water issues in australiasullivan/2017fsb/2017fsb_water...happy? or will there always be a...
TRANSCRIPT
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Water Issues in AustraliaForeign Studies BForeign Studies B5 December 2017
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Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
• Causes of water shortage in Australia• Investigating water usage and water problemsInvestigating water usage and water problems
from the viewpoint of three important stake holders (利害関係者):holders (利害関係者):– 1.– 2.– 3.
(Who needs water?)
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Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
• Causes of water shortage in Australia• Investigating water usage and water problemsInvestigating water usage and water problems
from the viewpoint of three important stake holders (利害関係者):holders (利害関係者):– 1. Agriculture (and other industries)– 2. Households (people)– 3. The Environment
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Lecture OutlineLecture Outline
f h i li• Causes of water shortage in Australia• Investigating water usage and water problems g g g p
from the viewpoint of three important stake holders (利害関係者):( )
– 1. Agriculture (and other industries)– 2 Households (people)2. Households (people)– 3. The Environment (Our particular focus today is
Australia’s most important river system theAustralia s most important river system, the Murray Darling River Basin)
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Part 1Part 1
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Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1.
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Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = )(Long periods of no rainfall __________)
2.3.44.
Water shortage
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Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = drought)(Long periods of no rainfall drought)
2.3.44.
Water shortage
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Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = drought)(Long periods of no rainfall drought)
2. Naturally dry environment3. Overuse of water resources4 Climate Change / Global Warming4. Climate Change / Global Warming
Water shortage
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Water Shortage CausesWater Shortage – Causes
1. Variable rainfall(Long periods of no rainfall = drought)(Long periods of no rainfall drought)
2. Naturally dry environment3. Overuse of water resources4 Climate Change / Global Warming4. Climate Change / Global Warming
Water shortageHow to prepare for a future with limited water?How to prepare for a future with limited water?
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Part 2Part 2
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Part 2Part 2
• Who consumes water the most in Australia?• What patterns in water consumption can weWhat patterns in water consumption can we
see between 2000-2016?
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1
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2004-05, ABS
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2
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2013-14, ABS
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3
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2015-16, ABS
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Part 2Part 2
• Who consumes water the most in Australia?• What patterns in water consumption can weWhat patterns in water consumption can we
see between 2000-2016?
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But note the differences by state/territory…4
Water Consumption for Agriculture by State/Territory
4610.0 Water Account, Australia, 2015-16, ABS
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The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
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The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• What happens if the agriculture industry doesn’t have enough water?g
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The Agricultural Industry5
g y
Water Affects Affects theWater Shortage/ Drought
regional economies
Affects the national economy
Decrease in crop
harvests
Affects employment
Affects export
partners
Affects farms & farmers
Affects related
businesses
Affects regional
security??farmers businesses security??
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The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• Inefficient / Over-use of water
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The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• Inefficient / Over-use of water– Irrigationg
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The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
• Inefficient / Over-use of water– Irrigationg
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The Agricultural IndustryThe Agricultural Industry
ffi i / f• Inefficient / Over-use of water– Irrigation
• Solution:– Improving irrigation systems and methods (usingImproving irrigation systems and methods (using
technology)– Using reuse (grey) waterUsing reuse (grey) water– Researching ways to grow more food with less
waterwater– Changing crops
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HouseholdsHouseholds
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Where do households use (waste) the most water?
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• What happens if households don’t have enough water?g
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions
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Water Restrictions – Examples 7
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Water RestrictionsWater Restrictions
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)
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Rainwater Tanks
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Grey water (reuse water) systemsGrey water (reuse water) systems
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Grey water (reuse water) systemsGrey water (reuse water) systems
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Grey water (reuse water) systemsGrey water (reuse water) systems
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SOURCES OF WATER FOR HOUSEHOLDS
4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010 (Water Conservation)
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)Installation of water conservation devices– Installation of water conservation devices
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Water Conservation Devices
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HOUSEHOLDS WITH WATER CONSERVATION DEVICES
Source: ABS, 2007, Environmental Issues: People's Views and Practices, March 2007 (cat. no. 4602.0).
4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010 (Water Conservation)
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)Installation of water conservation devices– Installation of water conservation devices
– National water efficiency standards (indicate ffi i f h h ld li )water efficiency of household appliances)
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Water Efficiency LabelsWater Efficiency Labels
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Water Efficiency LabelsWater Efficiency Labels
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HouseholdsHouseholds
• Solutions for water wastage in households:– Water restrictions– Rebate programs (e.g. encouraging households to
install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water)install rainwater tanks & grey water (reuse water) systems through financial incentives)Installation of water conservation devices– Installation of water conservation devices
– National water efficiency standards (indicate ffi i f h h ld li )water efficiency of household appliances)
Collaboration between government, consumers and business/industry
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The Environment
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The Environment• What happens when a river suffers from a
“water shortage”?
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The Environment• Increasingly more understanding and concern
about the health of rivers, and the effect of water shortages on the environment:g
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The Environment• Increasingly more understanding and concern
about the health of rivers, and the effect of water shortages on the environment:g– Rivers can “die” (irreversible damage to river bed
chemistry)chemistry)– Increased salinity content
Aff fl d f– Affects flora and fauna
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The Environment• Increasingly more understanding and concern
about the health of rivers, and the effect of water shortages on the environment:g– Rivers can “die” (irreversible damage to river bed
chemistry)chemistry)– Increased salinity content
Aff fl d f– Affects flora and fauna
Which of course also affects peopleWhich of course also affects people who use rivers and surrounding
areas for recreation, cultural purposes, business, etc
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The Environment• Solution?
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The Environment• Solution?
– “Returning” water to the environment through the Murray-Darling Basin Plan
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray-Darling River Basin
• Most important & biggest river system• Australia’s most important food-producingAustralia s most important food producing
region (Australia’s “Food Bowl”)R h h 4 d 1 i• Runs through 4 states and 1 territory
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Water Storage in the Murray-Darling Basin12
July 2000 to June 2006
From the Year Book Australia 2009 - 2010
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray-Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray-Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
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“Water Buy Back”
Type 1: The government (=tax payers) buys
13
Type 1: The government (=tax payers) buys water from farmers, irrigators, etc, and this water is returned to the environment.
Type 2: The government (=tax payers) fund projects to improve infrastructure (e.g. irrigation infrastructure) on farms. The water that is saved thanks to these projects is returned to the environment.
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray-Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray-Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
But, there are problems…d ff h…different perspectives among the various
stakeholders
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S
“It’s not enough! We need to return more water to the
environment ”• Environmentalists/States:• Farmers/Irrigators/States:
environment.”
“Whose water will be returned? How will it affect our businesses and
communities?”
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S
“It’s not enough! We need to return more water to the
environment ”• Environmentalists/States:• Farmers/Irrigators/States:
environment.”
“Whose water will be returned? How will it affect our businesses and
communities?”
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S
“It’s not enough! We need to return more water to the
environment ”• Environmentalists/States:• Farmers/Irrigators/States:
environment.”
“Whose water will be returned? How will it affect our businesses and
communities?”Recent research is suggesting that
some communities have been ti l ff t d b th Pl (negatively affected by the Plan (e.g.
increase in unemployment)
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The Murray Darling River BasinThe Murray Darling River Basin
• Solution:– Murray Darling Basin Plany g
• Returning 2750 gigalitres of water to the river system
– But… there are problems…E i li /S• Environmentalists/States:
• Farmers/Irrigators/States: Is there a solution that will make everyone happy? Or will there always be a “loser”?y
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Concluding thoughtsConcluding thoughts…
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Selected References• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2015-2016
• Bureau of Meteorology (Australian Government) 117 Years of Australian Rain
• Northern Basin Review: Technical Overview of the Socioeconomic Analysis – Interim Report, Murray-Darling Basin Authority, Australian
Government, October 2016
• ABS 4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, Jan 2010 (Water Conservation)
• ABS 4618.0 – Water Use On Australian Farms, 2013-2014
• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2013-2014
• ABS 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2012 (Environment, Water)
• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2012-13
• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2009-10
• Plain English Summary of the Proposed Basin Plan—including explanatory notes, November 2011, Murray-Darling Basin Authority,
Australian Government
• http://www.savewater.com.au/products/product-labelling; http://www.savewater.com.au/products/rebates-incentives
• ABS 4613 0 Australia’s Environment Issues and Trends 2007 (Esp Feature Article Water in Australia)• ABS 4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, 2007 (Esp. Feature Article: Water in Australia)
• ABS 4613.0 – Australia’s Environment: Issues and Trends, 2006
• ABS 1301.0 – Year Book Australia, 2003 (Esp. Environmental views and behaviour)
• ABS 4610 0 Water Account Australia 2004 05• ABS 4610.0 – Water Account, Australia, 2004-05
• ABS 1301.0 Year Book Australia 2009-2010
• “Can Australia Overcome its Water Scarcity Problems?”, Colin Chartres and John Williams, Journal of Developments in Sustainable
Agriculture 1: 17-24 2006Agriculture 1: 17 24, 2006
• Australian Government, National Water Commission, http://www.nwc.gov.au
• www.environment.gov.au/water/australia/index.html