in developed and developing nations, is making a positive impact on our campus and around

the world. Thanks to the eff orts of Professor Bartram and others, in 2012 UNC leaders announced that Water In

Our World would be the university’s fi rst campus theme. Since then, ideas and events have fl owed across the

campus, creating new interdisciplinary courses, events and research eff orts. Water Institute faculty members and

students also have completed infl uential research. Particularly notable was the development of a country-level,

and also a US county-level, ranking of vulnerability to extreme weather events associated with climate change,

and estimations that progress towards the MDG target has been over-stated for both water and sanitation.

I am delighted with the Institute’s progress so far, as well as its future trajectory. This growth would not have

been possible without the generous contributions made to further the Institute’s work. I am especially grateful

for the Don and Jennifer Holzworth Distinguished Professorship Fund, which strengthens the School’s capacity

to make a real diff erence in global health through The Water Institute. Our School’s Advisory Council (which Don

Holzworth chairs) has been a source of generous fi nancial support and great feedback and ideas. We are also

grateful for the support we received from former Chancellor Holden Thorp. It is fi tting that new UNC Chancellor

Folt is known internationally as an environmental scientist who has focused on water.

Water is fundamental to life and hope; it is everyone’s issue, and it is one to which I and our School

are committed.

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Message from Jamie Bartram, PhD

d i r e c t o r

Water is a defi ning challenge of the 21st century. It represents one of the great de-

velopment opportunities of our time, impacting health, agriculture, security, the

economy and the environment. Water will either constrain or enable the future

development of every country, including the US. It will determine our prosper-

ity, health and ability to enjoy nature; those countries that know how to manage

water well have healthier and wealthier populations.

The water, sanitation and hygiene challenges that confront North Carolina,

the US and the world, demand interdisciplinary initiatives to deliver proven

solutions supported by: fi nancial innovation in managing water supplies; technological innovation in augmenting

water resources; scientifi c innovation in understanding health and ecosystem impacts of new contaminants; social

innovation in bringing water and sanitation to the unserved; and policy innovation to address threats such as

climate change.

We need a unifi ed vision and cooperation to solve WaSH challenges. They call for academic leadership. UNC

is well positioned to contribute to and advance the course of development in the coming decades.

The University is responding to local, national and global water challenges by developing new courses with

collaboration across disciplines and schools, expanding interdisciplinary research initiatives, and extending the

campus theme, Water In Our World, until 2015.

The Water Institute furthers this progress by addressing WaSH, health and development issues through our

research, networking and partnership development, knowledge and information management, and teaching

eff orts. This review summarizes our work over the fi rst three years –towards a world in which WaSH supports

health and development for all.

the mission of the water institute at unc is to provide global academic

leadership for economically, environmentally, socially and technically

sustainable management of water, sanitation and hygiene for equitable

health and human development.

The Water Institute at UNC

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Strategic FunctionsoUr STraTegIC PlaN foCUSeS oN four key functions to support our mission to provide global academic

leadership in WaSH, health and development, using science to inform good practices and appropriate policy, through

forward-thinking, collaborative activities.

reSearCh: We provide leadership and direction

in tackling critical knowledge gaps that hamper

progress in water, sanitation, hygiene, health

and development. Our research contributes to

evidence-based decisions in the scientific, policy

and practitioner communities domestically and

internationally. In our first three years, we published

more than 60 scientific papers, and citations of our

work are increasing.

kNoWledge aNd INformaTIoN

maNagemeNT: We aim to provide balanced,

objective and relevant information on WaSH, health

and development for policy-makers, practitioners,

researchers and funders. We use a range of channels

in disseminating information, including WaSH publica-

tions, invited presentations, virtual learning opportuni-

ties, workshops, and our newsletter that reaches more

than 15,000 individuals. We also co-publish with IWA

the already well-established Journal of Water Sanita-

tion and Hygiene for Development.

NeTWorkINg aNd ParTNerShIP devel-

oPmeNT: We bring together individuals and institu-

tions from diverse disciplines and sectors, empower-

ing them to collaborate to solve critical global issues

in WaSH, health and development. Our annual Water

and Health Conference attracts hundreds of partici-

pants from dozens of countries and organizations and

we are launching two new conferences in 2014: Nexus

2014: Water, Food, Climate and Energy and Water Mi-

crobiology: Microbial Contaminants from Watersheds

to Human Exposure.

TeaChINg aNd learNINg: We use innovative

distance learning programs and hands-on learning to

help fill the global need for relevant, accessible train-

ing for WaSH professionals. Through multidisciplinary

coursework, students benefit from the comparative

advantage in the knowledge base and expertise

of Water Institute faculty, staff, fellow students and

collaborators. Our first distance learning program on

Water Safety Plans is now a regular offering.

global aCademICleaderShIP

kNoWledgeaNd INformaTIoN

maNagemeNT

NeTWorkINg aNd ParTNerShIP

develoPmeNT

reSearCh

TeaChINg aNd

learNINg

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Focus AreasoUr fIve eSTablIShed foCUS areaS are things we see as the ‘elephants in the room’—the complex

issues that are too readily ignored in favor of easier-to-answer questions, but that block accelerating and

sustaining progress on WaSH. We aim to work with existing and new partners to identify them, understand them

and find creative added-value ways forward. We are evaluating two potential additional focus areas— National

and Regional WaSH Challenges in the US and the Water-Food-Climate-Energy Nexus.

global

aCademIC

leaderShIP

moNITorINg,

evalUaTIoN

aNd learNINg

for WaSh

WaSh

goverNaNCe

SaNITaTIoN

for The

21ST CeNTUry

NaTIoNal

aNd regIoNal

WaSh ChalleNgeS

IN The US

(in evaluation)

WaTer-food-

ClImaTe-eNergy

NexUS

(in evaluation)

adaPTINg

To WaTer

SCarCITy

aNd ClImaTe

ChaNge

drINkINg

WaTer

for all

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moNITorINg, evalUaTIoN aNd learNINg for WaSh

Despite substantial progress in increasing access to improved water sources over the past few decades, limited

data are available on the impact and outcomes of investments in WaSH. Even though many organizations con-

duct program monitoring, and some even conduct periodic evaluations, the WaSH sector is lacking a robust set

of standardized indicators for tracking program outcomes.

The Water Institute is developing a set of standard indicators that enable organizations and funders to mea-

sure and improve the performance, outcomes and sustainability of their WaSH programs. By adopting the set

of indicators, organizations can improve and accelerate the impact of their WaSH programs and reach the most

disadvantaged and underserved populations. Quality improvement methods and tools will help direct resources

to the most effective programs and help target the areas and individuals most in need.

The Water Institute is working with organizations to collect, analyze, and interpret data and turn lessons

learned into action for continuous quality improvement in WaSH. We have created an online resource, the Virtual

Learning Center, to facilitate and accelerate monitoring, evaluation and learning.

The Virtual Learning Center (VLC) is a platform for global practitioners to share knowledge, ideas and experi-

ences. This VLC facilitates training in the collection and analysis of WaSH monitoring data, and supports the

dissemination of knowledge and innovations relevant to WaSH implementers and partners in the field.

We are applying an evidence-based, data driven approach to address cross-cutting WaSH issues such as:

the unserved and ultra-poor; WaSH in schools; sustainability; and information and communications technologies

for WaSH monitoring. Through our research and systematic reviews of WaSH data, we work to strengthen WaSH

programs worldwide in the post-2015 period and are dedicated to increase and improve the quality of monitor-

ing, evaluation and learning.

ProjeCT: monitoring, evaluation and learning of

the Conrad N. hilton foundation Water, Sanitation

and hygiene Initiative

The Water Institute is working with Hilton Foundation

partners in West Africa, India and Mexico to measure

progress of their WaSH programs and advise them

on quality improvement opportunities. Current Hilton

Foundation WaSH Partners include: The Aga Khan

Foundation, Alternativas y Procesos de Participacion

Social A.C. de C.V., The Desert Research Institute,

The Foundation Center, IRC (International Water and

Sanitation Center), The Millennium Water Alliance,

The OneDrop Foundation, Safe Water Network, Water.

org, WaterAid, Water and Sanitation for Africa (formerly

CREPA), World Vision and UNICEF. Implementers,

technical advisors, research groups, advocacy partners

and knowledge managers were all involved in developing

a core set of indicators and multiple learning tools for

immediate and continuous quality improvement for

partners to increase the effectiveness of WaSH programs.

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ProjeCT: hWTS Network: UNC Support to the

Who, UNICef and others

The International Network on Household Water

Treatment and Safe Storage is a WHO and UNICEF-

led global alliance of more than 150 non-profit

organizations, governments, research institutions

and private sector firms working to increase access

to safe drinking-water. With support from the P&G

Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program, The Water

Institute has provided communications support to

Network members since 2010. Our activities have

included supporting the dissemination and uptake of

a new WHO & UNICEF toolkit on M&E through public

presentations, webinars and learning workshops.

INSIghT: getting Wet, Clean and healthy: Why

households matter (bartram et al., Lancet, 2012)

Slowing population growth will not substantively

benefit progress on drinking water and sanitation

because water and sanitation services are

increasingly delivered to households, not individuals.

Worldwide, the number of households is increasing

rapidly, and will roughly triple from 1.3 billion to

3.6 billion between 1990 and 2050. We show that

challenges in maintaining and expanding drinking

water and sanitation coverage are underestimated,

progress is overestimated, and that improved

indicators and monitoring of access to water and

sanitation are needed to ensure that scarce public

resources are focused on underserved populations.

INSIghT: global access to Safe Water: accounting

for Water Quality and the resulting Impact on mdg

Progress (onda et al., International Journal of

Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012)

At the time Target 7c of the MDGs was developed,

there was no credible monitoring alternative to

counting households using various types of sources

of drinking water. Doing so meant that no account

was taken of actual water safety. With support from

IAPMO, Water Institute researchers used existing

data to re-calculate progress accounting for safety,

showing that a total of 1.8 billion people using piped or

other improved water sources in fact receive unsafe

water, a shortfall of 10 percent of the global population

towards the MDG target in 2010 rather than the official

‘on track’ estimate. The health and development

implications suggest that greater attention is needed

to better understand and manage water safety.

Participants at the Network’s Regional Workshop on HWTS for

West Africa in Accra, Ghana.

Projected trends in population and number of households

normalized to 1990 values

Comparison of MDG Target 7c baseline and target when including

and excluding fecal contamination and sanitary risk in water safety

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

1990 2010 2030 2050

Pro

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Po

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be

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f H

ou

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old

s n

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(ye

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99

0 v

alu

e)

France - Households

France - Population

Dominican R. - Households

Dominican R. - Population

Ethiopia - Households

Ethiopia - Population

01990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

10

23

2017

1413

12

28

37

53

46 (projected)

26 (target)

26 (projected)

18 (target)

12 (target)

Current MDG indicator definition of unsafe as unimproved

Unsafe (Adjusted for Water Quality Estimates)

Unsafe (Adjusted for Water Quality and Sanitary Risk)

9 (projected)

47

20

30

40

50

60

Pro

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Wit

ho

ut

Sa

fe W

ate

r (%

)

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WaSh goverNaNCe

Many WaSH interventions fail prematurely (for example, it has been estimated that one-third of hand pumps in sub-

Saharan Africa do not work at any one time). Other interventions are under-invested, with inadequate replacement

of aging infrastructure in both developed and developing countries. Resilient institutions, appropriate policies and

efficient, implementable regulations are instrumental in sustaining drinking water and sanitation services.

We seek to understand how institutions, stakeholders, policies and policy instruments, such as regulations,

combine to optimize access, quality and benefits of water and sanitation services. Our research spans

governance on the local, national and international levels.

Better understanding of the determinants of sustainability of established interventions, and of the scalability

of proposed interventions could contribute to improving sector performance. These determinants include the

“enabling environment:” institutions, policies, regulations and the influences of social, cultural, political, economic

and environmental circumstances.

We have conducted research on progress towards the MDG target for water and sanitation and our WaSH

Governance work contributes to the development of post-2015 Sustainable Development Goals. We undertook

a number of studies for UNICEF related to WaSH monitoring in the context of post-2015 development agenda

discussions; this and other work informed WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) working group

recommendations about future global WaSH targets and indicators.

ProjeCT: Water Wisdom: developing local-global

Capacities in managing Water

Completed in 2012, the Water Wisdom project, funded the NIH Fogarty

International Center, addressed how to maximize health and social

benefits from investments in WaSH by improving the quality of local and

global policy and program implementation. Working in Brazil, Ecuador

and Malawi, we examined how information is collected, made available

and used; and how new technology might overcome critical constraints.

The project established new approaches for designing institutional

and technological systems to provide accurate and timely information

in the appropriate format to support improved WaSH policy-making

and program implementation. This research program contributes to

identifying how to analyze and use evidence in decision-making within

institutions on regional, national and global scales.

ProjeCT: Identifying barriers and levers

to advancing hWTS to Scale

This study, sponsored by PATH and UNICEF, sought to better

understand the enabling environment for the scale-up and sustainability

of household water treatment and safe storage. We explored

obstructing and enabling factors through interviews, focus groups and

online surveys with diverse professionals. The results were used to

develop three assessment tools that could be used to determine the

likelihood of scaling up a particular HWTS product in a country, the

readiness of national governments to scale up HWTS, and factors for

implementing interventions in a particular community. We concluded

that it is critical to consider the target population, the organization/

intervention characteristics and the enabling environment. The

results from the study have been presented at the HWTS Network’s

Southern African regional conference and the UNC Water and Health

Conference, and will be described in a journal publication.

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INSIghT: equity in Water and Sanitation: developing an Index to

measure Progressive realization of the human right (luh et al.,

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 2013)

Water and sanitation was recognized as a human right in 2010, making

countries responsible for progressively realizing universal access.

Existing indicators measure either the level of fulfillment of water-

related goals or rates of change of target indicators. Neither of these

methods allows the progress made by countries to be fairly compared

against each other and across time. Water Institute researchers

created an Equity Index to evaluate country progress in realizing

substantive equity for the right to water. They found that most of

the 56 countries analyzed are achieving some progress in reducing

inequality. These index scores make it possible to: rank and compare

countries, detect countries that are non-compliant with the principle of

progressive realization and re-direct WaSH policy and program efforts

to areas of need.

INSIghT: Post-2015 global monitoring of Water Safety

As part of a study for UNICEF on urban monitoring of WaSH for the Post-2015 development framework, The

Water Institute supported the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme’s Water Working Group in exploring the

feasibility of different approaches to global monitoring of drinking water safety. We identified three approaches

to water quality data: dedicated water quality surveys, integration of water quality testing within household

surveys and data from regulatory agencies and/or utilities; then assessed their suitability for global monitoring

purposes, and calculated preliminary cost estimates. We recommended that water quality information be

systematically collected for selected parameters both at the point of service delivery/collection and at the point

of consumption, where possible.

EQ

UIT

Y I

ND

Ex

D ISTRIBUTION OF 2010 EQUITY INDEx

SCORES BY SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP

FOR THE 56 COUNTRIES ANALYZED

PROPOSED INDICATORS FOR WATER QUALITY

GROSS NATIONAL INCOME PER CAPITA

100 1000 10000 100000 -1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

high income uppermiddleincome

lowermiddleincome

low income

(b)

Gross National Income per capita

Name relaTIoN To WaTer QUalITy examPle daTa SoUrCe

Improved/Unimproved Systematic reivew of expert opinion on likelihood of contamination/protected sources

JMP (derived from household surveys and censuses)

Basic/Intermediate/Higher Service levels are being devised and may include water quality measures

TBC

Continuity of service Potential indicator of infiltration risk in piped supplies, will be source dependent

IBNET

Leakage rate For piped supplies, the leakage rate may be a proxy for infiltration, especially if there are intermittency problems

IBNET

Perception Individual perception of water quality. Indicator of acceptability, but a poor predictor of microbial quality

Gallup survey Household surveys WASH Cost

Taste Not considered a likely proxy for priority health contaminants, especially microbial; possible indicator for acceptability

WASH Cost

Sanitary risk May be a good proxy for water quality; a direct measure of risk

RADWQ

Free chlorine (preferably with Turbidity measure if above/or 5 NTU)

May be a good proxy for microbial contamination in some supplies

DHS Peru IBNET

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SaNITaTIoN for The 21ST CeNTUry

Sanitation is the promotion and use of hardware for the safe management of human excreta. In 2011, about 2.5

billion people in the developing world lacked access to basic sanitation, including one billion who practice open

defecation. As most of the sickness and death associated with inadequate WaSH results from fecal-oral disease

transmission, management of human feces constitutes the heart of the WaSH challenge. An increasingly urban

world complicates sanitation, as more human waste is concentrated into smaller areas, increasing exposure

while limiting simple technical options.

While sanitation’s importance has become increasingly recognized over the past 15 years, we are still

ignorant of the basic interactions between pathogens, pathways, practices, players and policies. Fundamental

processes are poorly understood, particularly in environmental health and human terms: Which exposures to

human feces constitute the greatest risks? Which are most amenable to control? What factors drive adoption of

sanitation? What happens to wastes between the toilet or latrine and their return to the environment? How can

sanitation promotion efforts best be managed where resources are scarce?

Understanding “what is going on now” is a first step in developing realistic health interventions. A major

research opportunity in sanitation, particularly in urban areas, is to understand clearly where the risks arise, and

what can be done about them. Quantitative microbial risk analysis and geographic information system (GIS)-

based epidemiology are tools that may identify critical risks in dense urban slums in the developing world and

identify clear targets for intervention. This could permit the development of risk based sanitation interventions

that focus on where the greatest risks can be most economically reduced. These need to be coupled with

analysis of the human and sanitation management systems (formal and informal), and the engineering, economic

and financial constraints to innovate and overcome current constraints.

The Water Institute assembles teams with multi-disciplinary skills including microbiologists, anthropologists,

marketing specialists and sanitation engineers to contribute to new insights on sanitation implementation, and its

monitoring and evaluation.

ProjeCT: Testing modified Community-led Total

Sanitation for Scalability

CLTS is an approach to sanitation promotion that has

spread to countries around the world in the past 15

years. It seeks to encourage the construction and use

of sanitation facilities through “triggering” of grassroots

community mobilization. When successful, as has been

reported from many parts of South Asia, this promotes

a community-wide commitment to becoming open-

defecation free. Success depends on the quality of the

triggering; but the number of development professionals

skilled in such participatory mobilization approaches is

limited. PLAN International and others are eager to learn

who can take on this triggering role: natural leaders

from the community, local school teachers and health sector workers. The Water Institute has designed, and is

implementing, rigorous evaluation studies of PLAN-supported CLTS projects in Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya to

learn the effects of such modifications to the CLTS approach, see how they influence success or failure, and

learn lessons for future intervention design. This work is important not only for the questions it may directly

answer, but also for the methodological lessons, as to how such studies can best be conducted, that may assist

other applied researchers in sanitation in the future.

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ProjeCT: Support to the Who/UNICef joint monitoring

Programme’s Working group on Sanitation

As part of a larger study for UNICEF on urban monitoring for the Post-

2015 Development Framework for WaSH, The Water Institute supported

the Sanitation Working Group in development and analysis of options to

monitor progress towards “complete management of human excreta,”

which is the chain of treatment and disposal (or lack thereof) prior to the

return of treated excreta to the environment. This responds to the growing

recognition of clandestine and dangerous dumping of latrine wastes after

emptying, of uncontrolled sewage discharges. Neither of these can be

monitored through the current JMP method. A number of options were

developed, discussed with the Working Group and are described in a working paper. While much work remains to be

done on the practical details of such monitoring, The Water Institute’s presentation showed promise and the Working

Group adopted the monitoring of the complete management of excreta in its recommendations.

INSIghT: Sanitation: a global estimate of Sewerage

Connections without Treatment and the resulting Impact

on mdg Progress (baum et al., Environmental Science

and Technology, 2013)

JMP estimated that in 2010, 4.3 billion people were using

an improved sanitation facility, and 2.6 billion people were

using an unimproved sanitation facility worldwide. However,

monitoring of progress toward the sanitation component

of MDG Target 7c did not account for the need to protect

communities and the wider population from exposure to

untreated sewage. Water Institute researchers reassessed

the progress of 124 countries by classifying connections to

sewerage as “improved sanitation” only if the sewage was

treated before discharge to the environment. Redefining

sewerage-without-treatment as unimproved sanitation in

MDG monitoring would raise the 1990 baseline population

using unimproved sanitation from 53% to 64% and the corresponding 2015 target from 27% to 32%. At the current

rate of progress, we estimate a shortfall of 28% (1.9 billion people) in 2010 and a project 27% shortfall in 2015. This

publication highlights the need to re-evaluate the JMP monitoring categorization “basic sanitation” to encompass

both the individual and the collective right to a clean and healthy environment.

INSIghT: how health Professionals Could lever

health gains from Improved Water, Sanitation and

hygiene Practices (Platt and bartram, Perspectives

in Public Health, 2010)

There are missed opportunities for coordination and

collaboration between the health and WaSH sectors

that contribute to the disease burden associated

with inadequate water, sanitation and hygiene. With

support from WaterAid, we applied an established

health system functions framework to water,

sanitation and hygiene and concluded that health

agencies and professionals have the potential to

improve the implementation, impact and sustainability

for safe WaSH-related practices.

Global access to sewerage connection alone and to

sewerage connection with sewage treatment in 2010,

by country income group

how health professionals can advance health by

engaging in WaSh

• Prima non nocere: Enact, implement and enforce minimum

standards for WaSH in all types of healthcare facilities including

both physical facilities and their safe functioning and patient

safety and infection control measures

• Review curricula and in-career development for all health

professionals to ensure relevant and usable WaSH components

are incorporated

• Update clinical practice guidelines: When patients are present

with diseases associated with poor WaSH practices, offer long-

term preventive solutions in addition to immediate treatment

• Provide patient education materials in healthcare settings

such as waiting rooms and clinics

• Actions speak louder than words: Remember in your daily

interactions that you can model safe WaSH-related practices to

those around you

100

Low Income

% o

f P

op

ula

tio

n w

ith

Acc

ess

Sewerage ConnectionSewerage Connection and Treatment

Low MiddleIncome

Upper MiddleIncome

Higher Income

80

60

40

20

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adaPTINg To WaTer SCarCITy aNd ClImaTe ChaNge

Water scarcity arises when resources are insufficient to meet the sum of the demands made on them, whether

from agriculture, industry, household use, environmental or other needs. By 2025, 1.8 billion people will be living

in countries or regions with absolute water scarcity, and two-thirds of the world’s population could be under

water stress. To some extent, water availability can be improved by storage in dams, groundwater recharge

and planned re-use. However, climate change is adversely affecting availability in most regions and is projected

to result in increased flooding and drought, rising sea levels, amplified coastal storminess and an overall

decrease in precipitation in most subtropical regions. Drinking water and sanitation facilities and services in both

developed and developing nations are vulnerable. The impacts of climate change are likely to have substantive

adverse impacts on drinking water and sanitation services, increasing the rate of failure and the costs of

maintaining and extending coverage.

The Water Institute’s work on climate change focuses on assessing risks to drinking water and sanitation

at different scales; identifying and ranking opportunities for adaptation; and supporting adaptation through

identification, collation and dissemination of good practices. We incorporate adaptation considerations across

our work in other focus areas and work with partners to assess vulnerabilities in their programs and projects and

identify adaptation opportunities. We believe that understanding the vulnerability of WaSH services and anticipating

future challenges can inform adaptation strategies that will help to increase resilience to climate change.

ProjeCT: Water and Sanitation Service Sustainability: WaSh and

Climate Change Country assessment

UNICEF country programs, designed and implemented in response

to national priorities, need to be adapted to the potential adverse

effects of climate change. Better information is needed to harmonize

interventions, lessen the risk to countries and communities, and

ensure that progress achieved is not lost. The Water Institute assessed

20 UNICEF “WaSH Priority” countries, evaluating their vulnerability,

resilience and adaptive capacity to the major hazardous events

associated with climate change. Our assessment work formed the basis

for an internal UNICEF analysis of country-specific vulnerability and

preparedness for WaSH programming effectiveness and sustainability.

ProjeCT: County-level ranking of US drinking Water and Sanitation Systems for Climate Change

vulnerability and Preparedness

Extreme weather events, like floods and droughts, are expected to be more frequent and severe due to climate

change. These climate-related hazards will adversely impact both drinking water and sanitation systems. The

effect of these hazards is dependent on a number of factors: the sensitivity, resilience, and adaptive capacity of

the affected water and sewage or septic systems, the geographical location and the weather event itself. Using

data for US states and municipalities, and made possible by support from Wells Fargo, The Water Institute team

developed a model that analyzes and ranks US counties by their preparedness and vulnerability to climate-

related hazards. The system enables at-risk areas to be identified, so that adaptations and potential innovations

can be suggested for most vulnerable areas.

MAP

RANK 1 (LEAST VULNERABLE)

RANK 2

RANK 3

RANK 4

RANK 5 (MOST VULNERABLE)

VULNERABIL ITY DUE TO FLOOD

IN NORTH CAROLINA

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INSIghT: Technologies for

Climate Change adaptation –

Water Sector guidebook (elliott et al.,

UNeP risoe Centre, 2011)

Water Institute researchers wrote this

guidebook, published by the UNEP

Risoe Center and freely available

online at http://www.waterinstitute.

unc.edu/media/TNAhandbook_

Water.pdf. It describes adaptation

strategies in the categories of water

conservation, storm water control and

capture, resilience to water quality

degradation, preparation for extreme

weather events, diversification of

water supply and mitigation. It is a

practical tool for use by a broad range

of stakeholders, including those

in governmental agencies, water

utilities, community water boards,

nongovernmental organizations and

private sector companies.

INSIghT: evaluating Country-

level Population vulnerabilities

to Water access due to Climate

related hazards Using high

Spatial resolution methods

(elliott et al., submitted)

With funding from The Wallace

Genetic Foundation, The Water

Institute developed a methodology

to determine the vulnerability

and preparedness of drinking

water systems to climate-related

hazardous events such as flood,

drought and cyclone. We produced

the first ever country-level ranking

of population-level vulnerability,

presented in maps depicting risks

due to cyclone, flood and drought

and for the sum of the three hazards.

x

Div

ers

ifica

tio

n o

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ate

r

Su

pp

ly

Gro

un

d-

wa

ter

Re

cha

rge

Pre

pa

rati

on

fo

r E

xtre

me

We

ath

er

Eve

nts

Re

silie

nce

to

Wa

ter

Qu

alit

y D

eg

rad

ati

on

Sto

rmw

ate

r C

on

tro

l an

d

Ca

ptu

re

Wa

ter

Co

nse

rva

tio

n

�

� �

�

� �

�

� �

� � �

� � � �

� � �

� � �

Boreholes/Tubewells as a Drought Intervention for Domestic

Water Supply

Desalination

Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage (HWTS)

Improving Resilience of Protected Wells to Flooding

Increasing the Use of Water-efficient Fixtures and Appliances

Leakage Management, Detection and Repair in Piped

Systems

Post-construction Support (PCS) for Community-managed

Water Systems

Rainwater Collection from Ground Surfaces—Small Reservoirs

and Micro-catchments

Rainwater Harvesting from Roofs

Water Reclamation and Reuse

Water Safety Plans (WSPs) � �

TYPES OF ADAPTATION

TECHNOLOGIES AND PRACTICES

DESCRIBED IN THE GUIDEBOOK

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drINkINg WaTer for all

Today, reliable safe water is available to a minority of the world’s population.

Small and rural water supplies have higher rates of failure and of contamination in developed and

developing countries worldwide. Evidence indicates that the key failure point is in back-up to community level

operation and maintenance; especially for technical and financial management. The potential benefits from

innovation in management of these small systems are large.

Many urban systems deliver water intermittently and large populations collect water from community sources.

Outbreaks in systems that meet, or appear to meet, drinking water standards suggest that periodic

assessment of the water quality does not consistently result in the provision of safe water. Preventive

management has the potential to reduce public health risk and to enhance good asset management. Strategies

to make systems that deliver safe water more robust, by systematically recognizing and addressing risks, are

embodied in the concept of Water Safety Plans (WSPs) which have been widely adopted and applied since their

introduction by WHO in 2003. We are interested in determining the characteristics of settings that help maximize

benefits of WSPs.

ProjeCT: The last mile of Safe drinking Water delivery

This project, sponsored by IAPMO, explores opportunities to reduce risks

for contamination between sources of safe water and water use in homes. It

includes assessment of plumbing code enforcement in the United States in

three phases. Phase One involved categorizing US states according to the

types of state-level plumbing code adoption, enforcement procedures and

administrative rules. Phase Two includes assessing the frequency of local

plumbing code enforcement, the capacity of local plumbing code enforcement

departments, and perceived levels of compliance with plumbing codes, through

a nationally-representative survey. Phase Three describes the relationship

between state-level plumbing regulation types and local enforcement behavior

and efficacy, using data collected in the first two phases.

ProjeCT: Public health and Social benefits of at-

house Water Supplies

Funded by DFID and in cooperation with the Universities

of Leeds and East Anglia, UK, we sought to understand the

health and social benefits of at-house water supply. We

undertook systematic literature reviews, analyzed global

data, and implemented field studies in Ghana, Vietnam and

South Africa. We concluded that at-house water supply

has significant, measurable benefits when compared

with use of shared water sources, outside the home, if

the service provided is reliable. Reliable at-house water

supply are associated with higher volumes of water use,

greater practice of key hygiene behaviors, a reduction in

musculoskeletal impacts associated with carrying water

from outside the home, and improved water quality.

Our work suggests a policy shift towards the promotion

of reliable household access as the international

benchmark for water supply, in contrast to today’s focus on

community-shared sources.

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INSIghT: benefits of Water Safety

Plans: microbiology, Compliance

and Public health (gunnarsdottir

et al., Environmental Science and

Technology, 2012)

This study, led by Icelandic

colleagues with support from the

Environmental and Energy Research

Fund of Reykjavík Energy, collected

and analyzed surveillance data on

water quality and diarrhea in Iceland,

one of the first countries to legislate

the use of Water Safety Plans.

Results showed that, following WSP

implementation, microbiological water

quality improved, compliance with

drinking water standards increased,

and incidence of diarrhea declined.

People living where a WSP was

implemented were 14 percent less

likely to develop clinical diarrhea.

This study confirms that there

are substantive benefits of WSPs,

especially on water quality and

waterborne disease reduction.

INSIghT: aquatest research Program: Testing Scenarios and global regulatory review

The Aquatest project, led by the University of Bristol, UK, examined improved, cost-efficient approaches to

monitoring drinking water quality to support better management of water safety in urban and rural settings. The

Water Institute contributed to two components of this project: evaluating realistically-achievable changes to current

water quality monitoring practices in response to potential simplified testing methods, and characterizing regulatory

approaches and monitoring requirements for microbial contaminants of drinking water supply worldwide.

MEAN ANNUAL NONCOMPLIANCE WITH ICELANDIC DRINKING WATER

REGULATION AT F IVE WATER UTIL IT IES BEFORE AND AFTER WSP

COUNTRY-AVERAGED

MARGINAL COST PER TEST

FOR CURRENT (LEFT BAR)

AND MODIFIED (R IGHT

BAR) SCENARIOS

0%

V4 V5 V12 V15 V16 Average all

2%

Non-compliance before WSP Non-compliance after WSP

4%

6%

8%8.2%

1.4%

10.3%

1.0%

5.0%

0.0%

2.2%2.6%

12.6%

2.3%

7.7%

1.5%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

Large Urban Small Urban + Rural Surveillance

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Transport cost

Labor cost

Test cost

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Focus Areas in EvaluationIN addITIoN To oUr fIve eSTablIShed foCUS areaS, we are evaluating two further areas for

potential inclusion in our future plans:

NaTIoNal aNd regIoNal WaSh ChalleNgeS IN The US

In the early 20th century, the US provided international leadership in establishing drinking water and sanitation

services for its cities and rural populations. The results demonstrated the health benefits of drinking water

treatment on control of typhoid and of introducing disinfection. Today the infrastructures for these critical

services are aging and remain incomplete. The American Society of Civil Engineers routinely grades US water

and sanitation infrastructures with a ‘D.’ Septic tank failure rates are common and small water systems, which

supply around 20 percent of the population, often fail basic safety standards.

There are opportunities to improve on current practices that could enhance health protection, service

delivery or contribute to containing costs. We are focusing our preliminary work on two challenges: tackling the

specific problems of small and marginalized communities; and the potential contribution of Water Safety Plans

as an approach that has demonstrated benefits in other developed nations. In both cases, we seek to provide

added value links between our activities in the Southeastern US and abroad.

ProjeCT: racial disparities in access to Public

Water and Sewer Service in North Carolina:

Public health Impacts and Policy Solutions

This project, funded by the Robert Wood Johnson

Foundation, focuses on reducing racial disparities in

access to public water and sanitation services. Sub-

stantial disparities exist in North Carolina, a legacy

of racial segregation. This research aims to discover

the roles of race and socioeconomic status in deter-

mining the likelihood of access to WaSH services, as

well as the contribution the lack of WaSH services

make to health disparities, and the resulting state-

wide health and economic costs. The results will

address the policy, system and administrative strate-

gies that are most effective in reducing disparities in

the effectiveness, efficiency and outcomes of public

health strategies delivered to racial and ethnic

minority and low-income populations.

ProjeCT: Water Safety Planning in Small municipal and Private Water

Supply Systems in North Carolina

Water Safety Plans were developed by the WHO as a means to manage risks

within drinking water systems. They involve a preventive approach to identify

and control risks in a drinking water system from catchment to consumer.

With support from NEHA and CDC, a team of Water Institute researchers is

identifying the potential impacts of introducing Water Safety Plans in small

municipal and private water supply systems in North Carolina. We have identified locations for pilot projects that

are feasible and appropriate, and are discovering factors that either facilitate or inhibit the implementation of the

WSP process in the US context.

WAKE COUNTY (NORTH CAROLINA) POCKETS OF LOW

PERCENTAGE WATER SERVICE BY 2010 CENSUS BLOCK

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WaTer-food-ClImaTe-eNergy NexUS

Global trends such as population growth, urbanization and rising living standards are increasing the demands for

water, food and energy, which will impact the security and sustainable use of natural resources. If current trends

continue: agriculture will have to produce 70 percent more food by 2050, primary energy needs will increase by 50

percent by 2035 and demand for water will exceed global availability by 40 percent in 2030. In order for the world to

reduce hunger and eradicate poverty and to maintain standards already achieved, attaining security for water, energy

and food for all people is essential. This challenge is becoming even more critical with the impacts of climate change.

ProjeCT: Nexus Conference

In 2014, The Water Institute will host the Nexus 2014: Water,

Food, Climate and Energy Conference. The Conference will

bring together researchers, policy-makers and practitioners from

government, civil society and business internationally to address

the relationships among water, climate, food and energy, and the

impacts on security, sustainability and development.

INSIghT: Who Zoonoses: Workshop on emerging Waterborne

Infectious disease (2009)

The Water Institute, on behalf of the WHO, hosted an

international meeting of experts to discuss the impact of zoonotic

microorganisms linked to waterborne disease in humans and

identify potential future disease threats. The resulting book, Animal

Waste, Water Quality and Human Health (Dufour, Bartram, Bos

and Gannon, Eds.,2012), provides information to help agencies

anticipate future waterborne disease problems and determine

whether existing practices are sufficient to protect human health.

INSIghT: World Water

development report (UN, 2012)

The World Water Development Report

is the UN’s flagship report on water that

assesses the state of the world’s fresh

water resources and provides tools for

implementing sustainable water usage.

Water Institute researchers wrote the

chapter about the underlying driving

forces of water-related diseases for

the 2012 edition of the report. The

work involved adapting the DPSEEA

framework to this new purpose and

now has been published in a scientific

journal. The DPSEEA frameworks indicate

that a select group of driving forces,

including population growth, agriculture,

infrastructure (dams and irrigation), and

climate change, is at the root cause of key global disease burdens. Sanitation was found to be a widely applicable

and effective intervention, targeting the driver/pressure linkage of most of the water-related diseases examined.

• More than 85% of the world’s fecal wastes are from domestic animals, such as poultry, cattle, sheep and pigs, which contaminate recreational waters and drinking water sources with excreta and pathogens.

• Most recognized “emerging” diseases are from zoonotic sources.

DRIVER, PRESSURE, STATE, ExPOSURE AND EFFECT FOR

WATER-BASED DISEASES (Gentry-Shields and Bartram, 2014)

Line

Thickness

Strength of

association

Strong

Intermediate

Fair

Environmental

manipulation

Environmental

modification

Modify or

manipulate

human behavior

Schistosomiasis

Exposure to

contaminated

waters (e.g.

bathing)

Concentration

of pathogens

Uncontained

and untreated

excreta

Changing

environmental

characteristics

Climate Change

Agriculture

Population

Growth

Concentration

of intermediate

host

Dams and

irrigation

projects

Improved

sanitation

Driver Pressure State Exposure Health E�ect

Action Health Impact

Assessment

WaTer

food

ClImaTe

eNergy

NexUS

2014

SUSTaINabIlITy

SeCUrITy

develoPmeNT

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ResearchWaTer INSTITUTe reSearCherS Work with visiting and collaborating scholars worldwide. Our

research identifies emerging trends and examines ongoing problems in WaSH, health and development.

The four primary objectives of our research strategy are to: produce a coherent, focused research effort;

support UNC faculty research relevant to the Institute and its focus areas; ensure our research is accessible to

a variety of audiences; and identify critical new and emerging issues. Water Institute researchers work toward

these objectives through the integrated processes of defining research problems, building teams to explore

them, producing deliverables and communicating findings.

INPUTS

Water Institute researchers identify, develop and submit grant proposals that align with one or more of our focus

areas. Our annual number of research grant proposals has progressively risen since 2010; and the success rate

of awards for submitted proposals approaches 50 percent.

We create collaborative research with UNC faculty and departments as well as governments,

intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, universities and other research institutes. Our research is often

multidisciplinary, bringing in diverse perspectives from fields such as engineering, epidemiology, health behavior,

environmental sciences, human rights law and public policy. Through this intersection of viewpoints, we are able

to provide distinct approaches to address complex challenges in WaSH, health and development.

RESEARCH INDICATORS

2009-2010 2010-2011 2011-2012 2012-2013

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Proposals submitted

Awards granted

Active projects

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oUTPUTS

In the three academic years to 2012-13, we produced more than

60 publications. Nearly two-thirds of our research outputs have

been scholarly articles in peer-reviewed journals. We also

authored and edited book chapters and have contributed to

publications such as the UN’s World Water Development Report

and UNEP’s Technologies and Practices for Climate Change

Adaptation in the Water Sector. Our outputs also include invited

presentations made at conferences around the world.

ImPaCTS

Published peer-reviewed papers with increasing citation rates

illustrate The Water Institute’s research impact. Water Institute

research papers have been cited 321 times, and as of December

2013, we have an h-index of 8 and an i10-index of 8, according

to Google Scholar. Our research provides evidence to support

effective decision-making on WaSH. The article Global Access

to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Resulting

Impact on MDG Progress (Onda et al., International Journal of

Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012) was cited 40

times by various academics and practitioners, including multiple

UN agencies, between its publication in 2012 and 2013. Another

article, Sanitation: A Global Estimate of Sewerage Connections

without Treatment and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress

(Baum et al., Environmental Science and Technology, 2013), had

already cited 10 times between its publication earlier in 2013 and

December 2013.

Dr. Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson

joined The Water Institute as our

Director of Research in September

2013. In this role, she steers the

implementation of the overall

research effort of the Institute.

She has been a professor in the

Department of Environmental

Sciences and Engineering

at UNC since 2007. Her own

research focuses on constructing

mathematical models that can

be used to assess the impacts

of alternative policies and aid in

decision-making on environmental

quality and public health.

CITATIONS TO WATER INSTITUTE ARTICLES*

* As of October 30, 2013.

“The Water Institute at UNC,” Google Scholar, accessed October 30, 2013,

http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=yodNYMAAAAAJ&hl=en

2009 2010 2011 2012

165

0

2013

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Knowledge and Information ManagementWe IdeNTIfy, ProdUCe aNd dISTrIbUTe relevant and timely insights on WaSH, health and

development. We seek to support effective policy-making and decision-taking, which protect and improve

human health worldwide and foresee emerging risks. The Water Institute is committed to transforming science

into meaningful findings and actionable recommendations.

Our strategy aims to: utilize innovative and tested approaches to identify relevant WaSH information and

knowledge; create mechanisms for capturing knowledge in ways pertinent to specific target audiences; and

disseminate and share lessons to provide effective support for decision-makers and policy-makers.

The Water Institute’s knowledge and information management activities take a variety of forms and we

use a range of dissemination channels. Aside from our peer-reviewed publications, we are bridging the gap

between researchers, policy-makers and practitioners through policy briefs, conferences, invited presentations,

maps, virtual learning opportunities, working group participation and workshops. Our communications tools and

partnerships multiply the reach of these efforts, such as our newsletter with more than 15,000 recipients. With WHO

we are developing briefing notes to improve the uptake and impact of household water treatment and safe storage.

Our activities have provided insight into achieving progress on vexing issues in the WaSH sector, from

accounting for water quality in monitoring MDG progress to understanding the needs and perspectives of

government finance ministries on funding WaSH.

We seek opportunities to share our work with the WaSH community and other audiences through invited

presentations at other events. Water Institute staff addressed the University of Oxford’s International Conference

on Water Security, Risk and Society on the status of water resources worldwide and recently delivered two

presentations and a workshop on monitoring and evaluation in Ethiopia. We also presented on what works in

drinking water and sanitation at the UN General Assembly MDG summit in 2010.

Policy brief for the Steering Committee of the

Sanitation and Water for all Partnership

The Water Institute and the Global Research

Institute (GRI) at UNC hosted a meeting of senior

government officials from six African countries to

discuss government decision-making related to

water, sanitation and hygiene. The meeting was led

by GRI Fellow Clarissa Brocklehurst. The participants,

who came from Nigeria, The Gambia, Sierra Leone,

Uganda, Liberia and South Sudan, covered a number

of subjects: the process by which finance ministers are

briefed, the role of finance ministries in shaping WaSH

investments and the perceptions of finance ministers

with respect to WaSH. The insights and lessons gained

from this dialogue were captured and shared in a policy

brief and recommendations for WaSH advocates, sector

stakeholders and Sanitation and Water for All.

The meeting participants with Global Research Institute

fellow Clarissa Brocklehurst (right).

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Our research into the climate change vulnerability and

preparedness of US states and counties has shown that

impact is dependent on a number of factors. We are working

to make this data available online via our website and to

create a ranking system that will enable identification of

at-risk areas and targeting of investments in adaptation and

resilience strategies.

We work with Plan International and the Hilton

Foundation and their partners to strengthen implementation

according to best practices and lessons learned from our

research efforts. In these projects, we are creating virtual

knowledge and learning hubs for sharing resources,

discussing challenges and issues with the goal of facilitating

program improvement.

We participate in working groups convened by WHO

and UNICEF for the post-2015 MDG targets and indicators for

water and sanitation, and were asked by WHO to convene

a gathering of international experts to discuss research on

the impact of waterborne zoonotic disease in humans and

identifying potential future disease threats.

QUARTERLY ISSN: 2043-9083

IWA PUBLISHING:

LONDON, ENGLAND

WaSH MEL

VIRTUAL LEARNING CENTER

In collaboration with IWA, we publish

the Journal of Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene for Development. This

peer-reviewed journal is devoted

to the dissemination of high-quality

information on the science, policy

and practice of drinking water

supply, sanitation and hygiene at

local, national and international

levels. In its first few years of

publication, the journal has become

a valuable and expanding resource

in the sector and was recently

included in Thomson Reuters’ Web

of Science, an index of scholarly

and influential works. The journal is

on track to receive an impact factor

rating in 2014.

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Networking and Partnership development

Canada

United States

Mexico

Argentina

Finland

Denmark

The NetherlandsGermany

BelgiumIreland

United KingdomFrance

Portugal Spain SwitzerlandItaly

EgyptSierra Leone Ghana

Nigeria

ZambiaRwanda

South Africa

Madagascar

Sudan

EthiopiaUganda

Tanzania

Georgia

UAE

Oman

Napal China

BangladeshCambodia

Philippines

Japan

Australia

Thailand

Malaysia

India

Pakistan

COUNTRIES OF ATTENDEES AT

THE 2012 WATER AND HEALTH

CONFERENCE

We aIm To brINg TogeTher individuals and institutions from diverse disciplines and sectors and

empower them to work together to solve the most critical global issues in WaSH, health and development.

Our objectives are to convene those working in the WaSH sector to address major challenges through annual

conferences, to develop collaborating partnerships internal and external to UNC, and to actively engage in

international and domestic WaSH coalitions.

aNNUal WaTer aNd healTh CoNfereNCe

Each year we host the Water and Health Conference, which attracts around 500 participants and focuses on the

intersections of WaSH, health and development. Participants include researchers, practitioners, policy-makers,

advocates, students and entrepreneurs from more than 50 countries.

The Water Institute was launched at the 2010 Conference, and over subsequent years the Water and Health

Conference has become a well-respected global event that serves as a forum for research, learning and innova-

tion. In 2012, there were more than 400 abstract submissions and more than 525 attendees. Organizations in-

creasingly use the Conference as a launching pad for publications or activities, as UNICEF did in 2012 to launch

its Raising Even More Clean Hands campaign.

The Conference offers participants the opportunity to collaborate, network, discuss and discover new issues

in WaSH through a mix of interactive sessions, presentations and keynote speeches. In 2012, participants had

the chance to interact with the chairs of the post-2015 MDG working groups on WaSH of WHO and UNICEF.

The exchange allowed the chairs to report on their group’s work and to hear feedback from those who may not

otherwise have had an opportunity to voice an opinion.

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CollaboraTIoNS

Our staff, researchers and students seek out and work to establish enduring relationships with domestic and

international partners. Our collaborators are those individuals and organizations we work with to implement our

activities. We have more than 50 partners, which include governments, intergovernmental organizations, NGOs,

private industry, universities and research institutes. We also collaborate with a number of UNC departments

and faculty members. These partnerships support all facets of our work and allow us to provide sound science

relevant to influencing policy and practice to improve human health and development. Many of our collaborators

are identified alongside the description of the work we have done with them throughout this review.

We are members of several international coalitions, including the Sanitation and Water for All Partnership

(SWA), The Water and Climate Coalition, the International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe

Storage and the US Water Partnership. Our membership in these organizations enables us to contribute to

solving larger WaSH challenges that require diverse resources. We offer our expertise and staff resources and

support various activities, such as leading SWA’s Research and Learning Constituency, which makes existing

information in WaSH relevant to SWA, and available and accessible to SWA partners.

The Water Institute had a significant role in the planning and launch of a major new partnership in 2011. We

worked closely with the US Department of State, the Global Environment and Technology Foundation and others

to develop the US Water Partnership. This public-private partnership was formed to share knowledge, leverage

and mobilize resources, and facilitate cross-sector partnerships to find solutions to global water accessibility

challenges, especially in the developing world. The Water Institute was the only academic founding institution

and we continue to help shape the partnership by participating in joint activities, chairing the membership

committee and serving on the steering committee.

SWA is a global partnership of 90

developing country governments, donors,

civil society organizations and other

development partners working together

to catalyze political leadership and action,

improve accountability and use of scarce

resources more effectively. Partners work

towards a common vision of universal

access to safe water and adequate

sanitation.

The US Water Partnership brings together

more than 70 organizations with the goal

of ensuring sustainable and equitable

water management that benefits people

and our environment through:

• Improving WaSH access and quality

of service.

• Advancing integrated water

resource management.

• Increasing efficiency and productivity of

water use.

• Improving governance through stronger

public and private institutions, policies

and processes.

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We aIm To CreaTe a teaching identity that shares the benefits of The Water Institute’s access and

approach to knowledge of WaSH and health, with a particular focus on graduate and professional development.

As a single player among many building capacity in the WaSH sector, we need to focus our teaching in areas of

specific expertise of our staff, faculty and partners. We:

• Contribute to the courses, seminars and degree programs within the Gillings School of Global Public

Health, and elsewhere on campus;

• Respond to global, national and local needs by developing international and local teaching and learning

partnerships that deliver innovative, relevant and highly accessible professional training programs;

• Address contemporary challenges by developing interdisciplinary training opportunities that span the

breadth of areas needed to solve WaSH problems.

Our strategy-in-development for teaching and learning includes:

INPUTS

ParTICIPaTIoN aNd eNgagemeNT are

CrITICal To learNINg, and these elements lie

at the heart of our teaching. We cannot simply “transfer

knowledge and skills to students,” but we can facilitate

the learning about WaSH and health, which can only

come from students’ active engagement. This means

that in all our teaching we promote engagement,

participation and exchange among participants and

instructors. While not always easily managed in face-to-

face settings, fostering engagement and participation is

even more challenging in distance learning.

dISTaNCe learNINg IS The key To

WaTer INSTITUTe oUTreaCh IN TeaChINg

aNd learNINg , particularly for our global

constituency of practitioners at the intersection of WaSH,

health and development. If well-managed, the potential

impact of distance learning is huge. Distance learning

is not a “soft option” for those who teach or those who

learn. While modern technology allows greater flexibility

in timing and location of learning, the course preparation

and administration require additional rigor on the part of

the teaching staff.

With initial funding support from the International

Water Association and in partnership with the University

of Surrey, The Water Institute has developed and

taught a distance learning course to 40 WaSH sector

practitioners and funding agency staff from around the

globe and within North Carolina. The course has been

certified for three Continuing Education Units, and will be

taught on an ongoing basis.

Teaching and learning

Professor Pete kolsky joined The Water

Institute as our Director of Teaching and

Learning in June 2012. Dr. Kolsky is a proud

alumnus of UNC’s MSEE degree program.

His past experiences in water, sanitation

and health include 12 years as a practicing

engineer in the public and private sectors,

10 years of research, teaching and technical

support at the London School of Hygiene

and Tropical Medicine, and, most recently,

12 years with the World Bank, where he

served as a focal point on sanitation issues.

He has worked in more than 30 countries,

and has lived at least a year each in Côte

d’Ivoire, Egypt, Mozambique, Cambodia and

Madagascar. His work at The Water Institute

focuses on developing and implementing a

practical and coherent strategy for teaching

and learning, including the successful

development and piloting of a distance

learning course on Water Safety Planning.

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all WaTer INSTITUTe TeaChINg IS foCUSed oN oUr areaS of ComParaTIve

advaNTage aNd exPerTISe. The sector does not need “copies” of existing courses, although

combining courses may create synergistic opportunities. The Water Institute ensures that participants have ready

access to experience and expertise in the courses we offer them, and this is most directly available to us from

Water Institute, Environmental Sciences and Engineering, and Gillings School of Global Public Health faculty.

oUTPUTS

faCe-To-faCe TeaChINg STIll maTTerS! The contribution of The Water Institute to students in the

Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering and the Gillings School of Global Public Health contributes

to the education of the next generation of leaders in WaSH and public health. Specialist residential short courses

are planned in topics like WaSH as a Public Health Intervention. Both examples maximize the benefits of bringing a

multi-disciplinary faculty face-to-face with a dedicated community of students for intensive exchange.

The Water Institute contributes to teaching and learning on campus, including mentoring and support for

student organizations, like Engineers Without Borders and A Drink for Tomorrow. We’re also in the process of

preparing a textbook on WaSH and health as an authoritative source on these issues in developing and developed

countries for the interdisciplinary teaching of master’s, doctoral and advanced undergraduate students.

The revised UNC Master of Science in Environmental Engineering degree encourages participation from

international WaSH professionals. Changes to the degree were designed to address more directly the demands

of engineering practice and permit completion of the degree within a year. This non-research degree now allows

those concerned with international WaSH to come to grips with current thinking and practice at a global center

for water, health and development.

The WaTer INSTITUTe WIll leverage ITS oTher aCTIvITIeS for TeaChINg aNd

learNINg. Additionally, two of our projects have built-in opportunities for Water Institute teaching and

learning in the field. Both The Water Institute and the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation saw the value of moving

beyond a narrow “third party evaluation” of extensive water projects, and instead, building capacity for

monitoring and evaluation in these projects so that all could learn the lessons from field experience. Similarly, the

lessons learned with Plan International USA about CLTS promotion in Ethiopia, Ghana and Kenya will be more

widely shared through regional and global learning events.

ImPaCTS

As our Teaching and Learning work grows, we will contribute to capacity building in the water, sanitation, hygiene

and health sector through training the next generation of WaSH professionals. Fourteen of our 17 graduates have

gone on to careers in the WaSH sector. There are many career options for Water Institute-affiliated students after

graduation, including: international nongovernmental organizations (e.g. CARE, World Vision, Water Aid), private

sector consulting groups or firms, governmental development agencies involved in water, sanitation and hygiene

in developing countries (e.g. USAID, WHO/PAHO, the World Bank, UNICEF), as well as universities and research

institutes with interests that overlap with our own.

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Water Institute Staff

dr. jamIe barTram

Director

Jamie Bartram is the Don and Jennifer Holzworth Distinguished Professor in the Department

of Environmental Sciences and Engineering at UNC. He was awarded the International Water

Association’s Grand Award in 2004 and holds honorary professorships at the Universities of

Bristol and Surrey, UK. Jamie has more than 25 years of experience in international policy,

research and advisory work in public health and disease prevention, especially in relation to

environment, health, water supply and sanitation; he has worked in more than 30 developing

and developed countries worldwide. He spent 10 years as coordinator of Water, Sanitation,

Hygiene and Health at the WHO headquarters, where he led reform of the WHO’s interna-

tional monitoring and standard-setting activities and developed a series of influential com-

munities of practice.

dr. PeTe kolSky

Director of Teaching and Learning

Dr. Pete Kolsky is a Professor of the Practice in Environmental Sciences and Engineering and

Director of Teaching and Learning for The Water Institute, where he focuses on appropriate

distance learning for sector professionals and community of practice fora. As a Former Senior

Water and Sanitation Specialist in the Latin America and Caribbean Region of the World Bank,

Dr. Kolsky, brings to the Institute over 35 years of experience in the issues of water, sanitation

and health in developing countries.

dr. jaCQUelINe maCdoNald gIbSoN

Director of Research

Dr. Jacqueline MacDonald Gibson steers implementation of the overall research effort of the

Institute. Her research focuses on constructing mathematical models that can be used to

assess the impacts of alternative policies on environmental quality and public health. She has

been a professor at UNC in the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering since

2007. Previously, she was the Associate Director of the Water Science and Technology Board

at the US National Research Council.

marISSa STreyle

Manager of Networking and Partnerships

Marissa oversees Water Institute conferences and events, and she works closely with our

partners and collaborators to ensure that we are forwarding research and knowledge in the

water sector. Marissa has more than 10 years of experience in international development policy.

She holds a Master of Public Management degree from the University of Maryland and a BA

from Texas A&M University.

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kaIda lIaNg

MEL Project Manager

Kaida is the project manager for the

monitoring, evaluation and learning project

in partnership with the Conrad N. Hilton

Foundation. Kaida has extensive international

program and project management experience specializing

in water, sanitation and hygiene, and humanitarian

emergencies. She holds a Master of Public Health from

UNC, with a focus on environmental health and water.

kaTIe doNohUe

Public Relations and Partnerships Coordinator

Katie develops partnerships between The

Water Institute and researchers, foundations,

corporations and alumni, and promotes work

coming out of the Institute. She has a Master

of Public Health and Global Health certificate from UNC,

and a BA from the University of Mary Washington.

eNelda bUTler

Communications Associate

Enelda develops content for the newsletter

and website, supports Water Institute confer-

ences, and works with campus and external

partners on communications activities. She

has a MA in Journalism and Mass Communication from

UNC, and a BA from the University of Alabama.

We are also grateful to all of

our past staff members, who

contributed to The Water

Institute’s first three years:

Patty Chuang

Margo Ginsberg

Jessica Izquierdo

Denise Johnson

Joe LoBuglio

Ben Mann

Julia Mendenhall

Julie Moushon

CrySTal kI

Project Coordinator

Crystal works closely with research teams to

manage outputs and deliverables. She also

liaises with UNC fiscal and administrative

offices. Crystal has a Bachelor of Science in

Public Health in Environmental Health Science from UNC.

ChrIS ClINe

IT Associate

Chris provides web and software support,

including running Water Institute-hosted

websites and managing our online confer-

ence registration and abstract submission.

He is completing his Master of Information Science at

UNC’s School of Information and Library Science.

haNNah leker

Research Support

Hannah assists the Director of Research

with identifying and evaluating new

research funding opportunities. She has

a Bachelor of Science in Public Health in

Environmental Health Science from UNC.

aShley r. WIllIamS

Research Associate

Ashley works on projects on improving the

regulation, monitoring and quality of the

packed water Industry in Sierra Leone, and

on the public health and social benefits of

at-house water supplies. She completed her master’s

degree in environmental engineering at UNC.

ryaN CroNk

Research Associate

Ryan researches monitoring of access to

drinking water beyond households and as-

sessing the safety of improved water sources

in less-developed countries. He has a mas-

ter’s degree in environmental engineering from UNC.

ryaN roWe

Knowledge Manager

Ryan works on knowledge and information

management with our projects to identify,

characterize, distribute and share lessons

learned and insights. He has nearly 10 years

of experience working with governments, researchers,

nonprofits and private sector. Ryan holds an MPH from

UNC, an MBA from York University and a Bachelor of

Commerce from Concordia University.

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Post-doctoral research associates

Urooj amjad

Urooj examines how societies manage

water by analyzing processes and

relationships within organizations, and

between institutions. Her most recent

research integrates water, food and energy in emerging

and more established economies, exploring how local

and global boundaries are more entangled, and how

institutional activities of public, private and civil society

are overlapping.

georgIa kaySer

Georgia’s research lies at the nexus of global

health policy studies and development

economics. She studies how development

policies achieve their goals through

empirical research. She has also studied the impact of

international water and sanitation development policies,

the efficacy of drinking water innovations and the impact

of transboundary watershed agreements.

jeaNNe lUh

Jeanne’s work focuses on the development

of an index to measure progress in the

realization of the human right to water

and the recalibration of the Millennium

Development Goal targets for safe water and sanitation.

She is also assessing climate change vulnerability to

extreme weather events and the implementation of Water

Safety Plans in North Carolina.

mIke fISher

Mike’s current work focuses on

leveraging monitoring, evaluation and

learning to maximize the impact of WaSH

interventions. His research and fieldwork

experiences have included work on developing,

implementing and evaluating technologies for low-cost

water treatment and safe water access spanning rural

and urban developing country settings.

ferNaNda dalCaNale

Fernanda investigated how information

is disseminated in the WaSH sector

and its effects on decision-making.

She collaborated on several projects

involving knowledge management, dissemination and

information systems.*

mark ellIoTT

Mark’s projects at The Water Institute

focused largely on climate change

adaptation in WaSH, Water Safety Plans

and small water supplies in resource

poor settings. He is now a professor at the University

of Alabama.*

*Former post-doctoral research fellow

visiting fellows

roberT baIN

Rob’s work with The

Water Institute included

developing indicators

for global monitoring

of urban water and sanitation. He

also analyzed aid-supported policy

innovations and technologies aimed

at improving safe drinking water

and sanitation systems in low- and

middle-income countries and the

investment required to achieve and

sustain global access.

dr. eUgeNe Cole

Gene is a professor of

Environmental Health

Sciences at Brigham

Young University. As a

visiting fellow at The Water Institute,

he was instrumental in the develop-

ment of our distance learning course

on Water Safety Plans.

aNdrea PereZ vIdal

Andrea’s work with The

Water Institute involved

the development and

distribution of a survey

on Water Safety Plan adoption, devel-

opment and implementation in Latin

America, and a peer review of a large

risk database for small water systems,

for Health Canada and the WHO.

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Current Water Institute affiliated Students* (as of fall 2013)

maUra allaIre

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Urban water and

sanitation, water security

raChel baUm

MS candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Measuring progress on the

human right to water and sanitation

aNNalISe blUm

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: water, sanitation,

policy, climate change

joNNy CroCker

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Community-led

total sanitation

jordaN deUINk

BSPH Candidate

Health Policy and

Management

Focus: Creating a decision

support tool for rural water and

sanitation projects

NICholaS defelICe

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Probability of harm

due to environmental contamination,

assessing disparities in water service

krISTeN doWNS

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Sustainability of rural

water supply, monitoring for sustain-

ability, geographic equity in planning

and implementing water supply

ShadI eSkaf

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: water and

wastewater rates and rate-setting,

residential water consumption

beN foSTer

MSEE candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Creating a decision

support tool for rural water and

sanitation projects

davId fUeNTe

PhD candidate

City and Regional Planning

Focus: Drinking water

and sanitation in less-

developed countries, infrastructure

finance and planning

Sarah haTCher

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: The impacts of

industrial animal production on

microbial water quality and environ-

mental health

CarolINe koSTyla

MS candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Clean water in the

developing world

CamIlle morgaN

BSPH Candidate

Biostatistics

Focus: Monitoring WaSH

program sustainability

edema ojomo

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Creating an

enabling environment for WaSH

kyle oNda

MSPH and MCRP candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering and City

and Regional Planning

Focus: Reducing risk of

contamination in water distributions

systems and plumbing

alyCIa overbo

MSPH Candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Water availability,

water usage, sustainability

STefaNIe SChWemleIN

BSPH Candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: WaSH program

sustainability, school WaSH systems

vIdya veNkaTaramaNaN

PhD candidate

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Focus: Sanitation

and hygiene behavior, applied

qualitative research methods,

sanitation technologies

*Students affiliated with The Water

Institute are registered students

at UNC and have active interest in

WaSH-health-environment linkages.

They pursue research in one or more

of The Water Institute-defined focus

areas, and often work alongside

advisers who are themselves affiliated

to The Water Institute.

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Water Institute alumniaNdreW armSTroNg

2011, MSEE

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Technical Report:

Characterization of ionic copper for

disinfection of stored drinking water

ovIk baNerjee

2012, BS

Environmental

Studies, Biology

Thesis: Evaluating country level

population vulnerabilities to water

access due to climate related hazards

using high spatial resolution method

raChel baUm

2012, BSPH

Health Policy

and Management

Thesis: Measuring the

human right to water: Developing

quantitative indicators through using

existing data sets for the equity com-

ponent of the human right to water

ryaN CroNk

2013, MS

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Thesis: Drinking water,

sanitation and hygiene beyond the

household: A review and case study

of Ghana

kaNg ChaNg

2011, MS

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Thesis: Water Safety Plan

cost analysis: Explanation building

with case studies in the Western

Pacific region

joNNy CroCker

2011, MSEE

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Technical report:

Characterization and cost-analysis of

drinking water quality monitoring in

India and Jordan

ChrISTIaN jaSPer (hUgheS)

2011, MPH

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Technical Report: The

availability of water and sanitation

facilities in schools contributing to

health and educational outcomes: A

systematic review

Tam le

2012, BS

Biology, Romance

Languages

Focus: Dry sanitation

technologies

graNT lIgoN

2011, MSPH

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Thesis: Waterborne

disease outbreaks: A systematic

review of the health effects of

drinking water system failures

elIZabeTh morrIS

2011, MS

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Thesis: Specifications

and design criteria for a packaging

sanitation solution for peri-urban

areas in developing countries

edema ojomo

2011, MSEE

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Thesis: Climate adaptation

preparedness in developing

countries: A study of 21 countries

and knowledge, attitudes and

practices studies in Akwa Ibom and

Lagos States in Nigeria

jeNNIfer PlaTT

2011, DrPH

Health Leadership, Health

Policy and Management

Dissertation: Accelerating

sanitation: A mixed-methods

assessment of the health ministry’s

role in developing countries

aShley WIllIamS (rhoderICk)

2013, MSEE

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Technical Report: Examin-

ing the relationship between distance

and water quantity: A systematic

review and multi-country field study

ryaN roWe

2012, MPH

Health Behavior and

Health Education

Thesis: NC Latina BEAUTY

Salon Project: Formative research,

design, implementation and

evaluation of a salon-based health

promotion pilot program in a Latino

salon in the NC Triangle area

jeNNIfer ShIeldS (geNTry)

2012, PhD

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Dissertation: Utilization of

microbial source-tracking markers

to inform targeted remediation and

predict potential pathogens in the

Cape Fear Watershed

haNNah SPrINg

2012, MSPH

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Thesis: Drinking

water and health: Stakeholders’

risk perceptions

alexaNder yerg

2013, MSPH

Environmental Sciences

and Engineering

Technical Report: Modeling and

forecasting drinking water and

sanitation access: A new approach

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UNC faculty members Working in WaSh

mIChael aITkeN*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Aitken’s research focuses on the application of microbial processes to the biodegradation of organic pollut-ants and to waste treatment problems. He also conducted research to evaluate the inactivation of microbial pathogens during wastewater sludge treatment.

rIChard aNdreWS*

Public PolicyProfessor Andrews’ research focuses on the effectiveness and other con-sequences of environmental laws and policies in promoting or creating barri-ers to a more environmentally sustain-able future.

laWreNCe baNd*

Geography; Director of UNC’s Institute of the EnvironmentVoit Gilmore Distinguished Professor Band’s research focuses primarily on the structure, function and dynamics of watersheds, with an emphasis on the quantity and quality of surface water and ecosystem cycling of carbon and nutrients. This work explicitly includes the actions of human individual and institutional behavior as part of the watershed ecosystem.

margareT e. beNTley*

NutritionProfessor Bentley’s research focuses on women and infants’ nutrition, infant and young child feeding, behavioral research on sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and community-based interventions for nutrition and health. She is an expert in both qualitative and quantitative research methods and the application of these for program development and evaluation.

karl CaSTIllo

Marine Sciences Assistant Professor Castillo’s research includes coral physiological ecology, climate change, and conservation. He is on the steering committee for Water In Our World.

gregory CharaCklIS*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Characklis’ primary research interests involve integrated planning of water supply and treatment strategies through the consideration of both engineering and economic criteria.

myroN CoheN*

UNC School of Medicine; Joint appointment in Epidemiology; Director of UNC Center for Infectious DiseasesJ. Herbert Bate Distinguished Professor Cohen’s research focuses on transmission and prevention of transmission of STD pathogens, including HIV. Much of his work has been conducted at the research sites he and his group have developed in Lilongwe, Malawi and Beijing, China.

orlaNdo CoroNell*

Environmental Sciences and Engineering Assistant Professor Coronell studies physicochemical processes for water purification, with an emphasis on membrane technologies.

mIChael emCh

GeographyProfessor Emch conducts medical geography/ spatial epidemiology research that uses geographic information systems, satellite remote sensing and spatial modeling techniques. Most of his research has been on infectious diseases in the developing world, including cholera, dysentery (shigellosis), visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar), dengue fever, avian influenza, HIV, malaria and acute lower respiratory infection.

rebeCCa fry

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssistant Professor Fry’s research focuses on understanding how environmental exposures are associated with human disease with a particular interest in genomic and epigenomic perturbations.

WIllIam gray

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Gray’s interests include physics-based modeling of environmental processes.

ChIP koNrad*

GeographyAssociate Professor Konrad’s research explores the spatial and temporal patterns of atmospheric processes/patterns and the multiple linkages of these processes/patterns to surface weather and climate variability.

rICk lUeTTICh

Marine Sciences; Director, Institute of Marine SciencesProfessor Luettich’s research deals broadly with modeling and measurement of circulation and transport in coastal waters.

SUZaNNe mamaN

Health BehaviorAssociate Professor Maman’s research interests include global health, health behavior, infectious diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, violence prevention and women’s health. She serves as a Technical Advisor the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Project.

beNjamIN maSoN meIer*

Public PolicyAssistant Professor Meier’s research—at the intersection of international law, public policy and global health—examines the harmful effects of globalization on individual health status and national health systems.

CaSS mIller

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringOkun Distinguished Professor Miller’s research involves the study of complex, multiphase or multimedia environmental systems using theoretical, computational and experimental means.

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raChel Noble*

Marine SciencesProfessor Noble’s research bridges environmental microbiology and marine microbial ecology. She has developed a range of rapid water quality test methods and studies the dynamics of microbial contaminants contributed through stormwater runoff to high-priority recreational and shellfish harvesting waters.

kavITa SINgh oNgeChI

Maternal and Child HealthResearch Assistant Professor Ongechi’s research interests are program evaluation of maternal and child health and HIV prevention programs, influence of gender measures on health outcomes and research focused on reaching vulnerable populations with interventions. She serves as a Technical Advisor for the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Project.

haNS W. Paerl*

Marine Sciences Kenan Distinguished Professor Paerl conducts research in microbially mediated nutrient cycling and primary production dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, environmental controls and management of harmful algal blooms. He assesses the causes/consequences of manmade and climatic nutrient enrichment and hydrologic alterations of inland, estuarine and coastal waters.

TamlIN PavelSky

Geological SciencesHis research interests are focused on the intersections between hydrology, satellite remote sensing, and climate change. He is on the steering committee for Water In Our World.

rohIT ramaSWamy

Public Health Leadership ProgramAssociate Professor Ramaswamy’s research interests include methods and tools for implementation of global health programs, quality improvement of health systems, use of technology for workforce capacity building and monitoring and evaluation. He serves as the Learning Advisor for the Conrad N. Hilton Foundation Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning Project.

Terry rhodeS

MusicProfessor Rhodes is the Senior Associate Dean for Fine Arts and Humanities. She is also the co-chair of the steering commit-tee for the campus-wide theme Water In Our World.

marC Serre*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Serre is interested in the development of space/time statistical methods to model the distribution of environmental and health processes and their application in exposure mapping, disease mapping, environmental epidemiology and risk assessment.

PhIlIP SINger*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Emeritus Singer’s research interests included aquatic chemistry and physical-chemical treatment processes, focusing primarily drinking water treatment.

gary Slade

School of DentistryDistinguished Professor Slade is the Director if the Oral Epidemiology PhD Program. His research focuses on drinking water fluoridation.

mark d. SobSey*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringKenan Distinguished Professor Sobsey studies human exposure to and health effects from pathogens in water, food and other environmental media to which people can become exposed in the developed and developing world.

jIll STeWarT*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssistant Professor Stewart is develop-ing novel techniques to detect and track pathogens in water. She is also interested in evaluating impacts of non-point source pollution, and the manner in which hu-man activities can affect people’s expo-sure to microbial contaminants.

hoWard WeINberg

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Weinberg’s research group develops analytical methods for evaluating the occurrence, fate and transport of chemicals that might compromise water quality and threaten public health.

STePheN C. WhaleN*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringAssociate Professor Whalen’s interests include nutrient cycling dynamics and productivity in aquatic and forested environments and agroecosystems.

rIChard WhISNaNT

School of GovernmentWhisnant is the Gladys Hall Coates Professor of Public Law and Policy. His work focuses on environmental protection and natural resources management.

dale WhITTINgToN*

Environmental Sciences and EngineeringProfessor Whittington is an environmental and water resources economist with research interests in nonmarket valuation methods. His research focuses on the political economy of international rivers such as the Nile and the Ganges. He also works on water supply and sanitation policy issues in less developed countries.

*Participated in Water Institute activities Academic Years 2009-10 to 2012-13.

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Publications**

Articles in Peer-reviewed JournAls

Bain, Robert, Stephen W. Gundry, Jim A. Wright, Hong Yang, Steve Pedley, and Jamie K. Bartram. 2012. “Accounting for Water

Quality in Monitoring Access to Safe Drinking Water as Part of the Millennium Development Goals: Lessons from Five Coun-

tries.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 90 (3): 228-235.

Bain, Robert, Jamie Bartram, Mark Elliott, Robert Matthews, Lanakila McMahan, Rosalind Tung, Patty Chuang, and Stephen

Gundry. 2012. “A Summary Catalogue of Microbial Drinking Water Tests for Low and Medium Resource Settings.” International

Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (5): 1609-1625.

Bain, Robert, Jim Wright, Hong Yang, Steve Pedley, Stephen Gundry, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Improved But Not Necessarily

Safe: Water Access and the Millennium Development Goals.” Global Water Forum Discussion Paper 1225.

Bartram, Jamie, Katrina Charles, Barbara Evans, Lucinda OHanlon, Steve Pedley, and others. 2012. “Commentary on Community-

led Total Sanitation and Human Rights: Should the Right to Community-wide Health Be Won at the Cost of Individual Rights?”

Journal of Water and Health 10 (4): 499.

Bartram, Jamie, Mark Elliott, and Patty Chuang. 2012. “Getting Wet, Clean and Healthy: Why Households Matter.” Lancet 380

(9837): 85.

Bartram, Jamie and Sandy Cairncross. 2010. “Hygiene, Sanitation and Water: Forgotten Foundations of Health.” PLoS Medicine

7 (11): e1000367.

Bartram, Jamie and Jennifer Platt. 2010. “How Health Professionals Can Leverage Health Gains from Improved Water, Sanita-

tion and Hygiene Practices.” Perspectives in Public Health 130 (5): 215-221.

Baum, Rachel, Jeanne Luh, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Sanitation: A Global Estimate of Sewerage Connections without Treat-

ment and the Resulting Impact on MDG Progress.” Environmental Science & Technology 47 (4).

Bradley, David and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Domestic Water and Sanitation as Water Security: Monitoring, Concepts and Strat-

egy.” Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A 371(2002).

Brocklehurst, Clarissa and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Swimming Upstream: Why Sanitation, Hygiene and Water are So Important to

Mothers and Their Daughters.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88 (7): 482-482.

Brown, Joe, Vo Thi Hien, Lanakila McMahan, Marion W. Jenkins, Lauren Thie, Kaida Liang, Erin Printy, and Mark D. Sobsey.

2013. “Relative Benefits of On-plot Water Supply Over Other ‘Improved’ Sources in Rural Vietnam.” Tropical Medicine & Interna-

tional Health 18 (1): 65-74.

Cairncross, Sandy, Jamie Bartram, Oliver Cumming, and Clarissa Brocklehurst. 2010. “Hygiene, Sanitation and Water: What

Needs To Be Done?” PLoS Medicine 7 (11): e1000365.

Clasen, Thomas, Jamie Bartram, John Colford, Stephen Luby, Robert Quick, and Mark Sobsey. 2009. “Comment on Household

Water Treatment in Poor Populations: Is There Enough Evidence for Scaling Up Now?” Environmental Science & Technology 43

(14): 5542-5544.

Gibson, Jacqueline MacDonald, Jens Thomsen, Frederic Launay, Elizabeth Harder, and Nicholas DeFelice. 2013. “Deaths and

Medical Visits Attributable to Environmental Pollution in the United Arab Emirates.” PloS One 8 (3): e57536.

Godfrey, Sam, Pawan Labhasetwar, Tapas Chakma, Satish Wate, Aditya Swami, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. “Assessing and

Managing Fluorosis Risk in Children and Adults in Rural Madhya Pradesh, India.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for

Development 1 (2): 136-143.

Gore, Fiona, John Fawell, and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Too Much or Too Little? A Review of the Conundrum of Selenium.” Journal

of Water and Health 8 (3): 405-416.

Gunnarsdottir, Maria J., Sigurdur M. Gardarsson, Mark Elliott, Gudrun Sigmundsdottir, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Benefits of

Water Safety Plans: Microbiology, Compliance, and Public Health.” Environmental Science & Technology 46 (14): 7782-7789.

Gunnarsdottir, Maria, Sigurdur Gardarsson, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Icelandic Experience with Water Safety Plans.” Water

Science and Technology 65 (2): 277-288.

* This list includes works authored or co-authored by present or past staff, affiliated faculty and students of The Water Institute

at UNC during the calendar years 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 (as of October).

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Howard, Guy, Katrina Charles, Kathy Pond, Anca Brookshaw, Rifat Hossain, and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Securing 20/20 Vision for

2030: Climate Change and Ensuring Resilience in Water and Sanitation Services.” Journal of Water and Climate Change 1 (1): 2-16.

Hunter, Paul R., Jamie Bartram, and Sandy Cairncross. 2012. “Comment on Randomized Intervention Study of Solar Disinfection

of Drinking Water in the Prevention of Dysentery in Kenyan Children Aged Under 5 Years.” Environmental Science & Technol-

ogy 46 (5): 3035.

Itoh, Sadahiko, Bruce A. Gordon, Philip Callan, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. “Regulations and Perspectives on Disinfection Byprod-

ucts: Importance of Estimating Overall Toxicity.” Aqua- Journal of Water Supply: Research and Technology 60 (5): 261-274.

Jasper, Christian, Thanh-Tam Le, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Water and Sanitation in Schools: A Systematic Review of the Health

and Educational Outcomes.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (8): 2772-2787.

Kayser, Georgia, Patrick Moriarty, Catarina Fonseca, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Domestic Water Service Delivery Indicators and

Frameworks for Monitoring, Evaluation, Policy and Planning: A Review.” Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 10: 4812-4835.

Kosinski, Karen, Michael Adjei, Kwabena Bosompem, Jonathan Crocker, John Durant, Dickson Osabutey, Jeanine Plummer,

Miguel Stadecker, Anjuli Wagner, Mark Woodin et al. 2012. “Effective Control of Schistosoma Haematobium Infection in a Gha-

naian Community Following Installation of a Water Recreation Area.” PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases 6 (7): 1709.

Kosinski, Karen , Michael Adjei, Kwabena Bosompem, Jonathan Crocker, John Durant, Dickson Osabutey, Jeanine Plummer,

Miguel Stadecker, Anjuli Wagner, Mark Woodin et al. 2011. “A Novel Community-based Water Recreation Area for Schistosomia-

sis Control in Rural Ghana.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1 (4): 259-268.

Marks, Sara J., Kyle Onda, and Jennifer Davis. 2013. “Does Sense of Ownership Matter for Rural Water System Sustainability?

Evidence from Kenya.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 3 (2): 122-133.

Meier, Benjamin, Georgia Kayser, Urooj Amjad, Jocelyn Getgen Kestenbaum, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Examining the Practice

of Developing Human Rights Indicators to Facilitate Accountability for the Human Right to Water and Sanitation.” Journal of

Human Rights Practice.

Meier, Benjamin, Georgia Kayser, Urooj Amjad, and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Implementing an Evolving Human Right through

Water and Sanitation Policy.” Water Policy 15 (1): 116-133.

Montgomery, Maggie A. and Jamie Bartram. 2010. “Short-sightedness in Sight-saving: Half a Strategy Will Not Eliminate Blind-

ing Trachoma.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 88 (2): 82-82.

Onda, Kyle, Jonny Crocker, Georgia Kayser and Jamie Bartram. 2013. “Country Clustering Applied to the Water and Sanitation

Sector: A New Tool with Potential Applications in Research and Policy.” International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental

Health. Doi:10.1016/j.ijheh.2013.07.017.

Onda, Kyle, Joe LoBuglio, and Jamie Bartram. 2012. “Global Access to Safe Water: Accounting for Water Quality and the Result-

ing Impact on MDG Progress.” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 9 (3): 880-894.

Peletz, Rachel, Thomas Mahin, Mark Elliott, Margaret Montgomery, and Thomas Clasen. 2013. “Preventing Cryptosporidiosis:

The Need for Safe Drinking Water.” Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91 (4): 238-238a.

Peletz, Rachel, Thomas Mahin, Mark Elliot, Mamie Sackey Harris, Ka Seen Chan, Myron Cohen, Jamie Bartram and Thomas

Clasen. 2013. “Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Interventions to Improve Health Among People Living With HIV/AIDS: A System-

atic Review.” AIDS, 27.

Rahman, Zarah, Jonny Crocker, Kang Chang, Ranjiv Khush, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. “A Comparative Assessment of Institution-

al Frameworks for Managing Drinking Water Quality.” Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 1 (4): 242-258.

Sobsey, Mark D., Christine E. Stauber, Lisa M. Casanova, Joseph M. Brown, and Mark A. Elliott. 2008. “Response to Comment

on ‘Point of Sse Household Drinking Water Filtration: A Practical, Effective Solution for Providing Sustained Access to Safe

Drinking Water in the Developing World.’” Environmental Science & Technology 43 (3): 970-971.

Stauber, Christine E., Byron Kominek, Kaida R. Liang, Mumuni K. Osman, and Mark D. Sobsey. 2012. “Evaluation of the Impact of

the Plastic BioSand Filter on Health and Drinking Water Quality in Rural Tamale, Ghana.” International Journal of Environmental

Research and Public Health 9 (11): 3806-3823.

Yang, Hong, Jim A. Wright, Robert ES Bain, Steve Pedley, John Elliott, and Stephen W. Gundry. 2013. “Accuracy of the H 2 S Test: A

Systematic Review of the Influence of Bacterial Density and Sample Volume.” Journal of Water and Health 11 (2): 173-185.

Yang, Hong, Rob Bain, Jamie Bartram, Stephen Gundry, Steve Pedley, and James Wright. 2013. “Water Safety, Equity and

Human Rights: Differences in Access to Safe Drinking-water between Rich and Poor Households.” Environmental Science &

Technology 47 (3): 1222-1230.

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Book chAPters Authored or co-Authored

Bartram, Jamie and Barbara Wallace. 2011. “Water + Health = Life: Savvy Water Management Saves Lives.” Chap. 3, In Global

Water Issues, edited by Duncan MacInnes, 45-51. Washington, D.C.: Bureau of International Information Programs, United

States Department of State.

Books Authored or edited

Cunliffe, David, Jamie Bartram, Emmanuel Briand, Yves Chartier, Jeni Colbourne, David Drury, John Lee, Benedikt Schaefer, and

Susanne Surman-Lee, eds. 2011. Water Safety in Buildings: World Health Organization.

Dufour, Alfred, Jamie Bartram, Robert Bos, and Victor Gannon. 2012. Animal Waste, Water Quality and Human Health. Interna-

tional Water Association: IWA Publishing.

Elliott, Mark, Andrew Armstrong, Joe Lobuglio, and Jamie Bartram. 2011. T. De Lopez (Ed.). Technologies for Climate Change

Adaptation—The Water Sector. Roskilde: UNEP Risoe Centre.

Rees, Gareth, Kathy Pond, and Jamie Bartram. 2010. Safe Management of Shellfish and Harvest Waters. International Water

Association: IWA Publishing.

invited PresentAtions

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Global Monitoring of Water Safety.” The Hague, Netherlands, Invited Plenary Presentation at WHO/UNI-

CEF Consultation on the Formulation of Post-2015 Global WASH Goals, Targets and Indicators, December 3-5, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “University Day 2012 Keynote Address.” Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill,

October 12, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. London, 2nd International Meeting of WHO/UNICEF Post-2015 Working Group on Water of JMP Process

for Developing Enhanced Goals, Targets and Indicators for Global Monitoring of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Beyond 2015,

WaterAid, June 28-29, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Development of Targets and Monitoring for Post-2015 Global WaSH Monitoring.” Chateau de Penthes,

Geneva, Presentation to WHO Expert meeting on sampling and statistical aspects of the rapid assessment of drinking water

quality, June 18-19, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “State of Water and Sanitation: How Secure is Water for People.” Oxford, UK, Plenary Keynote at Univer-

sity of Oxford International Security Conference: Water Security, Risk and Society, St Hugh’s College, April 16-18, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Water Security: WaSH Goals, Targets and Metrics for the Next 25 Years.” Oxford, UK, University of Ox-

ford International Security Conference: Water Security, Risk and Society, St Hugh’s College, April 16-18, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Health Sciences Perspective.” London, Keynote presentation at session 2 (opportunities and challenges)

of the Wellcome Foundation Workshop on Impact of Global Environmental Change on Water and Human Health: Building Inte-

grated Research and Translation to Understand & Address the Challenges with an emphasis on Low-middle Income Countries

(LMICs). March 21-23, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2012. “Lessons Learned from Monitoring Progress Towards the MDG 7c Target for Water Supply and Sanitation,

and the Implications for Future Targets and Monitoring.” Marseilles, Presentation to first working group meeting on Post-2015

Water Targets, March, 2012.

Bartram, Jamie. 2011. “Building Communities: The Changing Principles of International Development - What Does Sustainabil-

ity Mean and How Do We Achieve it?” New Orleans, USA, First keynote address. Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group

World Water Summit IV, May 20, 2011.

Bartram, Jamie. 2011. “Lessons Learned from Monitoring Progress Towards the MDG 7c Target for Water Supply and Sanitation,

and the Implications for Future Targets and Monitoring Drinking Water and Sanitation.” Berlin, Germany, Invited presentation at

the First Consultation on Developing Post-2015 Indicators for Monitoring, World Health Organization and UNICEF, May 4, 2011.

Bartram, Jamie. 2011. “Water Sanitation and Hygiene in Developing Countries.” Cincinnati, OH, Invited Opening General

Session Keynote speaker Water Environment Federation Disinfection Conference, April 10-12, 2011.

Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “International Relations in Practice: How a Specialized Agency such as WHO Collaborates with

Government Institutions, Universities, Medical Schools, NGOs, National Research Institutions to Achieve its Core Functions.”

John Knox Centre, Geneva, Switzerland, Invited presentation at Syracuse University summer course on International Relations,

July 14, 2010.

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Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “How to Design Water Projects to Meet WHO’s Water Quality Standards by Incorporating Monitoring and

Evaluation into Projects.” Montreal, Canada, Invited workshop speaker and facilitator Rotary International ‘Water and Sanitation

Rotarian Action Group’ (WASRAG) World Water Summit III, June 19, 2010.

Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “Drinking Water and Sanitation -- What Works?” New York, NY, Invited presentation to UN General

Assembly ‘MDG Summit’ interactive session with academia on MDGs; participant in discussions with delegations as panelist,

April 8, 2010.

Bartram, Jamie. 2010. “Session Chair of the Benefits of Water Supply and Sanitation Policies, Including Making an Introductory

Presentation at International Expert Workshop on Water Economics and Financing.” Paris, France. Organization for Economic

Cooperation and Development, March 15-17, 2010.

Elliott, Mark. 2011. “Climate Change and Water.” Washington, D.C., Invited presentation at World Water Day Learning Forum,

WASH Advocacy Initiative and Center for Strategic and International Studies, March 21, 2011.

Kayser, Georgia. 2012. “Manteniendo Limpia El Agua Para Consumo Humano, Evaluación De Soluciones Sostenibles.” Domini-

can Republic, ‘Más allá de la infraestructura, integrando la Higiene en las Políticas Publicas de Agua y Saneamiento en América

Latina, The Water and Sanitation Program, The World Bank, 2012.

Kayser, Georgia. 2012. “Water Wisdom: Developing Local-Global Capacities in Managing Water.” Chapel Hill, NC, Public Policy,

University of North Carolina, 2012.

Rowe, Ryan. 2013. “Improving Water Quality at Home: A New Toolkit for Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage.” Lisbon,

Portugal, Invited presentation at Water and Sanitation Rotarian Action Group World Water Summit, June 21, 2013.

Rowe, Ryan. 2013. “Integrating Safe Water and Maternal Health in Malawi.” Accra, Ghana, Invited presentation and workshop

facilitator at WHO/UNICEF Workshop of Environmental Health Interventions in West Africa, May 6, 2013.

Rowe, Ryan. 2013. “Current Status of HWTS.” Lilongwe, Malawi, Invited presentation and workshop facilitator at Ministry of

Health Stakeholders Consultative Workshop on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage, April 18, 2013.

Rowe, Ryan. 2012. “Household Water Network: Communications for Learning.” Maputo, Mozambique, Invited presentation at

WHO/UNICEF Workshop of Environmental Health Interventions in West Africa, June 22, 2013.

PuBlished conference Proceedings

Au-Yeung, H., D. Kay, D. Thomas, M. Figueras, M. Vargha, M. Kadar, P. Hunter, J. Bartram, and R. Salmon. 2010. “Adverse Health

Effects of Recreational Bathing: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Exposure Trials in Four European Countries.” Glasgow, Scot-

land, Submitted to Five Nations Conference, May 18-19, 2010.

Elliott, M., F. DiGano, A. Fabiszewski, P. Chuang, L. Clark, A. Wang, and M. Sobsey. 2009. “The Effect of Idle Time on Reduction

of Viruses in an Intermittently Operated, Household-scale Slow Sand Filter.” Atlanta, GA, Submitted to the Disinfection 2009

Conference, Water Environment Federation, February 28 - March 3, 2009.

Stauber, C., M. Elliott, F. DiGano, and M. Sobsey. 2009. “Performance Comparison of the Biosand Filter in Laboratory Studies

and a Longitudinal Field Study in Bonao, Dominican Republic.” Atlanta, GA, Submitted to the Disinfection 2009 Conference,

Water Environment Federation, February 28 - March 3, 2009.

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Finances

FUNDING SOURCE DISTRIBUTION

2010-1 1 TO 2012-13

Foreign GovernmentPrivateUN/IGONGO-USNGO-Non-USFoundations

1,800

1,600

1,400

1,200

1,000

800

600

400

200

0

year

exp

en

dit

ure

s ($

100

0s)

2010-2011

ANNUAL ExPENDITURE BY

FUNCTION AREA

CoreTeaching and LearningNetworking and PartnershipsKnowledge and Information Management

Research

Annual expenditures follow the July-June fiscal year timeframe. For example, the year 2010-11 spanned July 2010 until June 2011.

Core expenditures are primarily personnel and overlap with other categories, as individual responsibilities span function areas.

Figures include amounts reported in accounts of the Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, overall

expenditures for Water and Health Conferences and salary estimates for employees from other business units in proportion to

their contribution to Water Institute activities.

2011-2012 2012-2013

24%

4%5%

21%

21%

25%

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The Water Institute at UNC: The Water Institute was founded in 2010 with the mission to provide

global academic leadership for economically, environmentally,

socially and technically sustainable management of water, sanitation

and hygiene for equitable health and human development; and to

be a vibrant, interdisciplinary center that unites faculty, students

and partners from North Carolina and from across developed and

developing nations worldwide.

Our researchers have produced more than 60 publications in important

WaSH policy and practice arenas, including monitoring, evaluation and

learning, governance, sanitation, water scarcity and climate change, and

drinking water.

In three years, our annual Water and Health Conference has become

the most important meeting in North America of international WaSH,

health and development thought-leaders. We are expanding our focus,

with two additional conferences, Nexus 2014: Water, Food, Climate and

Energy Conference and 2014 Water Microbiology Conference: Microbial

Contaminants from Watersheds to Human Exposure.

Through our teaching and learning efforts, we contribute to the courses,

seminars and degree programs within the Gillings School of Global

Public Health and elsewhere on campus. We respond to global needs

by offering highly accessible professional training programs, such as our

distant learning course on Water Safety Plans.

In collaboration with IWA, we publish the Journal of Water, Sanitation

and Hygiene for Development, a peer-reviewed journal devoted to the

science, policy and practice of drinking water supply, sanitation and

hygiene at local, national and international levels.

Since the Institute’s inception, we have developed research partner-

ships with UNC faculty and departments, as well as governments,

intergovernmental organizations, NGOs, the private sector, universities

and other research institutes. We are a founding member of the US Water

Partnership, on the steering committee for the Sanitation and Water

for All Partnership, and provide communications support to the WHO

International Network on Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage.

THE WATER INSTITUTE AT UNC

The Gillings School of Global Public Health

The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill

Rosenau Hall, CB #7431

135 Dauer Drive

Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7431

(919) 966-7302

www.waterinstitute.unc.edu

LinkedIn: The Water Institute at UNC